1

The Cold War

Chapter 26 (1945-1960)

2

I. Former Allies Clash

3

A. Situation, post-War

1) Soviet Union– most devastated by war, spread communism

2) Germany– Devastated by war, defeated, occupied by US, USSR

3) Berlin– Occupied by allies

4

5

• 4)United States– least devastated by war, strongest nation in world, atomic bomb

• 5) England– broke, lost colonies, still thinks it’s a world power

6

B. United Nations

• Created 1945, San Francisco

• Note the organization of the Council– Permanent members do not include Germany

or Japan… Why?

7

The United Nations

8

C. Yalta Conference

• Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill, 1945

• Agreed on United Nations, Stalin would hold free elections in occupied Europe

9

10

D. Harry Truman

• 1) problems– Japan, atomic bomb, finishing the war, ill-informed

• 2) important decisions– post-war Europe and Japan, problems with Stalin, atomic bomb

11

E. Potsdam Conference

• Stalin refused to hold free elections

• US-USSR problems started

• Truman not experienced enough to stand up to Stalin

Atlee, Truman, Stalin– The New Big Three

12The Potsdam Conference

13

II. Tension Mounts

14

1) United States’ Goals

• Spread democracy

• Rebuild Europe to promote stability and prevent war

• Remember what happened after WWI?

15

2) USSR’s Goals

• Create “buffer states” between itself and Germany

• Keep Germany occupied

• Spread communism

16

B. Satellite nations

• Nations controlled by Soviet Union in all but name

• Occupied by Soviet armies

17

C. Contaiment

• George Kennan– author of containment, 1947

• What’s it mean to contain something?– Keep it from spreading

• What would such a policy eventually mean?

18

D. Churchill’s Iron Curtain

• Speech, Fulton, MO, the world is divided, “iron curtain,” democracy vs communism

• To the West? The free world of Democracy

• To the East? Soviet influence of Communism

19

Churchill’sIron CurtainSpeech

20

21

III. Cold War in Europe

22

A. What is a Cold War

• 1) What’s a hot war?

• Cold war is fighting in other ways other than direct confrontation

• Economic, political, diplomatic, etc.

23

B. Truman Doctrine

• 1) definition– the US will aid the fight for democracy around the world

• 2) nations– US, USSR, the “freedom movements”

• 3) what could this lead to?– Direct confrontation? Nuclear War?

24

C. Marshall Plan• Plan for US to finance rebuilding of western Europe

• Why? What would it do?– Rebuild economies

• Why would we want that?– Democracies do not crumble when

everything is going well

• Effect?– Very successful… The $13 billion was

used to quickly restore the economies and open strong trade markets

• George Marshall– US Secretary of State

25

26

IV. Superpowers Struggle over Germany

27

A. Status of Germany

• Divided, East vs West, joint occupation of Berlin

28

29

POST-WARGERMANY

30

B. Status of Berlin

• Controlled by US, France, England, Soviet Union

31

DIVIDED BERLIN

32

C. Berlin Air Lift

• Stalin cuts off Berlin

• US Airforce flies in supplies for one year

• Stalin quits

33

34

BERLINAIRLIFT MAP

35

D. Division of Germany

• East and West Germany

• East– Communist

• West– Democratic

• Effect--

36

37

E. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

• US and western allies

• Attack on one=attack on all

• Soviet Response– Warsaw Pact

38

39

Today

40

V. The Cold War Heats Up

41

A. China

42

Location next to North Korea

43

1) Mao Zai Dong (Zedong)

• Leader of the Chinese Communists

44

2) Chaing Kai Shek

• Leader of the Nationalists (American ally)

45

Chinese Civil War

46

4) Losing China

• What is lost?– “Free China”… China becomes Communist

• Who will get the blame?– The U.S.

47

5) Effect on Containment

• What is containment?

• What will happen with containment now?– People doubt it? – Will it become more forceful?

48

1) Location of Korea

49

2) 38th Parallel

• US troops– occupy the south

• Soviet troops– occupy the north

• What will this do in the future?

50

3) South Korea

• Becomes democratic, American ally

51

52

C. War Breaks Out

• June, 1950

• North Korea invades South Korea

• American response

53

Why FightIn Korea?

54

2) UN Response

• What should the UN response be?

• What will it be?

• Who leads the UN in Korea?

55

3)TheInchonLandings

56

C. Enter the Chinese

• 1) Yalu River– border between North Korea and China

57

58

The US has problemsWith China!!!

59

2) Macarthur and China

• Drop the atomic bomb on China!!!

• Invade China!!

60

3) Truman’s reaction

• Directly orders MacArthur to avoid contact with the Chinese

61

Macarthur’s reaction

• Tells newspapers he is being kept from winning the war

• Truman gets mad, and….

62

63

Situation, July 1953

64

65

THEKOREANWAR

66

MACRetiresBefore Congress

67

THEDMZ TODAY

68

69

VI. The Cold War at Home

70

A. Fear of Communist Influence

71

1) Communist groups

Existence of American Communist organizations

72

2) Military secrets

ATOMIC BOMB

73

3) The government

OVERTHROWAMERICAN

DEMOCRACY?

74

B. Loyalty Review Board

• purpose– investigate government workers for “loyalty”

• Problems?

• What is loyalty?

75

C. The House Committee on Un-American Activity (HUAC)

• 1) purpose—investigate communist sympathizers

• 2) tactics—

• Investigate, incriminate, smear tactics

• 3) problems–

• Is this what America is all about?

76

D. The Hollywood Ten

• 1) importance of Hollywood to America—

• PROPAGANDA FOR COMMUNISTS?

• 2) 10 producers/writers who refused to testify about their communist friends

• 3) problems– • Is this what America is about? What happened

to these people?

77

BLACKLISTED?

78

THE HOLLYWOODTEN

79

E. Spy Cases

WHAT WILL THESE SPYCASES SHOWUS?

80

1) Alger Hiss

• Worked in the state department, a top-ranking diplomat

• Nobody would suspect him

• Secretly giving information to the Soviets

81

ALGER HISS

82

2) Whittiker Chambers

• Implicated Hiss in espionage charges

• Microfilm on a typewriter, in a pumpkin

83

WHITTIKAR CHAMBERS

84

3) Richard Nixon

• Senator who helped put away Hiss

• Future president of the US

85

RICHARDNIXON

86

E. The Rosenbergs

• Convicted of smuggling atomic secrets to the Soviets

• Executed for their spying

87

88

F. McCarthy’s Witch Hunt

• What’s a witch hunt, anyway?

89

1) Senator from Wisconsin

• Said that he had the names of communists in the government

• Number kept getting bigger

90

SenatorJosephMccarthy

91

2) McCarthyism

• Term used now for using smear tactics to hurt someone’s reputation

92

3) tactics

• Accusation, recrimination, smearing of reputation

93

4) Right or wrong?

• Were there any communists in the government?

• What if there were none?

• Does it matter how many there were?

94

5) witchhunt

• Tactic of smearing someone’s reputation

• “blacklisting”– they would be “ostracized”

95

6) Why wasn’t he stopped?

• Fear on the part of politicians

• It’s a lot easier to “give names” then to face smear tactics

• Politicians got ahead that way (Nixon)

• Some Did

96

7) McCarthy and the Army

• Went too far in accusing the army, 1952

• Army stood up to him– “how could you go so low?”

97

98

VII. Two Nations Live on the Edge

99

A. Brinksmanship

100

1) definition

• Two nations pushing each other to the edge, then backing off

• Is this a smart way to behave?

101

2) Importance of the H-Bomb

• The US develops a bomb 67 times more powerful than the atom bomb

• What will the Soviets think? What will they do?

102

3) John Foster Dulles

• Dwight Eisenhower’s Secretary of State

• Author of “brinksmanship”

103

4) Dwight Eisenhower

• Who’s he?

• Is he qualified to be president during these times? Does he know what’s going on?

104

IKE

105

5) Effect of Brinksmanship

• Americans live in constant fear of destruction

• Compare with recent history

106

B. Covert Actions

• Secret actions on the part of the US government to win the war against communism

107

1) CIA

• Central Intelligence Agency

• The nation’s spies

• Try to overthrow unfriendly, keep friendly governments

108

2) Middle East, Central America

• This is what the CIA does in these two regions

109

C. The Geneva Summit

110

1) Warsaw pact

• Soviet response to NATO

• What do you think this does to problem?

111

112

2) Open skies proposal

• Ike proposes mutual open skies for monitoring

• Rejected– why?

113

3) Spirit of Geneva

• Was the Geneva Summit a success?

• A “thawing” of the cold war?

114

C. More problems

115

1) Soviets and Hungary, 1956

• Remember containment

• Soviet tanks roll, 1956

• result for the cold war?

116

2) Suez Canal

• US almost goes to war in defending the Suez Canal, Egypt

• What would that lead to?

117

3) Eisenhower Doctrine

• US would go to war to defend the Middle East if necessary

• Why is the middle east important to the US?

118

D. Sputnik

119

1) definition

• First satellite to go into orbit, USSR

• What does this mean?

120

2) importance

• US now vulnerable to Soviet missile strikes!

• US behind in technology

121

3) US Reaction

• More money for technology

• Math, sciences to catch up with soviets

• NASA

122

E. Gary Powers, U-2 Flight

123

1) definition

• U-2 flights were US Spy Planes, over USSR

• Shot down with Gary Francis Powers, 1959

124

2)importance

• US denies that it was a spy plane

• USSR irate

125

3) Nikita Kruschev

• Denounces Ike, walks out of the second Geneva Summit

• “spirit of Geneva” is over

126

4) long-term effect

• Propels the cold war forward

• Destroys developing trust between the two nations