11

ORGANIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRYORGANIC ORGANIC

CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY

22

Types of Organic Types of Organic CompoundsCompounds

• Vast majority of over 20 million known compounds are based on C: organic organic compounds.compounds.

• Generally contain C and H + other elements

• Great variety of compounds

33

IsomerismIsomerism• Isomers Isomers have identical composition but different have identical composition but different

structuresstructures• Two forms of isomerismTwo forms of isomerism

– Constitutional (or structural)Constitutional (or structural)– StereoisomerismStereoisomerism

• ConstitutionalConstitutional– Same empirical formula but different atom-to-atom Same empirical formula but different atom-to-atom

connectionsconnections

• StereoisomerismStereoisomerism– Same atom-to-atom connections but different Same atom-to-atom connections but different

arrangement in space.arrangement in space.

44

Structural IsomersStructural Isomers

55

Cis-2-buteneCis-2-butene

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers: GeometricGeometric

Geometric isomers can occur when there is a C=C double bond.

Trans-2-buteneTrans-2-butene

66

• Optical isomersOptical isomers are molecules with are molecules with non-superimposable mirror images.non-superimposable mirror images.

• Such molecules are called Such molecules are called CHIRALCHIRAL• Pairs of chiral molecules are Pairs of chiral molecules are

enantiomersenantiomers..

• Chiral molecules in solution can rotate Chiral molecules in solution can rotate the plane of plane polarized light.the plane of plane polarized light.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers: OpticalOptical

77

Chiral Compounds and Chiral Compounds and Polarized LightPolarized Light

88

Stereoisomers Stereoisomers IsomersIsomers

Chirality Chirality generally occurs generally occurs when a C atom when a C atom has 4 different has 4 different groups attached.groups attached.

Lactic acid

99Stereoisomers Stereoisomers IsomersIsomers

Lactic acid isomers are Lactic acid isomers are nonsuperimposablenonsuperimposable

1010

Chirality: Handedness Chirality: Handedness in Naturein Nature

These molecules are non-superimposable These molecules are non-superimposable mirror images.mirror images.

1111

Chirality: Handedness Chirality: Handedness in Naturein Nature

These amino acids are non-superimposable mirror images.These amino acids are non-superimposable mirror images.

1212Stereoisomers in Stereoisomers in NatureNature

Right- and left-Right- and left-handed seashellshanded seashells

The DNA here is The DNA here is right-handedright-handed

1313

• Compounds of C and HCompounds of C and H• Subgroups: Subgroups:

– Alkanes: C-C single bondsAlkanes: C-C single bonds– Alkenes: C=C double bondsAlkenes: C=C double bonds– Alkynes: carbon-carbon triple Alkynes: carbon-carbon triple

bondsbonds– Aromatic: based on benzeneAromatic: based on benzene

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

1414

• Alkanes have the general formula CAlkanes have the general formula CnnHH2n+22n+2

• CHCH44 = methane = methane

• CC22HH66 = ethane = ethane

• CC33HH88 = propane = propane

• CC44HH10 10 = butane= butane

• CC55HH1212 = pentane = pentane

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

1515

1616

Methane Hydrate, Methane Hydrate, CHCH44(H(H22O)O)xx

1717Methane Methane Hydrate, Hydrate, CHCH44(H(H22O)O)xx

1818

Gas hydrates have been known for many years, and combustion of a sample of methane hydrate is seen on the front cover. Recently, however, vast deposits of methane hydrate were discovered deep within sediments on the floor of the world’s oceans. How these deposits were formed is a mystery. But what is important is their size. It is estimated that the global methane hydrate deposits contain approximately 1013 tons of carbon, or about twice the combined amount in all reserves of coal, oil, and conventional natural gas. Now if scientists and engineers could only solve the problem of extracting the methane conveniently and safely!

Methane Hydrate, Methane Hydrate, CHCH44(H(H22O)O)xx

1919

Pentane

2-Methylbutane

2,2-Dimethylpropane

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

CH3CHCH2CH3

CH3

H3CCCH3

CH3

CH3

Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons & Structural & Structural IsomerismIsomerism

CC55HH1212 has 3 has 3

structural isomers.structural isomers.

CC66HH1414 has 5 has 5

CC77HH1414 has 9 has 9

CC55HH1212 has 3 has 3

structural isomers.structural isomers.

CC66HH1414 has 5 has 5

CC77HH1414 has 9 has 9

Isomers of CIsomers of C55HH1212??Isomers of CIsomers of C55HH1212??

Note names of isomersNote names of isomersNote names of isomersNote names of isomers

2020

Alkanes are colorless gases, liquids, Alkanes are colorless gases, liquids, and solidsand solids

Generally unreactive (but undergo Generally unreactive (but undergo combustion)combustion)

Not polar (or low polarity) and so are Not polar (or low polarity) and so are not soluble in water.not soluble in water.

Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons: AlkanesAlkanes

2121

All compounds are flexible. All compounds are flexible.

Cyclohexane, CCyclohexane, C66HH1212, has interconverting , has interconverting

“chair” and “boat” forms.“chair” and “boat” forms.

Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons: CycloalkanesCycloalkanes

Axial H atom

Equatorial H atom

Chair form Boat form

123

56

1

23

44

5 6

H H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

HH

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

HH

H

H

H

H

H

Chair form

1

6

2

34

5

H

2222

Alkenes: Compounds Alkenes: Compounds with C=C Double Bondswith C=C Double Bonds

• How many isomers are possible for a How many isomers are possible for a compound with the formula Ccompound with the formula C44HH88??

CH3

CC

H

CH3H

H

CC

H

CH3H3C

H

CC

H3C

CH3H

2-methylpropene(isobutene)

cis-2-butene trans-2-butene

H

CC

H

CH2CH3H

1-butene

1 2

3 4

1

1

1

2

3

2 23 3

4 4

CH3

CC

H

CH3H

H

CC

H

CH3H3C

H

CC

H3C

CH3H

2-methylpropene(isobutene)

cis-2-butene trans-2-butene

H

CC

H

CH2CH3H

1-butene

1 2

3 4

1

1

1

2

3

2 23 3

4 4

2323

Alkenes—Alkenes—Many Occur NaturallyMany Occur Naturally

2424

Reactions of Alkenes:Reactions of Alkenes:ADDITION REACTIONSADDITION REACTIONS

• Alkenes are Alkenes are unsaturated unsaturated — more — more bonds can form to the C atomsbonds can form to the C atoms

• Molecules such as BrMolecules such as Br22, H, H22, HCl, HBr, and , HCl, HBr, and

HH22O O addadd to the double bond to the double bond

C CCH

H

H

HC

Br BrH H

HH

+ Br2

1,2-dibromoethane

C CCH

H

H

HC

Br BrH H

HH

+ Br2

1,2-dibromoethane

2525

An Addition ReactionAn Addition Reaction

• The fat in bacon is partially unsaturated. The fat in bacon is partially unsaturated. The fat adds BrThe fat adds Br22 to the C=C bonds. to the C=C bonds.

• Fats can be “hydrogenated” with HFats can be “hydrogenated” with H22..

Fat placed Fat placed in Brin Br22 vapor vapor

2626

An Addition ReactionAn Addition Reaction

Fat placed Fat placed in Brin Br22 vapor vapor

2727

An Addition ReactionAn Addition Reaction• Fats can be “hydrogenated” with HFats can be “hydrogenated” with H22..

Peanut butter has partially hydrogenated Peanut butter has partially hydrogenated vegetable oil.vegetable oil.

Peanut butter has partially hydrogenated Peanut butter has partially hydrogenated vegetable oil.vegetable oil.

2828

AlkynesAlkynes

• Alkynes have carbon-carbon triple bonds. Alkynes have carbon-carbon triple bonds.

• CC22HH22: common name = acetylene: common name = acetylene

systematic name = ethynesystematic name = ethyne

Preparation:Preparation:

CaCCaC22(s) + H(s) + H22O(liq) --> O(liq) -->

C C22HH22 (g) + Ca(OH) (g) + Ca(OH)22(s)(s)

∆∆HHffoo(C(C22HH22, g) = +226.7 kJ/mol, g) = +226.7 kJ/mol

Preparation:Preparation:

CaCCaC22(s) + H(s) + H22O(liq) --> O(liq) -->

C C22HH22 (g) + Ca(OH) (g) + Ca(OH)22(s)(s)

∆∆HHffoo(C(C22HH22, g) = +226.7 kJ/mol, g) = +226.7 kJ/mol

∆∆HHrxnrxn for C for C22HH22 + O + O22

= –1300 kJ/mol = –1300 kJ/mol∆∆HHrxnrxn for C for C22HH22 + O + O22

= –1300 kJ/mol = –1300 kJ/mol

2929

Aromatic CompoundsAromatic Compounds

• Benzene, CBenzene, C66HH66, in the , in the

top 25 chemicals top 25 chemicals produced in the U.S. produced in the U.S.

• Starting point for Starting point for hundreds of other hundreds of other compounds.compounds.

3030

Resonance in BenzeneResonance in Benzene

• CC66HH66 has two resonance structures with alternating has two resonance structures with alternating

double bonds. double bonds.

• The π electrons are The π electrons are delocalizeddelocalized over the ring. over the ring.

CC

CC

C

CC

C

CC

C

C

H

H

HH

H H

H

H

HH

H H

CC

CC

C

C

H

H

HH

H H

Resonance structures of benzene, C6H6 Abbreviated representation of resonance structures

3131

Resonance in BenzeneResonance in Benzene

• CC bond order is _______________CC bond order is _______________

• C–C single bond = 154 pm C–C single bond = 154 pm C=C bond = 134 pmC=C bond = 134 pm

• CC bonds in benzene = 139 pmCC bonds in benzene = 139 pm

π electrons delocalizedπ electrons delocalized

3232

Other Aromatic Other Aromatic HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

TolueneToluene NaphthaleneNaphthalene

3333

Benzene DerivativesBenzene Derivatives

AnilineAnilineCC66HH55NHNH22

PhenolPhenol

CC66HH55OHOH

TNTTNTtrinitrotoluenetrinitrotolueneCC66HH44CHCH33(NO(NO22))33

3434Naming Benzene Naming Benzene DerivativesDerivatives

1,4-dimethylbenzeneCommon name: Para-xylene

Cl

Ortho to Cl

Meta to Cl

Para to Cl

12

3

4

5

6

3535

Reactions of AromaticsReactions of Aromatics• SubstitutionsSubstitutions — not additions — are

typical.

+ CH3Cl

CH3

+ HClAlCl3

AlClAlCl33 is a catalyst. Catalysts typically used in is a catalyst. Catalysts typically used in

aromatic substitutions.aromatic substitutions.

3636

Functional GroupsFunctional Groups

See CD-ROM Screens 11.5 & 11.6See CD-ROM Screens 11.5 & 11.6See CD-ROM Screens 11.5 & 11.6See CD-ROM Screens 11.5 & 11.6

3737

AlcoholsAlcohols• Characterized by –OH groupCharacterized by –OH group

• Name: add –ol to name of hydrocarbonName: add –ol to name of hydrocarbon

MethanolMethanol

ButanolButanol

3838

Structures of AlcoholsStructures of Alcohols

CC33HH55OH: how many structural isomers?OH: how many structural isomers?

C C C OH

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

1-propanol

C C C H

H

H

OH

H

H

H

H

2-propanol

Naming:Naming: Add -ol to name of 3-C hydrocarbon. Indicate Add -ol to name of 3-C hydrocarbon. Indicate position of OH with number.position of OH with number.

3939

Alcohol PropertiesAlcohol Properties• Alcohols are a derivative of water Alcohols are a derivative of water

• Many alcohols dissolve in waterMany alcohols dissolve in water

Methanol dissolves Methanol dissolves in water.in water.Methanol dissolves Methanol dissolves in water.in water.

Butanol is NOT soluble Butanol is NOT soluble in water. in water. Butanol is NOT soluble Butanol is NOT soluble in water. in water.

4040

““Sterno”Sterno”

• Alcohols burn in air Alcohols burn in air

• A mixture of ethanol + A mixture of ethanol +

calcium acetate = calcium acetate =

STERNOSTERNO

4141GLYCOLSGLYCOLSAlcohols with Two OH Alcohols with Two OH

GroupsGroups

Propylene Propylene glycolglycol

Ethylene Ethylene glycolglycol

4242

Alcohol ReactionsAlcohol ReactionsScreen 11.6Screen 11.6

SubstitutionSubstitution Elimination—the Elimination—the reverse of reverse of additionaddition

4343

Sugars: Related to Sugars: Related to AlcoholsAlcohols

• Sugars are carbohydrates, compounds Sugars are carbohydrates, compounds with the formula Cwith the formula Cxx(H(H22O)O)yy..

What is the difference between What is the difference between and and D-glucose? D-glucose?What is the difference between What is the difference between and and D-glucose? D-glucose?

O

H

HO

H

HO

HOHH

OH

OHCHO

OHH

HHO

OHH

OHH

CH2OH

O

H

HO

H

HO

OHOHH

H

OH

1

23

4 5

12

3

45

1

2

3

4

5

-D-glucose β-D-glucose

Open chain form

H H

4444

Sucrose and RiboseSucrose and Ribose

O

CH2OH

CH2OHH

HOOH

H

H

O

H

HO

H

HO

H

OOHH

H

OH

-D-Glucose

Fructose

O

HOH

HHHH

HOOH

Ribose, a pentose in the DNA backbone

4545

AminesAminesAminesAminesAlcohols are derivatives of HAlcohols are derivatives of H22O (R–OH) O (R–OH)

and and aminesamines are derivatives of NH are derivatives of NH33..

MethylamineMethylamine DimethylamineDimethylamine TrimethylamineTrimethylamine

4646

AminesAminesAminesAminesAmines generally have terrible odors!

CadaverineCadaverine

PyridinePyridine

4747

AminesAminesAminesAminesAmines, like NHAmines, like NH33, are bases, are bases

2 C6H5NH2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 2 C6H5NH3+(aq) + SO4

2-(aq)

Aniline Anilinium ion

4848

AminesAminesAminesAmines

Many natural Many natural products and products and drugs (such drugs (such as nicotine as nicotine and cocaine) and cocaine) are bases.are bases.

NicotineNicotineHH++

4949Compounds with Compounds with

Carbonyl GroupCarbonyl Group

AldehydeAldehydeAldehydeAldehyde Carboxylic acidCarboxylic acidCarboxylic acidCarboxylic acid KetoneKetoneKetoneKetone

C

O

5050

Structures of Structures of AldehydesAldehydes

CinnamaldehydeCinnamaldehyde Odors from aldehydes and Odors from aldehydes and ketonesketones

5151

Carboxylic AcidsCarboxylic AcidsBenzoic acidBenzoic acid

Carboxylic acid group Carboxylic acid group with acidic Hwith acidic H++

All are All are WEAKWEAK acids acids

Acetic acidAcetic acid

Acids are found in Acids are found in many natural many natural substances: bread, substances: bread, fruits, milk, winefruits, milk, wine

Acids are found in Acids are found in many natural many natural substances: bread, substances: bread, fruits, milk, winefruits, milk, wine

5252

Carboxylic AcidsCarboxylic Acids

Formic acid, Formic acid, HCOHCO22H, gives H, gives

the sting to ants.the sting to ants.

Formic acid, Formic acid, HCOHCO22H, gives H, gives

the sting to ants.the sting to ants.

C

OC

O O

H

O

CH3

Aspirin, acetylsalicylic acidAspirin, acetylsalicylic acid

5353Acids + Alcohols --> Acids + Alcohols --> ESTERSESTERS

Esters have generally pleasant odorsEsters have generally pleasant odors

5454

Acids + Alcohols --> Acids + Alcohols --> ESTERSESTERS

One of the important reactions in nature!One of the important reactions in nature!

H+

O O

CH3COH + CH3CH2OH CH 3COCH2CH3 + H 2O

Acetic acid Ethanol Ethyl acetate

O

RC—O—HH+

O

+ R'—O—H RC—O—R' + H2O

Carboxylic acid Alcohol Ester

5555

Acids + Alcohols --> Acids + Alcohols --> ESTERSESTERS

Acetic acid

OC CH2CH2CHCH3

O

H3C

CH3

3-methylbutanol

3-methylbutylacetate

5656

GlycerolGlycerolAlcohol with 3 OH GroupsAlcohol with 3 OH Groups

Combine this with long chain acids ------> ???Combine this with long chain acids ------> ???Fatty acids ---> fats and oilsFatty acids ---> fats and oils

Combine this with long chain acids ------> ???Combine this with long chain acids ------> ???Fatty acids ---> fats and oilsFatty acids ---> fats and oils

5757

Fats and OilsFats and Oils

R = organic group R = organic group with with NONO C=C bonds C=C bondsCC1212 = Lauric acid = Lauric acid

CC1616 = Palmitic acid = Palmitic acid

CC1818 = Stearic acid = Stearic acid

R = organic group R = organic group with with NONO C=C bonds C=C bondsCC1212 = Lauric acid = Lauric acid

CC1616 = Palmitic acid = Palmitic acid

CC1818 = Stearic acid = Stearic acid

O

O

O

H2C

HC

H2C

CRO

CRO

CR

O

R = organic group R = organic group with C=C bondswith C=C bondsCC1818 = oleic acid = oleic acid

R = organic group R = organic group with C=C bondswith C=C bondsCC1818 = oleic acid = oleic acid

What is the What is the functional groupfunctional group in a in a

fat or oil?fat or oil?

What is the What is the functional groupfunctional group in a in a

fat or oil?fat or oil?

5858

Fats and OilsFats and OilsO

O

O

H2C

HC

H2C

CRO

CRO

CR

O

Fats with C=C bonds are usually LIQUDSFats with C=C bonds are usually LIQUDSFats with C=C bonds are usually LIQUDSFats with C=C bonds are usually LIQUDS

Oleic acid: a Oleic acid: a monounsaturated monounsaturated fatty acid fatty acid

Oleic acid: a Oleic acid: a monounsaturated monounsaturated fatty acid fatty acid

C=C bondC=C bondC=C bondC=C bond

5959

Fats and OilsFats and Oils

Fats with saturated acids (no C=C bonds) Fats with saturated acids (no C=C bonds) are SOLIDS.are SOLIDS.

Fats with saturated acids (no C=C bonds) Fats with saturated acids (no C=C bonds) are SOLIDS.are SOLIDS.

O

O

O

H2C

HC

H2C

CRO

CRO

CR

O

Saturated fats are Saturated fats are more common in more common in

animals. animals.

Saturated fats are Saturated fats are more common in more common in

animals. animals.

6060

Fats and Polar BearsFats and Polar Bears•Bears gorge on blubber Bears gorge on blubber in the winter.in the winter.•During the summer During the summer bears rely on stored fat bears rely on stored fat for energy.for energy.•Burn 1-1.5 kg of fat per Burn 1-1.5 kg of fat per day.day.•Water for metabolism Water for metabolism comes from fat burning.comes from fat burning.

•Bears gorge on blubber Bears gorge on blubber in the winter.in the winter.•During the summer During the summer bears rely on stored fat bears rely on stored fat for energy.for energy.•Burn 1-1.5 kg of fat per Burn 1-1.5 kg of fat per day.day.•Water for metabolism Water for metabolism comes from fat burning.comes from fat burning.

6161

Trans Fatty AcidsTrans Fatty Acids•Oleic acid is a mono–unsaturated cis-Oleic acid is a mono–unsaturated cis-fatty acidfatty acid•Trans fatty acids have deleterious health Trans fatty acids have deleterious health effects. effects. •Trans fatty acids raise plasma LDL Trans fatty acids raise plasma LDL cholesterol and lower HDL levels.cholesterol and lower HDL levels.

C=C bondC=C bondC=C bondC=C bond

6262Fats and Oils: Fats and Oils: SaponificationSaponification

OCH2

CH

CH2

O—HO—H

O—H

Glycerol

+ 3 RC—O- Na +

Sodium stearate, a soap

OO CR

OO CR

CH2

CH

CH2

OO CR

Glyceryl stearate, a fat + NaOH

R = —(CH2)16CH3

+ 3 NaOH

6363

Acids + Amines --> Acids + Amines --> AMIDESAMIDES

N-methylacetamideN-methylacetamide

6464

Acids + Amines --> Acids + Amines --> AMIDESAMIDES

AcetoaminophenAcetoaminophenTylenol, Datril, Momentum, ...Tylenol, Datril, Momentum, ...AcetoaminophenAcetoaminophenTylenol, Datril, Momentum, ...Tylenol, Datril, Momentum, ...

C

C

C

C

C

C

H

H

N

H

O

HCC

O

H

HH

H

H

Amide link

6565

Alpha-Amino AcidsAlpha-Amino Acids

H

CH3C CO2

NH3

Chiral -carbon

Alanine

C

H

H2N C

O

OH

RAcidAmine

6666

Peptides and ProteinsPeptides and Proteins

H3NO–

O

HHOCH2H3NO–

O

CH3H

NO–

O

CH3H

H

H3N

O

HHOCH2

peptide bondSerineAlanine

+

Adding more peptide links ---> PROTEINAdding more peptide links ---> PROTEIN

6767

PolymersPolymersPolymersPolymers

• Giant molecules made by joining many Giant molecules made by joining many small molecules called small molecules called monomersmonomers

• Average production is 150 kg per person Average production is 150 kg per person annually in the U.S.annually in the U.S.

6868

Polymer ClassificationsPolymer Classifications

• ThermoplasticsThermoplastics (polyethylene) soften and (polyethylene) soften and flow when heatedflow when heated

• ThermosettingThermosetting plastics — soft initially plastics — soft initially but set to solid when heated. Cannot be but set to solid when heated. Cannot be resoftened.resoftened.

• Other classification: Other classification: plastics, fibers, plastics, fibers, elastomers, coatings, elastomers, coatings, adhesivesadhesives

6969

Polymer PreparationPolymer Preparation

• AdditionAddition polymers — directly polymers — directly adding monomer units togetheradding monomer units together

• CondensationCondensation polymers — polymers — combining monomer units and combining monomer units and splitting out a small water (water)splitting out a small water (water)

7070Polyethylene: Addition Polyethylene: Addition PolymerPolymer

H2C CH2 C C

H

H

H

H

n

n

EthyleneEthylene PolyethylenePolyethylene

A polymer with a molar mass of A polymer with a molar mass of 1e6 has about 36,0000 units.1e6 has about 36,0000 units.

7171

Mechanism of Addition Mechanism of Addition PolymerizationPolymerization

7272

Types of PolyethyleneTypes of Polyethylene

Linear, high density PE Linear, high density PE (HDPE)(HDPE)

Branched, low density Branched, low density PE, LDPEPE, LDPE

Cross-linked PE, CLPECross-linked PE, CLPE

7373

Types of PolyethyleneTypes of Polyethylene

CH2CH

OH

CH2CH

OCCH3

CH2CH

n n n

polyvinyl alcohol polyvinyl acetate polystyrene

Polymers based on Substituted Ethylenes, CH2=CHX

O

Table 11.12: others are PVC, acrylonitrile, Table 11.12: others are PVC, acrylonitrile, polypropylene, polymethyl methacrylatepolypropylene, polymethyl methacrylate

7474PolystyrenePolystyrene

• Polystyrene is nonpolar material and dissolves Polystyrene is nonpolar material and dissolves in organic solvents.in organic solvents.

• PS foam is mostly air, and when it dissolves it PS foam is mostly air, and when it dissolves it collapses to a much smaller volume.collapses to a much smaller volume.

7575

Slime!Slime!

Slime is Slime is polyvinylalcohol polyvinylalcohol cross-linked cross-linked with boric acidwith boric acid

7676

Condensation PolymersCondensation Polymers

HOC

O

COH

O

CO

COCH2CH2OO

+ n HOCH2CH2OH

terephthalic acid ethylene glycol

+ H2O

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a polyester

n

n

7777

Polyesters, PETPolyesters, PET

Jackets made from recycled Jackets made from recycled PET soda bottlesPET soda bottles

Soda bottles, mylar Soda bottles, mylar film.film.

7878

Polyesters: MechanismPolyesters: Mechanism

7979

Polyamides: NylonPolyamides: Nylon

8080

Polyamides: NylonPolyamides: Nylon

•Each monomer has 6 C atoms in its chain.Each monomer has 6 C atoms in its chain.•A polyamide link forms on elmination of HClA polyamide link forms on elmination of HCl•Result = nylon 66Result = nylon 66•Proteins are Proteins are polyamidespolyamides

8181

Polymer Recycling Polymer Recycling SymbolsSymbols

LDPE = LDPE = Low density PE = 0.910-0.925 g/cmLow density PE = 0.910-0.925 g/cm33

HDPE = HDPE = High density PE = 0.941-0.965High density PE = 0.941-0.965PP = PP = Polypropylene = 0.90Polypropylene = 0.90V = V = PVC (Vinyl chloride) = 1.30-1.58PVC (Vinyl chloride) = 1.30-1.58