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American HistoryGHSGT Review

Colonization through the Civil War

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English colonies in North America• After England defeated Spain, England could

then begin setting up colonies in North America

• Early settlements were created by joint stock companies: investors would join their money and get a charter from the king to set up a colony in North America

• The colonists were supposed to find gold/wealth to send back to the investors

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Jamestown (1607)• On May 24, 1607, about a 100 English settlers

establish Jamestown colony in Chesapeake Area (Virginia)

• 1st permanent English colony in North America

• Jamestown was funded by the joint stock company was called the Virginia Company

• Colonist more concerned with digging for gold than working for survival

• Poor location, disease, starvation common

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• Luckily, in 1608, a Captain John Smith took over control and whipped the colonists into discipline.

• By 1625, out of an original overall total of 8000 would-be settlers, only 1200 had survived.

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The Indians lose to the colonists• At first, the Powhatans tried to be friendly

with the Jamestown colonists, but as time passed and colonists raided Indian food supplies

• The First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614 with a peace settlement (marriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfe.)

• The Second Anglo-Powhatan War began in 1644, ended in 1646, and removed the Powhatan Indians from the Chesapeake area

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Brown Gold leads to financial success

• John Rolfe cultivated a successful type of tobacco (good quality, easy to grow in Jamestown)

• Finally, a product that was profitable to the Virginia Company

• BUT tobacco depleted soil and ruined the land—leading to wars with natives over land.

• Tobacco also was labor intensive

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• Native Americans were not suitable for slave labor on the tobacco plantations

• Englishmen could come to Jamestown and agree to work for 5-7 years to pay off their passage (indentured servitude)

• By 1619, people realize that indentured servitude isn’t all that was promised—but manual labor is still needed to grow tobacco

• African slaves were being imported to the colonies in North America (triangular trade)

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Colonial government & Rebellion

• Representative self-government was born in Virginia, when in 1619, settlers created the House of Burgesses. Government for land owners

• Indentured servants brought to Jamestown to work soon are forced to live on the outskirts of the colony

• Constant Indian attacks and no voice in government leads to Bacon’s rebellion

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New England colonies

• New England colonies were not created for profit by joint stock companies, instead, these colonists came to North America looking for religious freedom

• English pilgrims establish a colony at Plymouth in 1620

• Puritans establish a colony in Boston in 1630--Massachusetts Bay Colony

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Puritans have very rigid society

• Religion controls colonial government and almost all aspects of private life as well

• Only members of the Puritan church could participate in the town meetings

• Such strict religious beliefs and control of government and society led to conflict within the Puritans

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• Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson spoke out against the Puritan church and were banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Roger Williams founded a new colony Providence (Rhode Island) were people truly had freedom of religion

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New England wars with Natives

• Pequot War—1637 conflict over land between the Puritans and native Americans in New England

• King Philip’s War—1675 (Wampanoag leader) Metacom organizes a rebellion against the Puritans

• The Puritans won and it effectively ended Native American power in New England

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Problems with the Puritans

• 1684– The King revoked Mass Bay Charter because they would not obey royal authority

• Mass became a royal colony under the strict, direct control of the King

• Salem Witch trials—1692 hysteria sweeps through Massachusetts as innocent people are convicted of witchcraft

• More than 20 people died and 150 imprisoned

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• The Puritans church starts losing its control over society, so it passes a half way covenant (people who were not full members but could attend the Congregational Church)

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Mid-Atlantic colonies

• In 1621 the Dutch formed a colony called New Netherland to take part in the thriving fur trade (present day New York/Hudson River area)

• The capital of the colony was called New Amsterdam

• The Dutch encouraged people from different parts of Europe to settle there and they had good relations with the neighboring Indians

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• The English did not like this “Dutch Wedge” separating the English colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Virginia

• The English drove out the Dutch without firing a shot

• The colony is later named New York and a part of it becomes New Jersey

Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Netherlands

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PennsylvaniaWilliam Penn inherited land in North America

due to a debt the king owed to his father• Penn set up a Quaker colony• Quakers promoted non violence & a society

where people were treated as equals• Immigrants from all over Europe settled in

Pennsylvania (which weakened Quaker philosophies)

• Penn promoted peaceful co-existence with the natives

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Africans in America

• England set up a mercantilism system in which the colonies exported raw materials and products to the “Mother Country” and colonies had to buy products they needed from England

• Because of the tobacco and sugar plantations, slaves were imported from Africa (triangular/middle passage)

• Africans retain some of their native culture through song, dance, music and oral traditions

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French and Indian War

• A thriving fur trade expanded French control to most of North America

• England and France get involved in a war over territory from 1754-1763 (Seven Year’s War, French & Indian War)

• France lost the war and had to give up most of its holdings in North America

• The Treaty of Paris 1763 gave England and Spain most of the land in North America

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The Proclamation of 1763 said colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian mountains

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Growing conflicts

• American colonists feel that they should have the right to move into some of the newly acquired areas

• Causes tension between colonists and crown• Also the English need to raise money to help

pay for war expenses, so they start to directly tax the colonies

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Taxing the colonies

• Colonists had gotten used to not being directly controlled by Britain

• So when England starts taxing the colonies and enforcing the taxes, American colonists do not like it

• Sugar Act (1st direct tax—offenders would be tried in a royal court)

• Navigation Act restricted colonial trade with other nations

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• Stamp Act—placed a tax on all legal documents

• Townshend Act—placed a tax on glass, lead, paint, & tea

• Colonists boycott British products

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Boston Massacre

British soldiers attack colonists at Boston harbor

Crispus Attucks is killed

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Sons & Daughters of Liberty• Sons of liberty was a secret resistance group led

by Samuel Adams who organized boycotts of British goods

• Women also organized boycotts and protested taxes by making their own clothes and making colonial versions of “tea”

• The Committees of Correspondence organized communications throughout the colonies to keep the colonists up to date about resistance activities

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Boston Tea Party

• December 6, 1773 colonists sneak aboard a ship in Boston harbor and dump 18,000 pounds of tea into the water

• Britain respond with the Intolerable Acts which shut down the harbor

• The Quartering Act forced colonists

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The American Revolution• War breaks out in Spring 1775• When it becomes clear that England will not

compromise, people begin to change from “no taxation without representation” to total independence from the crown

• Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet criticizing the king and calling upon the colonies to break away from the tyrannical monarchy and form a new government based on social and economic equality

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Declaration of Independence

• By summer 1776 the Continental Congress agreed that separating from England was the best action

• Thomas Jefferson was asked to write down the colonies concerns and complaints

• Jefferson drew upon John Locke’s ideas of natural rights that a government could not take away from the people

• “Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”

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• It also stated that the people give the power to the government

• “All men are created equal” did not apply to many groups (slaves, women, native Americans, and many poorer colonial men)

• July 4, 1776 the colonies declare themselves to be free and independent from England

• John Hancock—the first to sign

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The French help the colonies• After the colonists win the Battle at Saratoga,

the French openly support the colonies in their fight against Britain (want revenge for French & Indian war)

• The Marquis de Lafayette came to help the colonial cause during the winter at Valley Forge. He also helped negotiate more French help in the war

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• Benjamin Franklin was an ambassador in France and help to secure a French and American alliance treaty

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George Washington• Gained military experience fighting in the

French & Indian War• Was chosen to lead the Continental Army

during the American revolution• He organized a daring attack on British forces

by crossing the Delaware River on Christmas night 1776

• He gained the loyalty and support of his soldiers by living with them at Valley Forge

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Valley Forge

• Winter 1777-1778• Soldiers stay at a

Fort in Pennsylvania

• 2,000 of the 10,000 camped there died from exposure to the elements or starvation

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Turning points in the war• The British, led by Lord Cornwallis, shift their

military focus to the south, hoping to rally the support of loyalists there

• French reinforcements arrive and with the patriot army surround Cornwallis at Yorktown and force the British to surrender

• The British defeat at Yorktown marks the beginning of the end of the war

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Treaty of Paris, 1783

• American delegates demanded that Britain grant the states their independence

• It also established the geographic boundaries of the United States

• Native Americans were not protected, British did not specify when they would evacuate their North American forts, and the states promised to pay back debt owed to the British

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Articles of Confederation• 1st attempt at a government for the USA• Gave the national government very little

power (did not want a strong central government) could not tax, not executive or courts, hard to amend/ratify, no national army, etc)

• States had most of the powers

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Shays’ rebellion• Farmers who fought in the American revolution

are angry because banks are foreclosing on their farms

• They marched on the local government demanding the courts be closed (violent rebellion)

• The federal government didn’t have the power to call on troops to help the state government

• **Shays’ rebellion showed that the Articles of Confederation government was too weak

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The US Constitution is formed

• September 17, 1787—delegates decide to replace the Articles of Confederation with a stronger, more effective government

• 2 groups• Anti-federalists—wanted a Bill of rights• Federalists wanted the Constitution ratified• James Madison and Alexander Hamilton wrote

the Federalist Papers to gain support for the Constitution

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Basic ideas of the Constitution

1. Popular Sovereignty2. Limited Government3. Federalism4. Separation of Powers5. Checks and Balances

The Constitution was written by James Madison

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Controlling the government

A federal government allowed powers to be shared between state and national governments

Separation of power would be divided among the executive, judicial, and legislative branches

Each branch would have specific responsibilities and the ability to check the power of the other branches

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The Great Compromise

• Solved the problem of representation in Congress

• The Constitution would create a bicameral legislature

• The Senate would have 2 representatives from each state

• The House of Representatives would have members based on each state’s population (larger states would have more reps in the House than smaller states)

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The Constitution, slavery, & the Bill of Rights

• Slavery was specifically not put into the final draft of the Constitution

• They were afraid southern states would not ratify the new plan for government if the Constitution stated slavery was wrong

• The Bill of Rights• The 1st 10 amendments were added to the

Constitution (Bill of rights)• Protect people’s basic freedoms and liberties

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George Washington’s Presidency

• 1st president• Set up a cabinet (officials to help him run the

government)• The Whiskey rebellion proved that the new

nation was strong and could enforce the laws• Warned the young nation not to get involved

in foreign alliances

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Hamilton vs. Jefferson• Both men served on Washington’s cabinet• Very different ideas about the power of the

government outlined in the constitution• Hamilton—wanted a strong national govt, a

loose interpretation of the constitution, and a Bank of the U.S. His plans favored wealthy Americans

• Jefferson—wanted stronger state governments, a strict interpretation of the Constitution, and favored farmers and average Americans

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• The different opinions of Hamilton and Jefferson lead to the development of political parties in the government

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John Adams

• 2nd president• Tries to avoid the US from getting involved in

a war with France• Limited the people’s freedom of speech with

the Alien and Sedition Acts (anti-French)• XYZ affair & conflict with Indians occur during

Adam’s presidency

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Thomas Jefferson

• 3rd president• Favored a strict interpretation of the

Constitution• BUT when Napoleon offered to sell French

territory in North America, Jefferson couldn’t turn the deal down

• The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the USA for ($15 million) 3 cents an acre

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Lewis and Clark

• Explore all of the land gained by the Louisiana Purchase

• Led by native American guide Sacajawea• Documents plants, animals and native

Americans in that area• Explored all the way to the west coast

(California)

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War of 1812

• Britain was at war with France• British ships were kidnapping American sailors

and forcing them into the British navy (impressment)

• Britain also prevented American trade by setting up a blockade

• Jefferson set up an embargo-wouldn’t buy British goods, but Americans soon want to go to war

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War of 1812

• President Madison declares war• Even though the British burned down the

white house and had some victories, American success at the Battle of New Orleans turned the war in our favor

• The US wins and it promotes the idea of patriotism and nationalism.

• America had defeated England again

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The Monroe Doctrine• 1823• The U.S. would not

allow any European nations to create any new colonies in the Western Hemisphere

• North, South, and Central Americas

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The American industrial revolution

• Factories start developing near rivers (power) and start replacing hand made goods

• Eli Whitney developed the idea of interchangeable parts

• He also developed the cotton gin (separated seeds from cotton fibers)

• The machine actually increased the demand for slaves to plant and pick cotton in the south

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America pushes west

• Once Lewis and Clark explored the rest of North America, Americans feel it was our purpose to extend from coast to coast (Manifest Destiny)

• Henry Clay’s American System encouraged the building of The National Road and the Erie canal to connect the different areas of America together

• People start moving west to settle

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Reform movement

• 2nd Great Awakening—a religious revival leads to people wanting to reform other problems in society

• Education reform—Horace Mann (wanted public schools)

• Temperance—reduce the use of alcohol• Abolition—eliminate slavery• Mentally ill/prison reform—Dorothea Dix

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Women’s Suffrage

• Women wanted the right to vote• Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia

Mott• Held a convention at Seneca Falls, NY• Wrote the “Declaration of Sentiments”

a version of the Declaration of Independence which said all men and women were equal

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President Jackson• Andrew Jackson was a war hero who appealed to

the “common man”• For the first time, many ordinary citizens voted in

the presidential election• He also used the spoils system—which put his

friends as cabinet members• He disobeyed the Supreme Court when he forced

the removal of Native Americans living in the east & moved them to Oklahoma (Trail of Tears)

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Abolition movement grows• William Lloyd Garrison—a leader of the

abolition movement, wrote the Liberator• Frederick Douglass—former slave, was

educated and became a great speaker—wrote the North Star

• Nat Turner—led a violent slave rebellion• Harriett Tubman—led slaves to freedom using

the Underground Railroad• Harriett Beecher Stowe—Wrote Uncle Tom’s

Cabin

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Free state or slave state?

• As territory from the Louisiana Purchase applied for statehood, the debate grew over the number of slave and free states

• The Missouri Compromise stated that states north of the 36 30 line would be free and states south of the 36 30 line would be slave

• The slavery question is solved temporarily, but would continue to influence political policies

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States’ rights vs. the Federal government

• Slavery and the tariff become hot topics• Southern states did not like the tariff of 1928

because it forced them to buy more expensive good produced by northern factories

• John Calhoun of South Carolina said states should not have to follow federal laws that they disagreed with

• He believed that states should have the right to nullify (void) laws believed to be unconstitutional

• President Jackson said states could not nullify a federal law

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The US becomes divided

• North—industrial• South—based on cotton industry• West—based on farming

• 3 different attitudes develop about the role of the federal government and the power of the states

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War with Mexico• President Polk also wants New Mexico and

California (areas owned by Mexico)• The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo gave the US

the areas we wanted• It then became a question if these territories

would become free or slave states• The Wilmot Proviso proposed that no states

from the area gained by the war with Mexico would be slave states---problems

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Conditions of the Compromise of 1850

• California would be a free state• Utah & New Mexico would decide using

popular sovereignty• Slaves could no longer be sold in Washington,

DC• A stronger Fugitive Slave law would require

runaway slaves to be returned to their owners

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Problems with the Compromise• Problem—The Nebraska territory is north of the

36 30 line• An idea is proposed to divide the area in half

and let the status be determined be decided by popular sovereignty

• As the vote gets closer, violence breaks out in Kansas--Bleeding Kansas

• John Brown leads massacre at Pottawatomie Creek

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Dred Scott decision

• Dred Scott was a slave who had lived in a free territory for a while

• When his owner died, he sued for his freedom• The Supreme Court ruled that slaves were

property—not citizens-- and the constitution protected property

• In other words, a slave owner could take his slave any where in the US

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The Civil War begins

• South Carolina leads the Confederate states by seceding (breaking away) from the Union

• Confederacy is led by Jefferson Davis• Attack of Ft. Sumter starts the war (April 1861)• Union had lots of soldiers and resources• Union leaders (Grant and Sherman)• Confederacy had better generals (Robert E.

Lee, “Stone Wall” Jackson)

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Important Battles• Antietam—Bloodiest single day battle in American

history (26,000)• Vicksburg—cut the confederacy in half (at the

Mississippi River)• Gettysburg—the south was not able to continue its

plan to invade the Union (turning point of the war)• Battle for Atlanta—Sherman led Union troops on a

total war fare march from Atlanta to Savannah to demoralize the South.

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Emancipation Proclamation• Lincoln decides that it was no longer just a war to

rejoin the United States, now a war to end slavery• The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in

Confederate States--really no slaves were freed because the Confederate states didn’t listen to Lincoln

• It also weakened support for the war in the Union because not everyone agreed with ending slavery