1 lab 1 – blood composition and formed elements plasma 55% of whole blood 90% water 8% proteins...

1

Lab 1 – Blood Composition and formed elements

Plasma

• 55% of whole blood

• 90% water

• 8% proteins from liver

• 2% misc.

• Nutrients: AA, glucose, lipids vitamins, minerals

• Wastes: urea, uric acid, creatine, ammonium salts, lactic acid

• Gases: some CO2 and some O2

• Electrolytes: Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca++, H+

• Hormones

2

Formed Elements

• Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets make up the formed elements – 45% of whole blood

• Leukocytes - WBCs

• Erythrocytes - RBCs (99%)

• Platelets – Thrombocytes - fragments

• Leukocytes and platelets = buffy coat (<1%)

Figure 17.1

1 Withdrawblood and placein tube.

2 Centrifuge theblood sample.

Plasma• 55% of whole blood• Least dense componentBuffy coat• Leukocytes and platelets• <1% of whole bloodErythrocytes• 45% of whole blood• Most dense component

Formedelements

1/10/2010 3Mickey Dufilho

Figure 17.2

Platelets

Neutrophils Lymphocyte

Erythrocytes Monocyte


Figure 17.3

2.5 µm

7.5 µm

Side view (cut)

Top view1/10/2010 5Mickey Dufilho

Leukocytes

• Make up <1% of total blood volume

• Can leave capillaries via diapedesis

• Move through tissue spaces by ameboid motion and positive chemotaxis

• Leukocytosis: WBC count over 11,000/mm3

• Normal response to bacterial or viral invasion


Granulocytes

• Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

• Cytoplasmic granules stain specifically with Wright’s stain

• Larger and shorter-lived than RBCs

• Lobed nuclei

• Phagocytic


Neutrophils

• Most numerous WBCs

• Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)

• Fine granules take up both acidic and basic dyes

• Give the cytoplasm a lilac color

• Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes or defensins

• Very phagocytic—“bacteria slayers”


Figure 17.10 (a-c)

(a) Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus

(b) Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules

(c) Basophil; bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules


Eosinophils

• 1 – 4% of WBC

• Red-staining, bilobed nuclei

• Red to crimson (acidophilic) coarse, lysosome-like granules

• Digest parasitic worms that are too large to be phagocytized

• Modulators of the immune response


Figure 17.10 (a-c)





Basophils

• Rarest WBCs

• Large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules contain histamine

• Histamine: an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites

• Are functionally similar to mast cells


Figure 17.10 (a-c)





Agranulocytes

• Agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes

• Lack visible cytoplasmic granules

• Have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei


Lymphocytes• 25% or more of WBC

• Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm

• Mostly in lymphoid tissue; few circulate in the blood

• Crucial to immunity

• Two types

• T cells act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells

• B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies


Figure 17.10d, e

(d) Small lymphocyte; large spherical nucleus

(e) Monocyte; kidney-shaped nucleus


Monocytes• 4 – 8% of WBC

• The largest leukocytes

• Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm

• Dark purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei

• Leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages

• Actively phagocytic cells; crucial against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections

• Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response


Figure 17.10d, e

(d) Small lymphocyte; large spherical nucleus

(e) Monocyte; kidney-shaped nucleus


Platelets• Small fragments of megakaryocytes

• Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin

• Blue-staining outer region, purple granules

• Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

• Form a temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels

• Circulating platelets are kept inactive and mobile by NO and prostacyclin from endothelial cells of blood vessels


Figure 17.12

Stem cell Developmental pathway

Hemocyto-blast Megakaryoblast

PromegakaryocyteMegakaryocyte Platelets


Diagnostic Blood Tests

• Hematocrit

• Blood glucose tests

• Microscopic examination reveals variations in size and shape of RBCs, indications of anemias


Diagnostic Blood Tests

• Differential WBC count

• Prothrombin time and platelet counts assess hemostasis

• SMAC, a blood chemistry profile

• Complete blood count (CBC)


23

Heart Anatomy

• Approximately the size of your fist

• Location

• Superior surface of diaphragm

• Left of the midline

• Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum

24

Heart Anatomy

Figure 18.1

25Figure 18.4e

(e)

Superior vena cava

Rightpulmonary arteryPulmonary trunk

Right atriumRightpulmonary veinsFossaovalisPectinatemuscles

TricuspidvalveRight ventricle

ChordaetendineaeTrabeculaecarneaeInferiorvena cava

Aorta

Leftpulmonary arteryLeft atriumLeftpulmonary veins

Pulmonaryvalve

Aorticvalve

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Left ventricle

PapillarymuscleInterventricularseptumMyocardium

VisceralpericardiumEndocardium

26

Heart Anatomy

Figure 18.1

27

Pericardial Layers of the Heart

Figure 18.2

28Figure 18.4e

(e)

Superior vena cava

Rightpulmonary arteryPulmonary trunk

Right atriumRightpulmonary veinsFossaovalisPectinatemuscles

TricuspidvalveRight ventricle

ChordaetendineaeTrabeculaecarneaeInferiorvena cava

Aorta

Leftpulmonary arteryLeft atriumLeftpulmonary veins

Pulmonaryvalve

Aorticvalve

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Left ventricle

PapillarymuscleInterventricularseptumMyocardium

VisceralpericardiumEndocardium

29

Heart Valves

Figure 18.8a, b

30

Heart Valves

Figure 18.8c, d

31Figure 18.4b

(b)

BrachiocephalictrunkSuperiorvena cava

Rightpulmonary artery

AscendingaortaPulmonary trunk

Rightpulmonary veinsRight atriumRight coronaryartery (in coronarysulcus)Anteriorcardiac veinRight ventricleMarginal arterySmall cardiac veinInferiorvena cava

Left commoncarotid arteryLeftsubclavian arteryAortic arch

Ligamentumarteriosum

Left pulmonary artery

Left atrium

Auricle

CircumflexarteryLeft coronaryartery (in coronarysulcus)

Anteriorinterventricular artery(in anteriorinterventricular sulcus)

Great cardiac vein

Apex

Left pulmonary veins

Left ventricle

32Figure 18.4d

(d)

Superiorvena cavaRightpulmonary artery

Rightpulmonary veins

Right atrium

Right coronaryartery (in coronarysulcus)

Right ventricle

Coronary sinus

Middle cardiac vein

Left pulmonary artery

Left atrium

Auricleof left atrium

Left ventricle

Posterior veinof left ventricle

Posteriorinterventricular artery(in posteriorinterventricular sulcus)

Great cardiac vein

Apex

Leftpulmonary veins

Inferiorvena cava

Aorta

1 lab 1 – blood composition and formed elements plasma 55% of whole blood 90% water 8% proteins...

Documents

formed elements erythrocytes

formed elements plasma

blood composition

uric acid

lactic acid gases

minerals wastes

ammonium salts

lipids vitamins