1 cartif cartif cartif cartif cartif environmental division head of division: dr. r. irusta mata...
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CARTIFEnvironmental DivisionHead of Division: Dr. R. Irusta Mata
E-mail: [email protected]: [email protected]
Castilla y León Technology Park, 205Castilla y León Technology Park, 205
47151 Boecillo (Valladolid) – SPAIN47151 Boecillo (Valladolid) – SPAIN
TEL.: (34) 983 548 917 - (34) 983 546 504 TEL.: (34) 983 548 917 - (34) 983 546 504 E-mail: E-mail: [email protected]@cartif.es
FAX: (34) 983 54 65 21 web: FAX: (34) 983 54 65 21 web: www.cartif.es/medioambientewww.cartif.es/medioambiente
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Foreword cartif
CARTIF is a Non-profit Association mainly focused on industrial Research
CASTILLA Y LEON
TECHNOLOGY PARK
VALLADOLID (SPAIN)
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MAIN TARGETS
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW
TECHNOLOGIES
Remarkable experience in applied research field and in the industrial
solutions developmentTECHNOLOGY INNOVATION
The horizontal character of CARTIF and the complementary aspects
between its work lines of the different laboratories, allow to front the
technology innovation in SMEs and micro SMEs with success guaranties
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
The obtained results from CARTIF activities are disseminated at
scientific level publications and congresses participation
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Organisation cartif
D. José R. PeránDirector
Steering Comittee
General Assembly
Management Committee
Environment and Quality Committee
Ethics Committee
Safety Committee
R&D Committee
D. José R. PeránDirector
Steering Comittee
General Assembly
Management Committee
Environment and Quality Committee
Ethics Committee
Safety Committee
R&D Committee
Mechanical Engineering
Environmental Engineering
Energy
Biomedical Engineering
Software and Communications Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Automation and control processes
Innovation Management
Robotics and Computer Vision
Div
isio
ns
Mechanical Engineering
Environmental Engineering
Energy
Biomedical Engineering
Software and Communications Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Automation and control processes
Innovation Management
Robotics and Computer Vision
Div
isio
ns
Departments
Man
agem
ent
Envi
ronm
ent a
nd Q
ualit
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Exte
rnal
Rel
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Wor
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fety
Tech
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l Man
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of P
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R&
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irect
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Departments
Man
agem
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Man
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Envi
ronm
ent a
nd Q
ualit
yEn
viro
nmen
t and
Qua
lity
Exte
rnal
Rel
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nsEx
tern
al R
elat
ions
Wor
k Sa
fety
Wor
k Sa
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Tech
nica
l Man
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of P
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Tech
nica
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of P
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R&
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R&
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Environmental Division cartifEnvironmental Management Area
• Eco-design
• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Environmental Technologies Area
• Studies and Designs regarding treatment of pollutant emissions,
sewage and solid wastes• Advanced Treatment of efluents and pollutant emissions.
•Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP´s) – Photocatalysis in liquid & gaseous phases
• Pollution Minimization and Engine Optimisation • Wastes and Sub-products valorization
•Chemical Recycling of Plastics•Natural Stone Utilization
– Development of Advanced Composites
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Urban Wastewater Reuse: Good Practices and Success Stories in the Agricultural Production in the Mediterranean
Countries
“MEDAWARE Workshop on Reuse of Treated Domestic Wastewaters in Turkey”-Ankara, June 2005
D.Hidalgo*, R.Irusta
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Treated wastewater reuse cartifSome initial considerations:
Worldwide, wastewater reclamation and reuse is estimated to represent a potential
extra water resource amounting to approximately 15% of existing water consumption.
The potential benefits of wastewater reuse are most obvious for the arid areas but the
general increasing pressures on water resources all over the world should also make
wastewater reuse attractive in other areas.
In the Mediterranean region, the volume of wastewater is increasing. Large areas may
be supplied with recycled water which may also be used for other different purposes
depending on the demand, the water characteristics, its suitability, etc. Consequently,
there is a major potential use of recycled water in the region.
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Reuse in the Mediterranean region cartif
In Mediterranean countries there are many coastal and
southern regions where there is a severe pressure on
freshwater resources, due to low and seasonally
uneven precipitation and high run-off.
In some cases this is exacerbated by especially high
demand from tourism and agriculture during the
summer months.
To alleviate water shortages serious consideration must be given to wastewater
reclamation and reuse.
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Reuse in the Mediterranean region cartif The most off-stream water uses in Mediterranean countries are:
industrial cooling,
agriculture for irrigation (mostly on forage and cereals but also sometimes on
fruit trees and even vegetables, depending on national legislation and its
enforcement) and
domestic and industrial process water.
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Reuse in the Mediterranean region cartif Water quality requirements vary depending on
public exposure.
In several cases the wastewater is not properly
treated due to:
standard operating procedures are not followed,
there is no qualified personnel able to
overcome usual problems and to control/monitor
the whole treatment procedure,
the construction cost of efficient treatment
systems can be very high.
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Wastewater reuse benefits cartif
Some recent noteworthy examples of wastewater reuse in agricultural production
can be pointed out in some Mediterranean countries.
These examples show the considerable benefits that wastewater reuse can
produce. These benefits are:
financial: savings in very costly heavy infrastructures.
economic: allow agricultural incomes to be improved.
social: give better access to water for the least well-off.
environmental: reducing pressure on, and even restoring, ecosystems and
resources.
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Reuse in the Mediterranean region cartif
It is essential that the development of water reuse in
agriculture and other sectors will be based on
scientific evidences of its
“effects on environment and public health”
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WASTEWATER REUSE IN AGRICULTURE
Selection of wastewater reclamation facilities
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Selection of facilities cartif
A number of parameters should be considered when choosing the appropriate
technology:
- economic
- institutional and political,
- climatic,
- environmental,
- land availability /properties
- sociocultural,
- and other local ones.
Once these factors have been taken into account the most cost-effective
system should be selected, unless the population being served is willing to pay
more.
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Selection of facilities cartif Considerations when “screening” alternative processes for (a) developing and
(b) developed countries (Source: Tsagarakis et al., 2001).
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Alternatives to conventional treatment cartifLow-cost treatments:
Conventional procedures are fairly effective, but in the Mediterranean countries, low
technology techniques, such as lagooning and infiltration-percolation, are sometimes
more reliable because of the lower cost that these systems suppose.
The effluent microorganisms are eliminated here by mechanical filtration, adsorption
and microbial degradation.
The major disadvantage of these techniques is the big amount of space required.
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WASTEWATER REUSE IN AGRICULTURE
The cost of wastewater reclamation and reuse
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Reclamation costs cartif Wastewater reclamation system costs are a function of facility capacity, end-
use option and treatment process configuration.
Costs can be identified estimating:
- facility construction costs,
- equipment purchases and
- operation and maintenance fees.
Initially, reclamation systems have to be analysed in terms of individual components based on design criteria. Cost data are derived for each element of a reclamation system at various capacity levels and unit sizes.
Site development and electrical cost are assumed as 10 and 15 percent of the total facility costs respectively.
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Reclamation costs cartif
Reclamation system annual cost are comprised of treatment and distribution facility personnel salaries, operating fees (recurring power and chemical cost) and maintenance cost (equipment repairs and replacements).
Personnel requirements are a function of facility size and complexity.
Maintenance cost (spare parts, replacements) are estimated generally as a percentage of equipment first cost (e.g., 5 percent).
For pipelines and storage tanks, maintenance costs are projected as two percent of capital costs.
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Reclamation costs for agricultural irrigation cartif The production of reclaimed water for fodder, fibre, seed crops and vineyards
irrigation requires the lowest level of treatment and, as a result, generates the
least reclamation costs.
Agricultural food crops, parks, playgrounds and
schoolyard irrigation and non-restricted
recreational impoundments reuse options, require
a pathogen-free effluent.
To upgrade secondary wastewater treatment
plants to produce the desired product quality,
chemical addition, coagulation, filtration and
disinfection facilities must be provided.
Operation costs appear to be strongly influenced
by different disinfection options and quality
targets.
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WASTEWATER REUSE IN AGRICULTURE
Problems associated with reclaimed water reuse projects
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Problems associated wastewater reuse cartif
Presence of pathogens in water, chemical contaminants or heavy metals
because of insufficient treatment.
The method used to apply the treated wastewater:
The real cost of the projects is usually considerably
higher than the estimated previously. This is in large
part a result of insufficient planning before design
and construction of water reclamation projects.
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Problems associated wastewater reuse cartif
Social acceptance (farmers, retailers and consumers): This is the most
sensitive area of this topic. Farmers are not going to reuse water, if their
product cannot be sold. Consumers will not buy products where reuse water
was used unless it is proven to be safe.
Costs of the water vs traditional sources: the cost of water has to be
acceptable for farmers.
Social issues play a significant role in
water reuse initiatives and should be
adequately addressed. With adequate
political will accompanied by awareness
programmes these cultural, religious and
social objections can be overcome.
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WASTEWATER REUSE IN AGRICULTURE
Good reuse practices
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Good practises cartif Reclaimed wastewater must only be reused for the uses for which permit was
issued.
When reclaimed water quality does not meet the fixed standards, reuse must cease.
Sprinkler irrigation should not take place in strong winds.
Quality monitoring and process controls should be supported.
Routine inspections of reclaimed water facilities, including facilities located on the property of end users.
Recognition that distribution of reclaimed water for non-potable uses could potentially come into contact with the public, and that such contact could have consequences for public health.
Compliance with all applicable requirements for water reclamation, and storage, transmission, distribution, and reuse, of reclaimed water.
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WASTEWATER REUSE
Success stories on agricultural production
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Selected cases cartif
In Tunisia a gradual approach has been adopted to expand the reuse since mid 1960s.
Nowadays, out of 61 treatment plants that treat 140 Mm3/yr total are operating. 41 have
a daily capacity less than 3,500 m3 and 10 above 10,000 m3, Choutrana being the largest
with 120,000 m3/d.
Municipal wastewater is processed biologically up to a secondary treatment stage.
The water reuse application is restricted irrigation, fodder (alfalfa, sorghum,
berseem, etc.) (45.3%), fruit trees (citrus, grapes, olives, peaches, pears, apples,
grenades, etc.) (28.5%), cereals (22.4%) and industrial crops (sugar beet) (3.8%).
Reuse of reclaimed wastewater helps to fulfil the water demand for irrigation in
this region. In addition, sludge from the treatment plants is used to improve the
soil fertility of low organic content Tunisian soils.
Tunisia:
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Selected cases cartif
In Cyprus an amount of about 10 Mm3 is estimated to be
available for agricultural irrigation.
The cost of recycled water is low, about 0.13 €/m3. This
allows irrigated agriculture to be expanded by 8-10%
while conserving an equivalent amount of water for other
sectors.
Reclamation plant in Cavo Greco area: the WWTP effluent
is used for irrigation of agricultural land in Paralimni
where potatoes are mostly cultivated. The treated water is
also used by the hotels and the Municipalities for the
irrigation of gardens and parks during the summer
season.
Cyprus:
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Selected cases cartif
Egypt has developed a participative approach for the management of irrigation
and modernisation of technology in the irrigated areas of the Nile valley which
have enabled it to gradually deal with the pressure on the resource.
The technology uses modern equipment and bottom-up irrigation management
with centralised control, simplification of the system, and above all the
involvement of user organisations in decision-making, management, upkeep and
maintenance through intensive training.
Egypt:
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Selected cases cartif
Applications in Israel are the most notable ones in terms of costs, capacity,
effluent quality, application diversity and suitability to Mediterranean region.
Dan Region project seems to be the largest and most remarkable one with 120
million m3/yr capacity, post-treatment water handling and reuse applications
(groundwater recharge, reservoir storage, soil aquifer treatment, direct irrigation,..)
An average agricultural area of 16,000 ha is irrigated with this reclaimed water .
Israel:
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Selected cases cartifHakishon project (Israel):
This system treats the wastewater from the Haifa and Afula area.
Based on 60 days retention in a reservoir, screen filtration and chlorination,
supplies almost 570,000 PE of unrestricted irrigation water quality effluents to the
North of the country.
Greater Haifa WWTP
The effluent is
seasonally stored in
dual seasonal
reservoirs, operating in
series.
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Selected cases cartif
Wastewater reuse in Al-Beirah (West Bank, Palestine): Preparation of wastewater
influent is accomplished by grit removal and screening. After that it is diverted
equally to two parallel aeration tanks, the effluent of aeration tank is diverted to two
parallel final clarifies, then most of the sludge goes to the thickener for dewatering.
Palestine:
The water passing to clarify goes to
disinfection, by UV radiation. The final
effluent (3,200 m3/day) is discharged
through Wadi Al-Ein, by 5 km pipeline,
to be reused for irrigation in Dir-
Dabwan land where large uncultivated
areas existed there.
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Selected cases cartif
Tenerife wastewater reuse (Spain):
Spain:
In Tenerife WWTP, reclamation
includes filtration, desalination and
chlorination of the effluent. The
reclaimed water is reused for crop
irrigation.
In order to improve wastewater
quality, at 10 km from the inlet there
is injection of fresh water saturated
in dissolved oxygen (DO), after which
a nitrification process appears. The
result is a less chlorine requirement
for disinfection.
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Palestine
Jordan
LebannonMorocco
MEDAWARE project: http://147.102.83.100/projects/meda/meda.htm cartifThis examination has been carried out in the frame of the MEDAWARE project
funded by the Euro-Mediterranean partnership (more specifically by its Regional
Program for Local Water Management):
Title:
“Development tools and guidelines for the promotion of the sustainable treatment
and reuse in agricultural production in the Mediterranean countries”
Duration of the project:
May 2003- October 2006 (46 months).
Participating countries:
Cyprus, Greece, Jordan, Lebanon,
Morocco, Palestinian Authority, Turkey and Spain.
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CARTIFCARTIF- Castilla y León Technology Park, 205- Castilla y León Technology Park, 205
47151 Boecillo (Valladolid) – SPAIN47151 Boecillo (Valladolid) – SPAIN
TEL.: (34) 983 548 917 TEL.: (34) 983 548 917 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
FAX: (34) 983 54 65 21 web: FAX: (34) 983 54 65 21 web: www.cartif.es/medioambientewww.cartif.es/medioambiente
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