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Climate and Building Design Climate and Building Design

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Principles of Eco-Friendly Principles of Eco-Friendly design design

PRINCIPLE PRINCIPLE 1. WORKING WITH 1. WORKING WITH THE SUNTHE SUN.. The contribution of the sun to a house’s The contribution of the sun to a house’s

internal heat is called the solar gain.internal heat is called the solar gain. A fundamental principle of solar design A fundamental principle of solar design

is that it aims to maximize the solar is that it aims to maximize the solar gain in the winter and minimize it in the gain in the winter and minimize it in the summer.summer.

To achieve this solar design combines To achieve this solar design combines three strategies- glazing, orientation, three strategies- glazing, orientation, and thermal mass. and thermal mass.

Understanding how the sun moves through the house is key to maximizing energy efficiency.

Understanding how the sun moves through the house is key to maximizing energy efficiency.

Working with the sun. Working with the sun. Skylights are used to heat Skylights are used to heat and light the double-and light the double-height bedroom and height bedroom and mezzanine.mezzanine.

Working with the sun. Working with the sun. Skylights are used to heat Skylights are used to heat and light the double-and light the double-height bedroom and height bedroom and mezzanine.mezzanine.

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OrientationOrientationOrientation refers to the location of a house and direction Orientation refers to the location of a house and direction to which a house points.to which a house points. Only surfaces facing South receive sun all year round. Only surfaces facing South receive sun all year round.

The dominant direction of the sun is from the South, The dominant direction of the sun is from the South, especially in winter. especially in winter.

solar panels and windows that will capture solar solar panels and windows that will capture solar warming in winter, should face as close to South as warming in winter, should face as close to South as possible. possible.

Surfaces facing South-East or South-West receive Surfaces facing South-East or South-West receive 10% less solar energy during the year than surfaces 10% less solar energy during the year than surfaces facing due South..facing due South..

Surfaces facing North are in the shade all year round.Surfaces facing North are in the shade all year round. The winter sun is low, the summer sun is high.The winter sun is low, the summer sun is high. Vertical South facing windows work best for Vertical South facing windows work best for

maximizing solar heating in the winter as they capture maximizing solar heating in the winter as they capture the low winter sun.the low winter sun.

We can sum up these principles to say: a well We can sum up these principles to say: a well functioning eco house will have as much of its glazing functioning eco house will have as much of its glazing as possible in vertical windows facing between South as possible in vertical windows facing between South East to South West, and as few windows as possible East to South West, and as few windows as possible facing North East through to North West facing North East through to North West

High performance double-glazed windows with wooden frames help us conserve energy

 

High performance double-glazed windows with wooden frames help us conserve energy

 

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PRINCIPLES:PRINCIPLES: 2. THERMAL MASS 2. THERMAL MASS The thermal mass of the house is a measure of its capacity to store The thermal mass of the house is a measure of its capacity to store

and regulate internal heat. and regulate internal heat. Buildings with a high thermal mass take a long time to heat up but Buildings with a high thermal mass take a long time to heat up but

also take a long time to cool down. Thermal Flywheel.also take a long time to cool down. Thermal Flywheel. Eco-buildings are usually designed to have a high thermal mass.Eco-buildings are usually designed to have a high thermal mass.

To hold over daytime solar gain for night time heating.To hold over daytime solar gain for night time heating. To keep houses cool during the day in summer. To keep houses cool during the day in summer. In the extreme case of desert regions where daily temperatures can vary by In the extreme case of desert regions where daily temperatures can vary by

up to 40°, traditional houses are usually designed to have extremely thick up to 40°, traditional houses are usually designed to have extremely thick walls to moderate the internal temperature. walls to moderate the internal temperature.

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PRINCIPLE:PRINCIPLE: 3. STACK EFFECT 3. STACK EFFECT When air warms it expands, becomes less dense than the When air warms it expands, becomes less dense than the

surrounding air, and rises. This process is called convection surrounding air, and rises. This process is called convection and is the main process by which heat moves around a and is the main process by which heat moves around a room and the house. When rooms are sealed, convection is room and the house. When rooms are sealed, convection is a sealed circuit of hot air rising over radiators and then a sealed circuit of hot air rising over radiators and then sinking as it cools to be heated again.sinking as it cools to be heated again.

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PRINCIPLES:PRINCIPLES: 4. THERMAL ZONING 4. THERMAL ZONING

Thermal zoning tries to ensure the best match Thermal zoning tries to ensure the best match possible between the distribution of rooms and the possible between the distribution of rooms and the distribution of the available heat. distribution of the available heat.

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PRINCIPLE PRINCIPLE 5. EMBODIED ENERGY5. EMBODIED ENERGY The embodied energy of a building material is the The embodied energy of a building material is the

energy that has been required to extract, process, and energy that has been required to extract, process, and manufacture it and then to transport it to the building manufacture it and then to transport it to the building site. The embodied energy in the structure of a new site. The embodied energy in the structure of a new house is considerable, exceeding the total energy house is considerable, exceeding the total energy required to heat that house for the next 20 years. required to heat that house for the next 20 years.

If we want to reduce the total environmental impact of If we want to reduce the total environmental impact of a building, we must consider the impact of the materials a building, we must consider the impact of the materials that have gone into its construction. Clearly no house that have gone into its construction. Clearly no house can claim to be an eco-house if it is constructed from can claim to be an eco-house if it is constructed from materials that had a major environmental impact materials that had a major environmental impact elsewhere. elsewhere.

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In terms of the energy of manufacture, the highest embodied energy is In terms of the energy of manufacture, the highest embodied energy is found in metals (steel requires 57,000kWh to produce one cubic meter), found in metals (steel requires 57,000kWh to produce one cubic meter), and highly processed industrial products (hardboard and MDF require and highly processed industrial products (hardboard and MDF require 2,000 kWh to produce 1m3). 2,000 kWh to produce 1m3).

The middle range of materials are simpler to make but require a lot The middle range of materials are simpler to make but require a lot energy in their manufacture (bricks and concrete blocks need energy in their manufacture (bricks and concrete blocks need 700kWh/m3). 700kWh/m3).

The lowest embodied energy is in materials that require only simple The lowest embodied energy is in materials that require only simple processing (building timber needs 180kWh/m3 ) or those made from processing (building timber needs 180kWh/m3 ) or those made from salvaged materials or local natural materials, which require virtually no salvaged materials or local natural materials, which require virtually no energy. energy.

Cement and ConcreteCement and Concrete, which has a mid range embodied energy, but a , which has a mid range embodied energy, but a disproportionately high impact on climate change. When limestone is burnt to disproportionately high impact on climate change. When limestone is burnt to make lime it releases an equal weight in carbon dioxide. Taken as a whole, the make lime it releases an equal weight in carbon dioxide. Taken as a whole, the cement industry produces 5% of the worlds human carbon dioxide emissions. cement industry produces 5% of the worlds human carbon dioxide emissions.

TimberTimber has a low embodied energy, but can have a very high environmental has a low embodied energy, but can have a very high environmental impact if taken from old growth forests. impact if taken from old growth forests.

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Avoid materials that have the highest embodied energy Avoid materials that have the highest embodied energy Use salvaged materials.Use salvaged materials. Salvaged materials effectively Salvaged materials effectively

have no embodied energy other than transport and should have no embodied energy other than transport and should be used whenever possible. They can be obtained from be used whenever possible. They can be obtained from local demolition sites or council dumps. local demolition sites or council dumps.

Use local raw materials in any new building. Use local raw materials in any new building. For new For new building (such as extensions), use local materials such as building (such as extensions), use local materials such as local stone, straw bales, mud bricks, etc and prepare them local stone, straw bales, mud bricks, etc and prepare them on the site. on the site.

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Six Decision Principles. Six Decision Principles.

ONE:ONE: THE BEST MATERIALS ARE RE-USED THE BEST MATERIALS ARE RE-USED TWO:TWO: ENERGY CONSERVATION HAS PRIORITY ENERGY CONSERVATION HAS PRIORITY

IN THE ECO-HOUSE IN THE ECO-HOUSE THREE:THREE: ASPIRE TO SELF SUFFICIENCY ASPIRE TO SELF SUFFICIENCY FOUR:FOUR: LIVE LIKE GRANNY! ( Grand Parents) LIVE LIKE GRANNY! ( Grand Parents) FIVE:FIVE: IF YOU DO IT NEW, DO IT WELL IF YOU DO IT NEW, DO IT WELL SIX:SIX: RESPECT THE ECO-HOUSE NO-NOS RESPECT THE ECO-HOUSE NO-NOS

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Basic Design principles for different climates Basic Design principles for different climates HOT HUMID: HOT HUMID: MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:

HighHigh humidity with a degree of "dry season". humidity with a degree of "dry season". HighHigh temperatures year round. temperatures year round. MinimumMinimum seasonal temperature variation. seasonal temperature variation. LowestLowest diurnal (day/night) temperature range. diurnal (day/night) temperature range.

KEY DESIGN PURPOSES:KEY DESIGN PURPOSES:

Employ lightweight (low mass) construction. Employ lightweight (low mass) construction. Maximize external wall areas (plans with one room depth are ideal) to Maximize external wall areas (plans with one room depth are ideal) to

encourage movement of breezes through the building (cross ventilation). encourage movement of breezes through the building (cross ventilation). Site for exposure to breezes and shading all year. Site for exposure to breezes and shading all year.

Shade whole building summer & winter (consider using a fly roof). Shade whole building summer & winter (consider using a fly roof). Use reflective insulation & vapour barriers. Use reflective insulation & vapour barriers.

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Ventilate roof spaces. Ventilate roof spaces. Use bulk insulation if mechanically cooling. Use bulk insulation if mechanically cooling. Choose light colored roof and wall materials. Choose light colored roof and wall materials. Elevate building to permit airflow beneath floors. Elevate building to permit airflow beneath floors. Consider high or raked ceilings. Consider high or raked ceilings. Provide screened, shaded outdoor living areas. Provide screened, shaded outdoor living areas. Consider creating sleep out spaces. Consider creating sleep out spaces. Design and build for cyclonic conditions.Design and build for cyclonic conditions.

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WARM HUMID CLIMATE WARM HUMID CLIMATE

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: HighHigh humidity with a definite "dry season". humidity with a definite "dry season". HotHot to very hot summers with mild winters to very hot summers with mild winters DistinctDistinct summer/winter seasons. summer/winter seasons. ModerateModerate to low diurnal (day/night) temperature to low diurnal (day/night) temperature

range. range.

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KEY DESIGN PURPOSES:KEY DESIGN PURPOSES: UseUse lightweight construction where diurnal (day/night) temperature range is lightweight construction where diurnal (day/night) temperature range is

low and include thermal mass where diurnal range is significant. low and include thermal mass where diurnal range is significant.

MaximizeMaximize external wall areas (plans ideally one room deep) to encourage external wall areas (plans ideally one room deep) to encourage movement of breezes through the building (cross ventilation). movement of breezes through the building (cross ventilation).

SiteSite for exposure to breezes. for exposure to breezes. ShadeShade whole building where possible in summer. whole building where possible in summer. AllowAllow passive solar access in winter months only. passive solar access in winter months only.

ShadeShade all east & west walls & glass year round. all east & west walls & glass year round. AvoidAvoid auxiliary heating as it is unnecessary with good design. auxiliary heating as it is unnecessary with good design. UseUse reflective and bulk insulation (especially if the house is air-conditioned) reflective and bulk insulation (especially if the house is air-conditioned)

and vapor barriers. and vapor barriers. UseUse Elevated construction with enclosed floor space, where exposed to breezes. Elevated construction with enclosed floor space, where exposed to breezes.

ChooseChoose light colored roof and wall materials light colored roof and wall materials ProvideProvide screened and shaded outdoor living. screened and shaded outdoor living.

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HOT DRY, WARM WINTERHOT DRY, WARM WINTER

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: DistinctDistinct wet and dry seasons. wet and dry seasons. LowLow rainfall and low humidity. rainfall and low humidity. NoNo extreme cold but can be cool in winter. extreme cold but can be cool in winter. HotHot to very hot summers common. to very hot summers common. SignificantSignificant diurnal (day/night) range. diurnal (day/night) range.

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KEY DESIGN PURPOSES:KEY DESIGN PURPOSES:

UseUse passive solar design with insulated thermal mass. passive solar design with insulated thermal mass.

MaximizeMaximize cross ventilation. cross ventilation.

ConsiderConsider convective (stack) ventilation, which vents rising hot air convective (stack) ventilation, which vents rising hot air while drawing in cooler air. while drawing in cooler air.

SiteSite home for solar access and exposure to cooling breezes. home for solar access and exposure to cooling breezes.

ShadeShade all east & west glass in summer. all east & west glass in summer. InstallInstall reflective insulation to keep out heat in summer. reflective insulation to keep out heat in summer.

UseUse bulk insulation in ceilings and walls. bulk insulation in ceilings and walls. BuildBuild screened, shaded summer outdoor living areas that allow winter screened, shaded summer outdoor living areas that allow winter

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HOT DRY, COLD WINTER (Hot Arid)HOT DRY, COLD WINTER (Hot Arid)

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: LowLow humidity year round. humidity year round. HighHigh diurnal (day/night) temperature range. diurnal (day/night) temperature range. AtAt least two (usually four) distinct seasons. least two (usually four) distinct seasons. LowLow rainfall. rainfall. VeryVery hot summers common. hot summers common. ColdCold winters. winters. HotHot, dry winds in summer. , dry winds in summer. CoolCool to cold dry winds in winter. to cold dry winds in winter.

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KEY DESIGN PURPOSESKEY DESIGN PURPOSES UseUse passive solar principles with well insulated thermal mass. passive solar principles with well insulated thermal mass. MaximizeMaximize night time cooling in summer. night time cooling in summer. ConsiderConsider convective (stack) ventilation, which vents rising hot air while drawing in convective (stack) ventilation, which vents rising hot air while drawing in

cooler air. cooler air. BuildBuild more compact shaped buildings with good cross ventilation for summer. more compact shaped buildings with good cross ventilation for summer. MaximizeMaximize solar access, exposure to cooling breezes or cool air drainage, and protection solar access, exposure to cooling breezes or cool air drainage, and protection

from strong winter (cold) and summer (dusty) winds. from strong winter (cold) and summer (dusty) winds. ShadeShade all east & west glass in summer. all east & west glass in summer.

ProvideProvide shaded outdoor living areas. shaded outdoor living areas. ConsiderConsider adjustable shading to control solar access. adjustable shading to control solar access. AuxiliaryAuxiliary heating may be required in extreme climates. Use renewable energy sources. heating may be required in extreme climates. Use renewable energy sources.

UseUse evaporative cooling if required. evaporative cooling if required. AvoidAvoid air-conditioning. air-conditioning. UseUse reflective insulation for effective summer and winter application. reflective insulation for effective summer and winter application.

UseUse bulk insulation for ceilings, walls and exposed floors. bulk insulation for ceilings, walls and exposed floors. UseUse garden ponds and water features in shaded outdoor courtyards to provide evaporative garden ponds and water features in shaded outdoor courtyards to provide evaporative

cooling. cooling. DraughtDraught seal thoroughly. Use airlocks to entries. seal thoroughly. Use airlocks to entries.

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TEMPERATE (WARM TEMPERATE)TEMPERATE (WARM TEMPERATE)

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: LowLow diurnal (day/night) temperature range near diurnal (day/night) temperature range near

coast to high diurnal range inland. coast to high diurnal range inland. FourFour distinct seasons. Summer and winter can distinct seasons. Summer and winter can

exceed human comfort range. Spring and autumn are exceed human comfort range. Spring and autumn are ideal for human comfort. ideal for human comfort.

MildMild to cool winters with low humidity. to cool winters with low humidity. HotHot to very hot summers with moderate humidity. to very hot summers with moderate humidity.

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KEY DESIGN PURPOSES:KEY DESIGN PURPOSES: UseUse passive solar principles. passive solar principles.

HighHigh thermal mass solutions are recommended. thermal mass solutions are recommended. UseUse high insulation levels, especially to thermal mass. high insulation levels, especially to thermal mass. MaximizeMaximize north facing walls & glazing, especially in living areas with passive north facing walls & glazing, especially in living areas with passive solar access. solar access. MinimizeMinimize all east & west glazing. Use adjustable shading. all east & west glazing. Use adjustable shading. UseUse heavy drapes with sealed pelmets to insulate windows. heavy drapes with sealed pelmets to insulate windows.

MinimizeMinimize external wall areas (especially E & W). external wall areas (especially E & W). UseUse cross ventilation & passive cooling in summer. cross ventilation & passive cooling in summer.

EncourageEncourage convective ventilation and heat circulation. convective ventilation and heat circulation. SiteSite new homes for solar access, exposure to cooling breezes and protection new homes for solar access, exposure to cooling breezes and protection

from cold winds. from cold winds. DraughtDraught seal thoroughly and use entry airlocks seal thoroughly and use entry airlocks NoNo auxiliary heating or cooling is required in these climates with good design auxiliary heating or cooling is required in these climates with good design UseUse reflective insulation to keep out summer heat. reflective insulation to keep out summer heat. UseUse bulk insulation to keep heat in during winter. Bulk insulate walls, ceilings bulk insulation to keep heat in during winter. Bulk insulate walls, ceilings

and exposed floorsand exposed floors

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COOL TEMPERATECOOL TEMPERATE

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: LowLow humidity. humidity. HighHigh diurnal range. diurnal range. FourFour distinct seasons. Summer and winter exceed human distinct seasons. Summer and winter exceed human

comfort rangecomfort range

ColdCold to very cold winters with majority of rainfall. to very cold winters with majority of rainfall. HotHot dry summers. dry summers. VariableVariable spring and autumn conditions. spring and autumn conditions.

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KEY DESIGN RESPONSEKEY DESIGN RESPONSE UseUse passive solar principles. passive solar principles.

HighHigh thermal mass is strongly recommended. thermal mass is strongly recommended. InsulateInsulate thermal mass including slab edges. thermal mass including slab edges. MaximizeMaximize north facing walls & glazing, especially in living areas with passive solar north facing walls & glazing, especially in living areas with passive solar access. access.

MinimizeMinimize east & west glazing. east & west glazing. UseUse adjustable shading. adjustable shading.

MinimizeMinimize south facing glazing. south facing glazing. UseUse double glazing, insulating frames and/or heavy drapes with sealed pelmets to double glazing, insulating frames and/or heavy drapes with sealed pelmets to

insulate glass in winter. insulate glass in winter. MinimizeMinimize external wall areas (especially E & W). external wall areas (especially E & W). UseUse cross ventilation & night time cooling in summer. cross ventilation & night time cooling in summer.

EncourageEncourage convective ventilation & heat circulation. convective ventilation & heat circulation. SiteSite new homes for solar access, exposure to cooling breezes and protection from cold new homes for solar access, exposure to cooling breezes and protection from cold

winds. winds. DraughtDraught seal thoroughly and provide airlocks to entries seal thoroughly and provide airlocks to entries

InstallInstall auxiliary heating in extreme climates. Use renewable energy sources. auxiliary heating in extreme climates. Use renewable energy sources. UseUse reflective insulation to keep out heat in summer. reflective insulation to keep out heat in summer.

UseUse bulk insulation to keep heat in during winter. Bulk insulate walls, ceilings and bulk insulation to keep heat in during winter. Bulk insulate walls, ceilings and exposed floors. exposed floors.

2424The Built Environment as a Technological System (Pearce 1999, adapted from Yeang 1995, Roberts 1995)The Built Environment as a Technological System (Pearce 1999, adapted from Yeang 1995, Roberts 1995)

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Building Structural/Construction SystemsBuilding Structural/Construction Systems The combinations of materials used to build the main elements The combinations of materials used to build the main elements

of our homes: roof, walls and floor are referred to as of our homes: roof, walls and floor are referred to as construction systems. They are many and varied and each has construction systems. They are many and varied and each has advantages and disadvantages depending on climate, distance advantages and disadvantages depending on climate, distance from source of supply, budget and desired style and from source of supply, budget and desired style and appearance. The different building systems are: appearance. The different building systems are:

The traditional kacha houses with walls of sun dried mud The traditional kacha houses with walls of sun dried mud ( adobe) and wooden roof. Wooden frames provided as bonds ( adobe) and wooden roof. Wooden frames provided as bonds at different levels along the length of walls. at different levels along the length of walls.

Bhonga houses with conical roof of inner dia 3 to 6 m with Bhonga houses with conical roof of inner dia 3 to 6 m with adobe walls and bamboo framed roof covered with thatch. adobe walls and bamboo framed roof covered with thatch. The walls also having wooden frames. The walls also having wooden frames.

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Single story brick/ Block masonry houses with Single story brick/ Block masonry houses with reinforced concrete roofs. Ext. Wall: 13.5 in , Int. reinforced concrete roofs. Ext. Wall: 13.5 in , Int. Walls: 9 in Block masonry: 8 in – Wooden roof Walls: 9 in Block masonry: 8 in – Wooden roof truss with CGI sheets or RCC 4 in thick slab. truss with CGI sheets or RCC 4 in thick slab.

Stone masonry walls and Wooden and CGI sheets Stone masonry walls and Wooden and CGI sheets roofs. Stone masonry walls and RCC roofsroofs. Stone masonry walls and RCC roofs

Reinforced Concrete Structures.Reinforced Concrete Structures.Frame structures with columns, beams and slab Frame structures with columns, beams and slab connections.connections.

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Conditions in selection of structural systemsConditions in selection of structural systems 1. Soil conditions1. Soil conditions 2. The program and concept2. The program and concept 3. Applicable codes3. Applicable codes 4. Potential code changes4. Potential code changes 5. Flexibility5. Flexibility 6. Impact on finished-ceiling and building height6. Impact on finished-ceiling and building height 7. Material delivery and construction timing7. Material delivery and construction timing 8. Local construction capabilities and preferences8. Local construction capabilities and preferences 9. Ease of construction and schedule9. Ease of construction and schedule 10. Cost of the selected system10. Cost of the selected system 11. Cost impact on other systems11. Cost impact on other systems 12. Appearance and aesthetic potential12. Appearance and aesthetic potential

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Environmental Considerations in Selecting the Building Environmental Considerations in Selecting the Building

Structure SystemStructure System MakeMake more efficient use of existing materials. more efficient use of existing materials. MinimizeMinimize the amount of waste. the amount of waste. UseUse materials with least environmental impact. materials with least environmental impact. ConsiderConsider both operational and whole lifecycle performance of both operational and whole lifecycle performance of

materials and designs. materials and designs. UseUse fully recycled materials or materials with recycled content. fully recycled materials or materials with recycled content. Re-useRe-use whole buildings or parts thereof to reduce consumption whole buildings or parts thereof to reduce consumption

of new materials. of new materials. ChooseChoose materials with a lifespan equivalent to the projected life materials with a lifespan equivalent to the projected life

of the building. of the building. DesignDesign to extend building lifespan (current average 50 years - to extend building lifespan (current average 50 years -

aim for 100+). aim for 100+).

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Design and buildDesign and build for de-construction, re-use, adaptation, for de-construction, re-use, adaptation, modification and recycling. modification and recycling.

EncourageEncourage development of new, efficient, low impact development of new, efficient, low impact materials and applications by creating demand. materials and applications by creating demand.

ConsiderConsider how and where the materials are sourced and the how and where the materials are sourced and the impacts this causes. impacts this causes.

MinimizeMinimize the energy used to transport materials by using the energy used to transport materials by using locally produced material. Use of lightweight material where locally produced material. Use of lightweight material where appropriate also reduces transportation energy. appropriate also reduces transportation energy.

MinimizeMinimize the energy used to heat and cool the building by the energy used to heat and cool the building by using materials that effectively modify climate extremes. using materials that effectively modify climate extremes.

UnderstandUnderstand how chemicals used in the manufacture of some how chemicals used in the manufacture of some materials might affect your health. materials might affect your health.

MinimizeMinimize or eliminate emissions during use and manufacture. or eliminate emissions during use and manufacture.

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Mud brick (Adobe)Mud brick (Adobe) The ideal building material would be The ideal building material would be

'borrowed' from the environment and 'borrowed' from the environment and replaced after use. There would be little or replaced after use. There would be little or no processing of the raw material and all no processing of the raw material and all the energy inputs would be directly, or the energy inputs would be directly, or indirectly, from the sun. This ideal material indirectly, from the sun. This ideal material would also be cheap. Mud bricks come would also be cheap. Mud bricks come close to this ideal, or they can do.close to this ideal, or they can do.

The appearanceThe appearance of mud bricks reflects the of mud bricks reflects the material they are made from. They are thus material they are made from. They are thus earthy, with color determined by color of earthy, with color determined by color of clays and sands in the mix. Finished walls clays and sands in the mix. Finished walls can express the brick patterns very strongly can express the brick patterns very strongly at one extreme or be made into a smoothly at one extreme or be made into a smoothly continuous surface. continuous surface.

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Performance parameters of Mud Performance parameters of Mud Structural capabilityStructural capability With thickWith thick enough walls, mud brick can create load bearing structures up to enough walls, mud brick can create load bearing structures up to

several stories high.several stories high. Thermal massThermal mass Adobe walls can provide moderate to high thermal mass, but for most Adobe walls can provide moderate to high thermal mass, but for most

climatic conditions, as a rule of thumb, walls should be a minimum of 300 climatic conditions, as a rule of thumb, walls should be a minimum of 300 mm ( 12in) thick to provide effective thermal mass.mm ( 12in) thick to provide effective thermal mass.

InsulationInsulation Contrary to popular beliefContrary to popular belief mud bricks are not good insulators. Since they mud bricks are not good insulators. Since they

are extremely dense they lack the ability to trap air within their structure. are extremely dense they lack the ability to trap air within their structure. Insulation can be added to adobe walls with linings.Insulation can be added to adobe walls with linings.

Fire and vermin resistanceFire and vermin resistance Since earth does not burnSince earth does not burn, and earth walls do not readily provide habitat , and earth walls do not readily provide habitat

for vermin, mud brick walls generally have excellent fire and vermin for vermin, mud brick walls generally have excellent fire and vermin resistance.resistance.

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Durability and moisture resistanceDurability and moisture resistance Adobe wallsAdobe walls are capable of providing structural support for centuries but they are capable of providing structural support for centuries but they

need protection from extreme weather (eg. with deep eaves) or continuous need protection from extreme weather (eg. with deep eaves) or continuous maintenance (the ancient structures of the Yemen have been repaired maintenance (the ancient structures of the Yemen have been repaired continuously for the centuries they have been standing). As a general rule, continuously for the centuries they have been standing). As a general rule, adobe needs protection from driving rain (although some adobe soils are very adobe needs protection from driving rain (although some adobe soils are very resistant to weathering) and should not be exposed to continuous high moisture.resistant to weathering) and should not be exposed to continuous high moisture.

Breath-ability and toxicityBreath-ability and toxicity Mud bricksMud bricks make 'breathable' walls but some mud brick recipes include make 'breathable' walls but some mud brick recipes include

bitumen, which potentially results in some out gassing of hydrocarbons. Ideally bitumen, which potentially results in some out gassing of hydrocarbons. Ideally earth should be used in its natural state or as near it as can be achieved.earth should be used in its natural state or as near it as can be achieved.

Sustainability (Environmental impacts)Sustainability (Environmental impacts) Mud bricks have the potential to provide the lowest impact of all construction Mud bricks have the potential to provide the lowest impact of all construction

materials. Adobe should not contain any organic mattermaterials. Adobe should not contain any organic matter Build-ability, availability and costBuild-ability, availability and cost Mud bricks provide a forgiving construction medium well suited to owner-Mud bricks provide a forgiving construction medium well suited to owner-

builder construction.builder construction.

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Concrete slab floorsConcrete slab floors Concrete slab floors come in many forms and can Concrete slab floors come in many forms and can

be used to provide great thermal comfort and be used to provide great thermal comfort and lifestyle advantages.lifestyle advantages.

Benefits: Benefits: Thermal Mass describes the potential of a material to Thermal Mass describes the potential of a material to

store and re-release thermal energy.store and re-release thermal energy. Highest here Highest here DurabilityDurability is one of the other main advantages of is one of the other main advantages of

concrete slabs. concrete slabs. Termite resistanceTermite resistance is achieved with concrete slabs by is achieved with concrete slabs by

designing and constructing them in accordance with the designing and constructing them in accordance with the code.code.

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Design parameters of Concrete slabsDesign parameters of Concrete slabs

Passive solar designPassive solar design principles and high mass construction work principles and high mass construction work well together, and concrete slabs are generally the easiest way to well together, and concrete slabs are generally the easiest way to add thermal mass to a house .add thermal mass to a house .

Natural ventilationNatural ventilation must be provided for in the design must be provided for in the design InsulationInsulation of the slab edge is important in cooler climates, to of the slab edge is important in cooler climates, to

prevent warmth escaping through the edges of the slab prevent warmth escaping through the edges of the slab BalconiesBalconies extended from the main slab of a house may act as extended from the main slab of a house may act as

cooling or heating fins, carrying precious warmth away to the cold cooling or heating fins, carrying precious warmth away to the cold exterior during winter, or transferring heat from summer sun inside .exterior during winter, or transferring heat from summer sun inside .

AcousticsAcoustics need to be considered. need to be considered.

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Clay brickClay brick

Clay brickwork is made from selected clays that are molded Clay brickwork is made from selected clays that are molded or cut into shape and fired in ovens. or cut into shape and fired in ovens.

The firing process transforms the clay into a building The firing process transforms the clay into a building component with high compressive strength and excellent component with high compressive strength and excellent weathering qualities, attributes that have been exploited for weathering qualities, attributes that have been exploited for millennia to build structures ranging from single-storey millennia to build structures ranging from single-storey huts to enormous viaducts. huts to enormous viaducts.

Clay brickwork is most widely used in external cladding Clay brickwork is most widely used in external cladding and load bearing wall medium and continues to enjoy rapid and load bearing wall medium and continues to enjoy rapid growth in its usegrowth in its use..

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Performance Summary Performance Summary AppearanceAppearance Clay brickwork is available in a great variety of natural colors and textures derived Clay brickwork is available in a great variety of natural colors and textures derived

from fired clay used in combination with cement mortar joints of various colors and from fired clay used in combination with cement mortar joints of various colors and finishes.finishes.

Structural capabilityStructural capability The high compressive strength of fired clay bricks has been exploited for millennia to The high compressive strength of fired clay bricks has been exploited for millennia to

build structures ranging from single-storey huts to massive public buildings and build structures ranging from single-storey huts to massive public buildings and enormous bridges and viaducts.enormous bridges and viaducts.

Thermal massThermal mass Clay brickwork has high thermal mass.Clay brickwork has high thermal mass. InsulationInsulation Clay brickwork, combined with internal and external air films and a cavity, has Clay brickwork, combined with internal and external air films and a cavity, has

moderate thermal resistance.moderate thermal resistance. Sound insulationSound insulation Due to their mass, clay bricks provide excellent sound insulation, particularly for low Due to their mass, clay bricks provide excellent sound insulation, particularly for low

frequency noise.frequency noise. Vermin resistanceVermin resistance Clay brickwork consists of dense inorganic materials that do not harbour vermin. Clay brickwork consists of dense inorganic materials that do not harbour vermin.

3838

Sustainability (environmental impacts)Sustainability (environmental impacts) Clay brick manufacture uses energy but the investment of embodied Clay brick manufacture uses energy but the investment of embodied

energy is repaid by the longevity of the material.energy is repaid by the longevity of the material. Clay brick homes have a long life and low maintenance costs Clay brick homes have a long life and low maintenance costs

making them a potentially sustainable form of construction.making them a potentially sustainable form of construction. Option 1Option 1

: Brick veneer/timber frame/concrete slab : Brick veneer/timber frame/concrete slab Option 2Option 2

Brick veneer/steel frame/concrete slab Brick veneer/steel frame/concrete slab Option 3Option 3

Double brick/concrete slab Double brick/concrete slab Option 4Option 4

Timber clad/steel frame/concrete slab Timber clad/steel frame/concrete slab Option 5Option 5

Timber clad/timber frame/concrete slab Timber clad/timber frame/concrete slab

3939

Lightweight timberLightweight timber

Wooden structures have been used in all kinds of Wooden structures have been used in all kinds of

building types for many years.building types for many years. In a world living with the effects of global warming, In a world living with the effects of global warming,

timber provides a renewable building material that timber provides a renewable building material that stores carbon in its production.stores carbon in its production.

4040

Performance SummaryPerformance Summary AppearanceAppearance

Aesthetically, timber possesses a natural attractiveness that people readily Aesthetically, timber possesses a natural attractiveness that people readily relate to.relate to.

Structural capabilityStructural capabilityTimber has good compressive strength but is strongest in tensionTimber has good compressive strength but is strongest in tension

Thermal massThermal massIn general timber has low thermal massIn general timber has low thermal mass

InsulationInsulationTimber is a natural insulator due to air pockets within its cellular structureTimber is a natural insulator due to air pockets within its cellular structure

Sound insulationSound insulationThe sound insulation of walls is usually obtained by providing a barrier of The sound insulation of walls is usually obtained by providing a barrier of sufficient mass to absorb the sound energy.sufficient mass to absorb the sound energy.

Fire Resistance: very low Fire Resistance: very low Durability and moisture resistanceDurability and moisture resistance

Timber is an organic material and deteriorates due to weathering.Timber is an organic material and deteriorates due to weathering. Toxicity and breath ability: Timber is generally non-toxic.Toxicity and breath ability: Timber is generally non-toxic.

4141

Sustainability (environmental impacts)Sustainability (environmental impacts) Timber is a renewable building resource that absorbs Timber is a renewable building resource that absorbs

carbon it its production. carbon it its production. A lightweight timber construction can be built for A lightweight timber construction can be built for

deconstruction, and timbers from the construction reused or deconstruction, and timbers from the construction reused or recycled at the end of its use in the building. recycled at the end of its use in the building.

It has tremendous capacity to provide a sustainable It has tremendous capacity to provide a sustainable construction option. construction option.

Timber is completely biodegradable and can even be Timber is completely biodegradable and can even be composted if no reuse application can be found. composted if no reuse application can be found.

Build ability, availability and costBuild ability, availability and cost Lightweight timber construction is relatively simple to Lightweight timber construction is relatively simple to

build.build.

4242

Choice of Appropriate Building MaterialsChoice of Appropriate Building Materials

The "appropriateness" of a building material or The "appropriateness" of a building material or construction technology can never be generalized. construction technology can never be generalized.

The following questions show some of the main factors, The following questions show some of the main factors, which determine appropriateness:which determine appropriateness: Is the material produced locally, or is it partially or Is the material produced locally, or is it partially or

entirely imported? entirely imported? Is it cheap, abundantly available, and/or easily Is it cheap, abundantly available, and/or easily

renewable? renewable? Has it been produced in a factory far away Has it been produced in a factory far away

(transportation costs!); (transportation costs!);

4343

Does it require special machines and equipment, Does it require special machines and equipment, or can it be produced at lower cost on the building or can it be produced at lower cost on the building site? (Good quality and durability are often more site? (Good quality and durability are often more important than low procurement costs). important than low procurement costs).

Does its production and use require a high-energy Does its production and use require a high-energy input, and cause wastage and pollution? Is there an input, and cause wastage and pollution? Is there an acceptable alternative material, which eliminates acceptable alternative material, which eliminates these problems? these problems?

Is the material and construction technique Is the material and construction technique climatically acceptable? climatically acceptable?

4444

Does the material and construction technique provide Does the material and construction technique provide

sufficient safety against common natural hazards (e.g. fire. sufficient safety against common natural hazards (e.g. fire.

biological agents, heavy rain, hurricanes, earthquakes)? biological agents, heavy rain, hurricanes, earthquakes)?

Can the material and technology be used and understood Can the material and technology be used and understood

by the local workers, or are special skills and experience by the local workers, or are special skills and experience

required? required?

Are repairs and replacements possible with local means? Are repairs and replacements possible with local means?

Is the material socially acceptable? Is it considered low Is the material socially acceptable? Is it considered low

standard, or does it offend religious belief? Does it match standard, or does it offend religious belief? Does it match

with the materials and constructions of nearby buildings? with the materials and constructions of nearby buildings?

4545

BACK GROUND

Recorded Historical Perspective

John Ruskin (1819-1900)

The Arts And Crafts Movements

(William Morris – 1834-1896)

Art Nouveau: 1890-1905

Victor Horta (1861-1947)

Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)

Design For The Machine Age

(1900-1930)

De Stijl (1917 – 1931)

The Bauhaus (1919 – 1933)

4646

4747

Eco Materials Definition :-

Materials those have, the lowest possible negative impact to the natural environment, minimal net negative impact to the natural environment, and maintain some reasonable level of human satisfaction in their technological and socioeconomic performance could be defined as "eco-materials".

Definition :-

Materials those have, the lowest possible negative impact to the natural environment, minimal net negative impact to the natural environment, and maintain some reasonable level of human satisfaction in their technological and socioeconomic performance could be defined as "eco-materials".

4848

Eco Materials Assessment System

Japanese Study

Study By Technical Research Center Of Finland

Study By National Institute Of Building Sciences (USA)

Study By American Institute Of Architect’s Environmental Resource Guides

Assessment System

Japanese Study

Study By Technical Research Center Of Finland

Study By National Institute Of Building Sciences (USA)

Study By American Institute Of Architect’s Environmental Resource Guides

4949

GUIDELINE PRINCIPAL FOR MATERIALS

Avoid Ozone-depleting Chemicals In Mechanical Equipment And Insulation. Use Durable Products And Materials Choose Low-maintenance Building Materials Choose Building Materials With Low Embodied Energy. Buy Locally Produced Building Materials Use Building Products Made From Recycled Materials Use Salvaged Building Materials When Possible. Seek Responsible Wood Supplies. Avoid Materials That Will Off gas Pollutants. Minimize Use Of Pressure-treated Lumber. Minimize Packaging Waste.

5050

Construction Material Used In Outer Walls (Percentage) By Rural/Urban 1998

Construction Material Used In Outer Walls (Percentage) By Rural/Urban 1998

Construction MaterialConstruction Material 19981998

All AreasAll Areas RuralRural UrbanUrban

All CategoriesAll Categories 100100 100100 100100

Baked Baked Bricks/Blocks/StonesBricks/Blocks/Stones

58.4658.46 45.9645.96 85.7685.76

Unbaked Bricks/MudUnbaked Bricks/Mud 34.4834.48 44.6944.69 12.1612.16

Wood/BambooWood/Bamboo 5.425.42 7.207.20 1.501.50

OthersOthers 1.641.64 2.142.14 0.540.54

5151

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL USED IN ROOFS (PERCENTAGE) BY RURAL/URBAN 1998

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL USED IN ROOFS (PERCENTAGE) BY RURAL/URBAN 1998

Construction MaterialConstruction Material 19981998

All AreasAll Areas RuralRural UrbanUrban

All CategoriesAll Categories 100100 100100 100100

RCC/RBCRCC/RBC 21.3921.39 10.4310.43 46.3546.35

Cement/ Iron SheetCement/ Iron Sheet 13.0713.07 10.0510.05 19.6919.69

Wood/BambooWood/Bamboo 57.3557.35 69.7669.76 30.2330.23

OthersOthers 8.188.18 9.769.76 4.744.74

5252

Construction Construction Material Used InMaterial Used In

Housing Units By Tenure Housing Units By Tenure Housing UnitsHousing Units

OwnedOwned RentedRented Rent-freeRent-free TotalTotal RecentRecent

Outer WallsOuter Walls

Baked Bricks / Block / Baked Bricks / Block / StonesStones

8,986,3368,986,336 1,457,131,457,1311

787,454787,454 11,230,2911,230,2911

58.4658.46

Unbaked Bricks / EarthUnbaked Bricks / EarthBound Bound

5,523,3515,523,351 176,179176,179 924,765924,765 6,624,2956,624,295 38.4838.48

Wood / BambooWood / Bamboo 842,464842,464 17,53117,531 181,828181,828 1,041,8231,041,823 5.425.42

OthersOthers 245,104245,104 8,4148,414 61,18161,181 314,699314,699 1.641.64

RoofRoof

RCC / RBC RCC / RBC 2,933,6712,933,671 859,521859,521 317,074317,074 4,110,2664,110,266 21.3921.39

Cement / Iron SheetsCement / Iron Sheets 2,012,8712,012,871 341,804341,804 157,075157,075 2,511,7502,511,750 13.0713.07

Wood / BambooWood / Bamboo 9,334,8059,334,805 397,011397,011 1,285,7851,285,785 11,017,6011,017,6011

57.3557.35

OthersOthers 1,315,9081,315,908 60,91960,919 195,294195,294 1,572,1211,572,121 8.188.18

TotalTotal 15,597,2515,597,2555

1,659,251,659,2555

1,955,2281,955,228 19,211,7319,211,7388

100.00100.00

Percent Percent 81.1981.19 8.648.64 10.1810.18 100.00100.00

5353

Pakistan – RuralPakistan – Rural

Outer WallsOuter WallsBaked Bricks / Baked Bricks / Block / StonesBlock / Stones

5,470,95,470,95656

205,316205,316 381,85381,8511

6,058,126,058,1233

45.9645.96

Unbaked Bricks / Unbaked Bricks / Earth Bound Earth Bound

4,967,64,967,68080

74,48574,485 848,50848,5088

5,890,675,890,6733

44.9644.96

Wood / BambooWood / Bamboo 777,800777,800 8,7018,701 162,92162,9288

949,429949,429 7.207.20

OthersOthers 224,109224,109 4,3054,305 53,66953,669 282,083282,083 2.142.14

RoofRoofRCC / RBCRCC / RBC 1,194,01,194,0

636397,14897,148 83,84983,849 1,375,061,375,06

0010.4310.43

Cement / Iron Cement / Iron SheetsSheets

1,210,91,210,98888

38,84438,844 74,36374,363 1,324,191,324,1955

10.0510.05

Wood / BambooWood / Bamboo 7,933,37,933,38080

139,263139,263 1,121,1,121,879879

9,194,529,194,5222

69.7669.76

OthersOthers 1,102,11,102,11414

17,55217,552 166,86166,8655

1,286,531,286,5311

9.769.76

TotalTotal 11,440,11,440,545545

292,807292,807 1,446,1,446,956956

13,180,313,180,30808

100.00100.00

RecentRecent 86.8086.80 2.222.22 10.9810.98 100.00100.00

5454

PAKISTAN – URBANPAKISTAN – URBAN

OUTER WALLSOUTER WALLSBaked Bricks / Block / Baked Bricks / Block / StonesStones

3,515,3803,515,380 1,251,81,251,81515

405,603405,603 5,15,172,72,

798798

85.7685.76

Unbaked Bricks / Earth Unbaked Bricks / Earth Bound Bound

555,671555,671 101,694101,694 76,25776,257 733733,62,62

22

12.1612.16

Wood / BambooWood / Bamboo 64,66464,664 8,8308,830 18,90018,900 92,92,394394

1.531.53

OthersOthers 20,99520,995 4,1094,109 7,5127,512 32,32,616616

.54.54

RoofRoof

RCC / RBCRCC / RBC 1,739,6081,739,608 762,373762,373 233,225233,225 2,735,2062,735,206 45.3545.35

Cement / Iron SheetsCement / Iron Sheets 801,883801,883 302,960302,960 82,71282,712 1,187,5551,187,555 19.6919.69

Wood / BambooWood / Bamboo 1,401,4251,401,425 257,748257,748 163,906163,906 1,823,0791,823,079 30.2330.23

OthersOthers 213,794213,794 43,36743,367 28,42928,429 285,590285,590 4.474.47

TotalTotal 4,156,714,156,71 1,366,41,366,444

508,272508,272 6,031,4306,031,430 100.0100.000

Percent Percent 68.9268.92 22.6622.66 8.438.43 100.00100.00

5555

GREEN WATERS HAVE NO WORRIESGREEN WATERS HAVE NO WORRIESGREEN WATERS HAVE NO WORRIESGREEN WATERS HAVE NO WORRIES

5656BUT WIND GIVES THEM WRINKLESBUT WIND GIVES THEM WRINKLESBUT WIND GIVES THEM WRINKLESBUT WIND GIVES THEM WRINKLES

5757

BLUE HILLS ARE NOT SO OLDBLUE HILLS ARE NOT SO OLDBLUE HILLS ARE NOT SO OLDBLUE HILLS ARE NOT SO OLD

5858

BUT SNOW GIVES THEM WHITE HAIRBUT SNOW GIVES THEM WHITE HAIR