1 challenges of sustainable development, part 1 dr. kazi f. jalal faculty faculty harvard university...

1

Challenges of Sustainable Challenges of Sustainable Development, Part 1Development, Part 1

Dr. Kazi F. JalalDr. Kazi F. Jalal

FacultyFaculty

Harvard University Harvard University Extension SchoolExtension School

ENVR: E115ENVR: E11509/01/0909/01/09

LectureLecture #1 #1

2

Outline of Lecture 1Outline of Lecture 1

- Course introduction -Sustainable Development (SD): definition & concept- Eight “Pillars” of sustainable development1. Poverty Reduction2. Population Planning3. Pollution Control4. Participation5. Policy & Market Failures(Prevention of)6. Prevalence of good governance7. Prevention of Disasters8. Partnership

Course Introduction

1. About the course

2. Self-introduction

4

The ability of humanity to ensure that it meets The ability of humanity to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needsgenerations to meet their own needs - - World Commission of Environment & Development World Commission of Environment & Development (1987)(1987)

Sustainable Development Sustainable Development Selected DefinitionsSelected Definitions

5


Sustainable development argues for: (1) development subject Sustainable development argues for: (1) development subject to a set of constraints which set resource harvest rates at to a set of constraints which set resource harvest rates at levels not higher than managed and natural regeneration levels not higher than managed and natural regeneration rate, and (2) use of the environment as a “waste sink” on the rate, and (2) use of the environment as a “waste sink” on the basis that waste disposal rates should not exceed rates of basis that waste disposal rates should not exceed rates of managed or natural assimilative capacity of the ecosystem. managed or natural assimilative capacity of the ecosystem. - D. Pearce, Economics, Growth, and Sustainable - D. Pearce, Economics, Growth, and Sustainable Development, MacMillan, 1988.Development, MacMillan, 1988.

6

If:If: xx11 = m = m33 biomass removed/unit time biomass removed/unit time

xx22 = m = m33 biomass regenerated/unit time biomass regenerated/unit time

Then: Then: xx11 < x < x22

----------------------------------------------------------------------

If:If: yy11 = ppm B.O.D./unit time = ppm B.O.D./unit time

yy22 = ppm B.O.D. satisfied/unit time = ppm B.O.D. satisfied/unit time

Then:Then: yy11 < y < y22


7

Project A - Large-scale irrigation project with high B/C ratio; rich farmers benefit, causing health problems to local people who may not be direct beneficiaries; poor marginal farmers becoming landless laborers.

Project B - Save the spotted deers or rhinos.

Project D - Rural Water Supply project which benefits poor and women in particular, improves quantity and quality of available water, at low cost.

ECONOMIC

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL

Project A

Project B

Project D

Project C

Project C - Subsidized hospital project in a sparsely populated urban area

Balancing Project BenefitsBalancing Project Benefits

Source: Smith et Jalal, 2000Source: Smith et Jalal, 2000

8

Sustainable Development

• There are many definitions ,concepts, indicators , case studies etc. of sustainable development for which refer to websites.

• Two of them are:

www.gdrc.org

www.iisd.org

http://www.gdrc.org/

http://www.iisd.org/

9

POVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY REDUCTION

10

Fourth 20%Fourth 20%

Third 20%Third 20%

Second 20%Second 20%

World Income - 82.7World Income - 82.7World Trade - 81.2World Trade - 81.2

Commercial Lending: 94.6 Domestic Savings - Commercial Lending: 94.6 Domestic Savings - 80.680.6 Domestic Investment - 80.5Domestic Investment - 80.5

Distribution of worldDistribution of worldincome and economicincome and economicActivity; Activity; percentage of worldpercentage of worldtotal (Quantiles oftotal (Quantiles ofpopulation ranked bypopulation ranked byincome)income)

World income - 1.4World income - 1.4

World trade - 1.0World trade - 1.0

Commercial lending - 0.2Commercial lending - 0.2

Domestic Savings- 1.0Domestic Savings- 1.0

Domestic investment-1.3Domestic investment-1.31.4 %1.4 %

1.9 %1.9 %

2.3 %2.3 %

11.7 %11.7 %

82.7 %82.7 %

First 20%First 20%

World IncomeWorld Income

Poorest 20%Poorest 20%

Global Income Distribution & DisparitiesGlobal Income Distribution & Disparities

Source: UNDP, 1992; Development and Source: UNDP, 1992; Development and Poverty(2006):worldrevolution.orgPoverty(2006):worldrevolution.org

11

Global Inequality* *www.worldrevolution.org

Click on State of the World, 2006

Richest 20% :• Consume 45% protein• Consume 58% energy• Have 74% tel lines• Consume 84% paper• Own 87% vehicle fleet

Poorest 20%:• Consume 5% protein• Consume <4% energy• Have 1.5% tel. Lines• Consume 1.1 %• Own 1% vehicle fleet

http://www.worldrevolution.org/

12

Ratio of Income Shares

Richest 20%

Poorest 20%

1960 1970 1980 1989

30:1

59:1

45:1

32:1

Source:1) UNDP 1992,1999; 2)ICC study on globalization 2003; 3)Anup Shah: Poverty facts 2004; worldrevolution.org; Source:1) UNDP 1992,1999; 2)ICC study on globalization 2003; 3)Anup Shah: Poverty facts 2004; worldrevolution.org; 4) Overview of global issues: Development and Poverty (2006): worldrevolution.org4) Overview of global issues: Development and Poverty (2006): worldrevolution.org

Income Disparity Between the Richest and Income Disparity Between the Richest and Poorest 20% of the World’s PopulationPoorest 20% of the World’s Population

2008

150:1

13

Region Where the Poorest PeopleRegion Where the Poorest People of the World Liveof the World Live

Source: Shah, 1992; Institute of policy studies,2004; Source: Shah, 1992; Institute of policy studies,2004; Economic Dev. Futures Web Journal,2004; Global Economic Dev. Futures Web Journal,2004; Global wealth report (2007): Meryll Lynchwealth report (2007): Meryll Lynch

Millions of People

0

600

500

400

300

200

100

S. Asia E. Asia Mid East N. Africa

E. Europe

L.America

Sub-Saharan Africa

Measured in terms of dollars, the world has 500 billionaires, some 9.5 million millionairesMeasured in terms of dollars, the world has 500 billionaires, some 9.5 million millionairesand more than 1.3 billion people with an income less than a US dollar a day.and more than 1.3 billion people with an income less than a US dollar a day.

14

Poverty & Global Priorities in Spending**State of the World(2004)

Items of expenditure US$b/yr

Cosmetics 18

Perfumes 15

Pet foods in USA & Eur. 17

Ice cream in Europe 11

Ocean cruises 14

Business ent, Japan 35

Cigarettes in Europe 50

Alcoholic drinks in Eur. 105

Narcotic drugs 400

Military expenditure 780

Basic needs US$b/yrImmunizing every child 1. 3Universal literacy 5Drinking water for all 10 Elimination of hunger 13Reproductive health for all 12

15

Linkages Between Sustainable Development, Linkages Between Sustainable Development, Environment and PovertyEnvironment and Poverty

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

POVERTY DEVELOPMENT

ResourceDepletion andDegradation

ResourceResourceDepletion andDepletion andDegradationDegradation

ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMSPOLLUTION, LAND DEGRADATION,

CLIMATE CHANGE

ViciousCircle I

ViciousCircle II

Pollution ofpoverty

Pollution ofaffluence

Poverty Alleviation

* Meeting basic needs (health/education/shelter)* Productive employment* Control over common property resources* Population control

Integration of Environment into Development

* SEA & EIA of development projects* Technology for development* Rural-urban migration* Renewable energy issues* Regional and international cooperation

Source: Jalal, 1993Source: Jalal, 1993

16

POPULATION PLANNINGPOPULATION PLANNING

17

North

South

1820 1920 2020

2

4

6

8

World Population Trend and North-South Distribution

195019802025

1996

World Population Trend and North-South DistributionWorld Population Trend and North-South Distribution

Billions of PeopleBillions of PeopleSource: UNDP, 1990; US Source: UNDP, 1990; US Census Census

Bureau,2004:World Bureau,2004:World Population 1950-2050Population 1950-2050

18

Projected Growth in World PopulationProjected Growth in World Population

19

POLLUTION CONTROLPOLLUTION CONTROL

20

Projected Growth in World Economy, Population, Projected Growth in World Economy, Population, and Chemical Production, 1995-2020and Chemical Production, 1995-2020

21

Industrial Materials GroupsIndustrial Materials Groups

22

Air Pollution : Particulates

GlobalGlobal

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Asia Africa LatinAmerica

OECD World

Subregions

Par

ticu

late

s (

ug

.cu

m)

RegionalRegional

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

East Asia SE Asia South Asia PRC India

Subregions

Par

ticu

late

s (

ug

.cu

m)

Source: ADB & HIID, 1995Source: ADB & HIID, 1995

23

Water Pollution : Organic Pollution

0

1

2

3

4

5

6


OECD World

Subregions

BO

D (

mg

/L)

GlobalGlobal

RegionalRegional

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


Subregions

BO

D (

mg

/L)


24

Forests

0

5

10

15

20

25


OECD World

Subregions

sq

m/c

apit

a

GlobalGlobal

RegionalRegional

0

1

2

3

4

5

6


Subregions

sq

m/c

apit

a


25

PARTICIPATIONPARTICIPATION

26

ParticipationParticipationDefinitionDefinition

Participation is a process through which Participation is a process through which stakeholders can influence and share stakeholders can influence and share control over development initiatives and control over development initiatives and over decisions that affect their lives in one over decisions that affect their lives in one way or another.way or another.

27Minority Group

Children on Earth DayCelebration

Women in Development

NGOs at WorkLocal Government in the Field

Poor Population

28

Mechanisms to FacilitateMechanisms to FacilitateParticipationParticipation

• Mechanisms forMechanisms for Sharing InformationSharing Information

• Mechanisms forMechanisms for Consultation Consultation

• Mechanisms forMechanisms for Collaborative Decision-MakingCollaborative Decision-Making

• Mechanisms toMechanisms to Facilitate EmpowermentFacilitate Empowerment

Source: ADB 1996Source: ADB 1996

29

POLICY AND MARKET POLICY AND MARKET FAILURESFAILURES

30

Policy and Market FailuresPolicy and Market Failures

• Policy failure includes both failure to Policy failure includes both failure to intervene when necessary and beneficial, and intervene when necessary and beneficial, and failure to refrain when intervention is failure to refrain when intervention is unnecessary or detrimentalunnecessary or detrimental

• Market failures occur when freely functioning Market failures occur when freely functioning markets produce prices that do not reflect markets produce prices that do not reflect true social costs or benefits of an actiontrue social costs or benefits of an action

31

Examples of Examples of Policy and Market FailuresPolicy and Market Failures

• Attaching a zero price for air and water, a low price on raw Attaching a zero price for air and water, a low price on raw materials, and a high price for finished products.materials, and a high price for finished products.

• The coexistence of overuse, waste and inefficiency with growing The coexistence of overuse, waste and inefficiency with growing resource scarcityresource scarcity

• Exploitation of resources which could otherwise be managed as Exploitation of resources which could otherwise be managed as a renewable resource.a renewable resource.

• Not recycling resources and byproducts even though it could Not recycling resources and byproducts even though it could generate economic and environmental benefitsgenerate economic and environmental benefits

• Depriving local communities of their customary rights of access Depriving local communities of their customary rights of access even though they may be the most effective resource managers.even though they may be the most effective resource managers.

Source: ADB, 1994

32

More examples of policy & market failures

• Putting an increasingly scarce resource into inferior, low-return and unsustainable uses, when superior, high-return, sustainable use exist

• Putting a resource into single use when its multiple use would generate a larger net benefit

• Neglecting to invest in the protection of resource base even though such action would generate greater net benefit in the long run

33

Prevalence of Good Prevalence of Good GovernanceGovernance

34

Good GovernanceGood GovernanceDefinitionDefinition

The manner in which power is exercised in The manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic the management of a country’s economic and social resources for developmentand social resources for development-Webster’s Dictionary, 1979-Webster’s Dictionary, 1979

35

Four elements of good governance are:Four elements of good governance are:

•AccountabilityAccountability

•Participation and decentralizationParticipation and decentralization

•PredictabilityPredictability

•TransparencyTransparency

36

Prevention of disastersPrevention of disasters

37

Disasters are widely defined as: “The Disasters are widely defined as: “The abnormal or infrequent hazards to abnormal or infrequent hazards to communities or geographical areas that communities or geographical areas that are vulnerable to such events, causing are vulnerable to such events, causing substantial damage, disruption and often substantial damage, disruption and often casualties, leaving the affected community casualties, leaving the affected community unable to function normally.”unable to function normally.”

Derived from : UN Disaster Relief Office, OECD, and others.Derived from : UN Disaster Relief Office, OECD, and others.

Source: Hammond, 1998 Source: Hammond, 1998

38

Impact of Disaster by Geographical Region, Impact of Disaster by Geographical Region, 1972-19961972-1996

39

Frequency of Occurrence of Disasters with a Natural Trigger by Type of Disaster, 1987-1996

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Earthquakes Drought &Famine

Floods Landslides High Winds VolcanicEruptions

Other

Nu

mb

er o

f E

ven

ts

Source: IFRC 1998Source: IFRC 1998

40

Partnership

• Government

• Private sector

• NGOs

• Other actors (IPs, Public-at-large)

• International (multi- and bilateral orgs)

41

•191 Countries (out of 195)191 Countries (out of 195)

•109 Heads of State/Government109 Heads of State/Government

•18000 Official Delegates18000 Official Delegates

•50000? Total Delegates50000? Total DelegatesPUBLISHED BY THE UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS

AUGUST 2002

www.johannesburgsummit.org

42

WSSD OUTCOMEWSSD OUTCOME

• UN OfficialsUN Officials– Modestly Successful

• NGO ActivistsNGO Activists– Glamour event without substance– There is not single shining outcome– Teetering between qualified success and outright failure– Lack of meaningful targets and commitments

• One Head of StateOne Head of State– Dialogue of the deaf

44

WSSD : Extracted from the Political DeclarationWSSD : Extracted from the Political Declaration

• Reaffirm commitment to SD and agree that no nation should Reaffirm commitment to SD and agree that no nation should be denied the opportunity to benefit from developmentbe denied the opportunity to benefit from development

• Committed to the urgent challenges of SD agreed to in Committed to the urgent challenges of SD agreed to in Johannesburg – the most pressing challenges being poverty, Johannesburg – the most pressing challenges being poverty, environmental degradation and socio-economic inequalities environmental degradation and socio-economic inequalities within and among countries.within and among countries.

• Share a collective sense that nations should change how they Share a collective sense that nations should change how they govern themselvesgovern themselves

• Agree that democracy, rule of law, respect for human rights Agree that democracy, rule of law, respect for human rights and freedom and achievement of peace and security are and freedom and achievement of peace and security are essential for SD; agree to combat terrorism, organized crime essential for SD; agree to combat terrorism, organized crime and corruptionand corruption

45

WSSD : Extracted from the Political DeclarationWSSD : Extracted from the Political Declaration

• Agree that food security, water availability, sanitation and Agree that food security, water availability, sanitation and human health are essential elements of human survival and SDhuman health are essential elements of human survival and SD

• Committed to the reduction of natural disasters by Committed to the reduction of natural disasters by strengthening international cooperation, developing sound strengthening international cooperation, developing sound technologies and early warning systems.technologies and early warning systems.

• Agree the need for private sector to operate within a Agree the need for private sector to operate within a transparent and regulatory environment to reinforce its transparent and regulatory environment to reinforce its corporate responsibilitycorporate responsibility

• Stress the need for monitoring the implementation of Stress the need for monitoring the implementation of Agenda21, the Millennium Goals and the Johannesburg Agenda21, the Millennium Goals and the Johannesburg Commitment on SDCommitment on SD

5050

Pillars of sustainable developmentPillars of sustainable development

1.Poverty Reduction

2.Population Planning

3.Pollution Control

4.Participation

5.Policy & Market Failures (Prevention of)

6.Prevalence of good governance

7.Prevention of Disasters

8.Partnership Building

1 challenges of sustainable development, part 1 dr. kazi f. jalal faculty faculty harvard university...

Documents