01 microcontrollers training 01 overview

8/18/2019 01 Microcontrollers Training 01 Overview

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Agenda

Embedded Systems (examples, definitions)

Real Time Systems (definitions, operating system)Microcontrollers (architecture, internal view, pacage)

Microcontrollers Training


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Some examples

!ell"phones

#utomatic Teller Machine

The $igital %nterfaced &asoline Station

#irborne 'light !ontrol System

#utomotive Engine Management System

ome Security Systems

Modern #ir"conditioners

ashing Machines

Medical E*uipment

$+$ layers

rinters


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Cell-phone example

Some features seen from -outside. i/e/ user perspective0

rice, eight and Si1e, Screen type and si1e

&ames included and downloadable

$igital camera 2 pixels and resolution, 1oom

Radio, !alculator, #ddress boo, E"mail

Ring tones e/g/ polyphonic or M3

Memory e/g/ built in or external

4etwor type e/g/ &SM or !$M#

5attery0 Type and ampere hour, Tal"time per one charge, Standby time

These various functions can only be achieved by using a very flexible device 6 Embedded processor

The ob7ect e/g/ mobile phone, housing the embedded processor is nown as an Embedding System.


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Embedded System - Definitions

# computer system that is part of a larger system and performs some of the re*uirements of that

system8 for example, a computer system used in an aircraft or rapid transit system/ 9%EEE Standard

&lossary of Software Engineering Terminology:

# computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system/ 9iipedia:

#n application that contains at least one programmable computer (typically in the form of a

microcontroller, a microprocessor or digital signal processor chip) and which is used by individuals who

are, in the main, unaware that the system is computer"based/ 9Michael ;/ ont 2 Embedded !:

# micro"computer built around a


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Embedded System

%n summary, embedded system eywords are

# computer

erforms a specific tas

# larger system

?sers are not aware of its existence


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Embedded System – Personal Compter

5y contrast, a general"purpose computer, such as a personal computer (!), is designed to be flexible

and to meet a wide range of end"user needs, although a personal computer consists of numerous

embedded systems/


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Embedded System - Atomoti!e

=ow end automobile contains at least a do1en microprocessors

igh end cars incorporate in excess of @AA microprocessors

The entire vehicle system is usually split up into different functional areas0

!hassis B Safety

owertrain

%nterior


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A generic embedded system

5y definition all embedded systems contain a processor and software

%n order to have software, there must be a place to store the executable code and temporary storage

for runtime data manipulation 6 memory

#ll embedded systems also contain some type of inputs and outputs e/g/ buttons on the front panel,

human"readable display/


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Embedded systems – common design re"irements

Processing power " The amount of processing power necessary to get the 7ob done/ # common way to

compare processing power is the M%S (millions of instructions per second) rating/

Memory " The amount of memory (RCM and R#M) re*uired to hold the executable software and the data

it manipulates/

Development cost " The cost of the hardware and software design processes/

Number of units " The tradeoff between production cost and development cost is affected most by the

number of units expected to be produced and sold/

Expected lifetime 2 $efines how long must the system continue to function (on average)/

Reliability 2 $efines how reliable must be the final product


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Agenda


Real Time Systems (definitions, operating system)

Microcontrollers (architecture, internal view, pacage)


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#eal Time System - $ey%ords

Real Time System0 embedded system that has time constraint

therefore, real time system eywords are

# computer

erforms a specific tas

# larger system

?sers are not aware of its existence

Time constraint


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#eal Time System - Definitions

# system in which computation is performed during the actual time that an external process occurs, in

order that the computation results can be used to control, monitor, or respond in a timely manner to the

external process/ 9%EEE Standard &lossary of Software Engineering Terminology:

# subclass of embedded systems where its application can be considered (within context) to be

mission critical i/e/ it fails unless its actions are completed before the deadline/ 9iipedia:

artly specified in terms of its ability to mae calculations or decisions in a timely manner i/e/ an

embedded system that has timing constraints/ 9Michael 5arr " rogramming Embedded Systems in !

and !>>:

# missed deadline is 7ust as bad as a wrong answer8 effect is in the same range (ignored 6 catastrophic)


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#eal Time &perating System

Real time systems are supported by dedicated operating systems, called Real Time Cperating

Systems (RTCS)

RTCS must respond to external inputs and produce new outputs in a limited amount of time

Dey characteristic0 consistency concerning the system response time 7itter

ard RTCS (low 7itter), a new output must always be computed by the specified time bound or the

system will fail e/g/ fly"by"wire (i/e/ computer controlled) aircraft control system, airbag E!?

Soft RTCS (more 7itter), a new output must generally be computed by the specified time bound

however critical tass get priority e/g/ multimedia player/


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Mltitas'ing

RTCS enable multitasing i/e/ a method where multiple tass, also nown as processes, share

common processing resources such as a !?/ hen tas switches occur fre*uently enough the

illusion of parallelism is achieved/

!ooperative multitasing RTCS0 each tasprocess voluntarily release the !? time to one another,

with other words, the system relies on each process regularly giving up time to other processes

reemptive multitasing RTCS0 any tas which is currently running may be rescheduled at any

instruction by the occurrence of trigger conditions pre"set by the operating system/ 5ased on its priority

at the rescheduling point, the tas will immediately get bac the !? or not/


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Agenda


Real Time Systems (definitions, operating system)

Microcontrollers (architecture, internal view, pacage)


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Microcontrollers

Types of Processors(

" microprocessors," microcontrollers

" digital signal processors/

" Cthers0 #S%!s, or speciali1ed controllers/

# microcontroller ()C or MC*) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a

processor core, memory, and programmable inputoutput peripherals/

Platform 2 the device on which the program will be executed/

'ocus on0 Renesas FGDAR


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Microcontrollers – +istory

- @HF@0 'irst microprocessor0 %ntel IAAI

I bit !?, FIA 1

- @HFJ0 %ntel GAAG G bit !?, @K Memory, cloc max GAA 1

- @HF@"@HFI0 'irst microcontroller0 T% TMS@AAA Ibit !?, @5 address space, cloc 3AAh1, 3J 5 R#M

- @HFF0 %ntel GAIG

Gbit !?, J5 RCM, @JG 5 R#M, JF %C ports

cloc max @@Mh1, but@L internal phases N A/F3 M%S

- @HGA0 %ntel GAL@Gbit !?, KI address space, I5 RCM, @JG 5 R#M, 3J %C ports, ?#RT, J timers

cloc max @JMh1, @J machine cycles N @ M%S, J level interrupts, power saving/

- @HH30 Microchip %!@K!GI 2 using EERCM-

@HH3 first microcontroller with flash (from #TME=, based on GAL@ core)


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Microcontrollers – Architectre

!on ,emann0 instructions and data use the same bus system

+ar!ard0 separate storage and signal pathways for instructions and data


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Microcontrollers – Architectre

Modified +ar!ard architectre0 it relaxes the strict separation between instruction and data while still

letting the !? concurrently access two (or more) memory buses/ The most common modification includesseparate instrction and data caches baced by a common address space/ hile the !? executes

from cache, it acts as a pure arvard machine/ hen accessing bacing memory, it acts lie a von

4eumann machine/


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Microcontrollers – nternal ie%

%ntel GFIJ " die


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Microcontrollers – nternal ie%

@K'GI " die

nternal !ie%


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Microcontrollers – Pac'age

acage technology0

- T (pin through hole)

- SMT (Surface Mounted Technology)

acage types

" $% ( or $%=0 $ual %n =ine)0

" O%= (Ouad %n =ine)

O'0 lastic Ouad 'lat"ac

- (grid array)

5 5all &rid #rray

T SMT

01 microcontrollers training 01 overview

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