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Profiling Floats - Basic Operation

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How a Float Works:

A hydraulic pump transfers mass (oil) between the inside and outside of the instrument.

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Location/Month (2007) XBT plus CTD Profiles

ArgoProfiles

Global/July 1,676 8,712

Global/December 1,691 8,787

Southern Hemisphere/July (Austral Winter)

258 4,280

Southern Hemisphere/December (Austral Summer)

743 4,351

Including and South of 30º S (July) 32 2,076

Including and South of 30º S (December) 482 2,232

Profile Data at the Coriolis (France) Data Center

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July 2007 December 2007

Profiles at Coriolis (March 2008)

(XBT + CTD) – 32

Argo - 2232Argo - 2076

(XBT + CTD) – 482

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Presently, 3 Types of Floats are in Widespread Use

APEX

SOLO(cutaway)

Argos antenna

Cowling(bladder inside)

SeaBirdCTD unit

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Active Argo Floats as of 31 August 2008

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Growth of the Argo Array - I

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Growth of the Argo Array - II

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Distribution of U.S. Argo Data to the GTS

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1 D-cell 50kJ 2.5Mb

Energy Consumption Rate vs File Size

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 10 100 1000

File Size (kb)

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n r

ate

(J/k

b) IridiumIridium 20 J/kb20 J/kb

OrbcommOrbcomm 500 J/kb500 J/kb

Argos (1-way)Argos (1-way) 5000 J/kb5000 J/kb

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$ Consumption Rate vs File Size

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

1 10 100 1000

File Size (kb)

Con

su

mp

tion

rate

($/k

b)

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Satcom Systems Available to Buoy Operators

Inmarsat D+Inmarsat D+ PagerPager GEOGEO < 1 kbyte/day< 1 kbyte/day

GOES, MeteosatGOES, Meteosat MessagingMessaging GEOGEO < 5 kbyte/day< 5 kbyte/day

ArgosArgos MessagingMessaging LEOLEO < 5 kbyte/day< 5 kbyte/day

Inmarsat CInmarsat C MessagingMessaging GEOGEO < 10 kbyte/day< 10 kbyte/day

OrbcommOrbcomm MessagingMessaging LEOLEO < 50 kbyte/day< 50 kbyte/day

IridiumIridium Voice/Data/Voice/Data/

MessagingMessaging

Big LEOBig LEO 1 Mbyte/hr1 Mbyte/hr

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University of Washington Seaglider

15Iridium Controlled; 377 dives some to 1,200 meters

Glider was redirected and recovered by small vessel

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DBCP Iridium Pilot Project

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19

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Iridium Communications

“Mai-tai” Iridiumand GPS patchantennaconfiguration

“Standard”Iridium and GPS patch antenna configuration

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30 day SSS retrieval bias

30 day SSS retrieval error

standard deviation

Note degradation in high latitudes,

especially southern ocean

Aquarius SSS Retrieval Simulation Mean and Standard Deviation Errors

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Prototype SeaBird surface salinity sensor (first deployment first-half of 2007)

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CTD sensors

SBE O2 sensor

Optode sensor

The endcap of UW float 0035 is equipped with both SBE and Optode O2 sensors.

[note: requires APF9 controller]

Comparing SBE and OptodeO2 sensors….

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Hydrophone

We have added an ARG (a broad band hydrophone and electronics) to several profiling floats, including UW Argo float 0006.

A float should provide a much quieter platform for acoustic measurements than a mooring.

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H

2H

A float drifting at adepth H receives acousticenergy from a cone ofheight H and diameter 2Habove it

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UW Argo float 0006 (WMO ID 2900107), withan ARG installed, was deployed 9/22/2004in the Bay of Bengal.

The ARG performedwell through 12/2005.

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Wind speed and rainfall rate as measured by float 0006 at intervals of 3 hours, 9/04 – 12/05. Rainfall occurs as discrete events.

2004 2005

WIND SPEED

RAIN RATE

SW

mo

nso

on

(w

et)

NE

mo

nso

on

(d

ry)

SW

mo

nso

on

(w

et)

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E/M Iridium Float

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E/M + iridium…. [deployed near Hurricane Frances, 8/31/04]

hurricane

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Tsunami Warning System Buoy

21/04/23 Argos Information Center

Current Hardware

Daytona ModemDaytona ModemI.I. ~7.7” x 3.25” x 1.54”~7.7” x 3.25” x 1.54”II.II. ~1.5 pounds~1.5 poundsIII.III. $930-1200$930-1200

Talladega Modem (SBD-only)Talladega Modem (SBD-only)I.I. ~4.2” x 2.2” x 0.5”~4.2” x 2.2” x 0.5”II.II. ~0.3 pounds~0.3 poundsIII.III. $350 – $450$350 – $450

Daytona Modem (Single Board-Level)Daytona Modem (Single Board-Level)I.I. ~6.2” x 2.1” x 0.4”~6.2” x 2.1” x 0.4”II.II. ~0.30 pounds~0.30 poundsIII.III. $1000 – $1200$1000 – $1200

Part of audio circuit is removedPart of audio circuit is removed

Talladega Modem (Single Board-Level)Talladega Modem (Single Board-Level)I.I. ~4.0” x 2.0” x 0.3”~4.0” x 2.0” x 0.3”II.II. ~0.1 pounds~0.1 poundsIII.III. $350 – $450$350 – $450

21/04/23 Argos Information Center

Airtime Cost*

*Cost can vary widely among service providers. Need to “shop” for good rates.

Dial-up DataI. Monthly fee ranging from $14 to $30II. Airtime ranging from $0.92 to $1.50 per minuteIII. Activation fee of ~$30

Short Burst DataI. Standard Plan

• Monthly fee ranging $13 to $30• Per byte cost ranging from $0.0015 per byte to $0.01 per byte• No activation fee

II. Fixed-cost Plan• Monthly fee ranging from $16 to $40• First 12,000 bytes are free• After 12,000 bytes: per byte costs ranging from $0.0015 to $.01 per byte • Activation Fee: $40• Monthly Fee while IMEI is suspended: $16

For RUDICSI. Monthly Fee ranging from $14 to $30II. Airtime costs ranging from $0.64 to $1.50 per minuteIII. One-time setup fee ranging from $2,500 to $10,500

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Telecommunications Cost Estimates(55,000 profiles per year)

2001 Proposal: Argos @ $20/profile = $1,100,000/year

Under the present Argos Joint Tariff Agreement: ~$14/profile = $770,000/year

Argos, U.S. Special rate (54,000 profile cap): $375,000/year = ~$6.80/profile

Iridium SBD Flat Fee: ~$4.25/profile = $235,000/year(assumes 20% volume discount and < 12 Kbytes/3 profiles/month)

Iridium RUDICS: $6.80 per profile (500 pressure levels) = $375,000 per year; $7.87 per profile (2 db) = $433,000 per year; One-time, set-up costs

Iridium Modem-to-Modem: $9.20 per profile (2 db) = $506,000 per year

21/04/23 Argos Information Center

Near-Future Developmental Effort

Relatively Broad-Band SolutionRelatively Broad-Band SolutionI.I. Bandwidth will be somewhere between 64 kbits/sec and 128 kbits/secBandwidth will be somewhere between 64 kbits/sec and 128 kbits/secII.II. Modem will be slightly larger than existing Daytona modem shown belowModem will be slightly larger than existing Daytona modem shown belowIII.III. Use existing omni-directional antennas (quad-helix or micro-strip)Use existing omni-directional antennas (quad-helix or micro-strip)IV.IV. Use existing network infrastructure (space vehicles, ground gateway, etc.)Use existing network infrastructure (space vehicles, ground gateway, etc.)V.V. Expected availability of around 4Expected availability of around 4thth quarter of 2008 quarter of 2008VI.VI. Rates are not yet establishedRates are not yet established

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Total Iridium Airtime Usage

85,048, 94%

5,119, 6%

USAP

Non-USAP

Iridium Airtime Usage for Data Applications

82,301, 96%

3,115, 4%

USAP

Non-USAP

Antarctic Program Usage

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Iridium NEXT Planning continues to replace current

constellation

Launching around 2013

Completion by 2016

Backward compatible for existing customers, but will introduce new products too

Improving data speeds, subscriber technology, core technology improvements

Maintaining our unique attributes -- global coverage, security, availability, LEO architecture

New business opportunities with secondary payloads

New partnerships being discussed with commercial entities and governments

Exciting new applications and revenue streams

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3939

New INX Communications ServicesNew INX Communications Services

Core Voice and Core Voice and Data ServicesData Services

High Speed Data High Speed Data ServicesServices

Private Private Network Network

GatewaysGateways

Wide Area Wide Area Broadcast Broadcast ServicesServices

I.I. Flexible Flexible delivery of delivery of bandwidthbandwidth

II.II.From From existing 2.4 existing 2.4 kbps to 1.5 kbps to 1.5 MbpsMbps

III.III.Voice and Voice and

datadata

IV.IV.L-Band L-Band

serviceservice

V.V.Backward Backward compatibilitycompatibility

I.I. Up to 10 Mbps Up to 10 Mbps to a portable to a portable terminalterminal

II.II. Up to 30 Up to 30 Mbps to a Mbps to a transportable transportable terminalterminal

III.III.Ka-Band Ka-Band

serviceservice

I.I. Dedicated Dedicated gatewaygateway

II.II.Private Private Network on Network on Iridium Iridium systemsystem

III.III.Subscriber Subscriber group group “homed” to “homed” to private private GatewayGateway

I.I. Two Two broadcast broadcast channelschannels

II.II.Dedicated Dedicated continuous continuous global global broadcast broadcast channelchannel

III.III.Demand Demand assigned assigned channels for channels for location location specific data specific data broadcastbroadcast

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Commercial Investment in New Commercial Investment in New ServicesServices

Netted Radio Service• Push to talk nets• Unlimited nets• Next door or world-wide

Mobile Broadband Service• Up to 153 kbps service• Unique utilization of current

architecture • Gives maritime market new

high speed communication service

Short Burst Data Modem Service

• Internet connected modem• Small form factor, low-power

device• Gives global small message

services• Uses include text messaging,

tracking and locating, sensor data, container security and automotive telematics

Transportable Broadband Service• Up to 1.5 Mbps service• Transportable ground terminal• Ka-band antenna• Unique utilization of current

architecture

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