Sucrose Fructose Polyols

Generally recognized as Safe(GRAS) Provide energy

Sugars and syrups added to foods or used in food processing

Not naturally occurring as in foods like milk and fruit

The body cannot differentiate between naturally occurring and added sugars

Brown sugar

Corn sweetener

Corn syrup/corn syrup solids

Dextrose

Fructose

Fruit juice concentrate

Glucose

Invert sugar

Lactose

‣ High Fructose Corn Syrup

‣ Honey

‣ Malt syrup

‣ Maltose

‣ Molasses

‣ Raw sugar

‣ Sucrose

‣ Syrup

‣ Table sugar

Soft drinks

Cakes, cookies, pies

Drinks such as fruit punch and lemonade

Dairy desserts such as ice cream

Candy

Scientific studies conclude that sugar does not cause hyperactivity in children

Foods high in sugar but low in nutrients provide primarily calories to the diet but alone do not promote obesity

Extra calories can contribute to weight gain

Sugar can promote tooth decay

Intake should not exceed 25% of total calories

Composed of glucose and fructose

Provides 4 kcal/g

Comes from the processing of sugar cane and sugar beets

Molasses is the least refined form of sucrose

Found in ◦ Honey◦ Fruit◦ Added to foods as High Fructose Corn

Syrup

Provides 4 kcal/g

Made by modifying corn starch so that it contains a higher level of fructose

Tastes sweeter than sugar

Enhances flavor, color and product stability

Money saver for manufacturers

Found mostly in foods with “empty” calories◦ Soft drinks◦ Fruit drinks◦ Jams/Jellies◦ Baked goods

U.S. consumption increased from 1.5 lbs per person in 1970 to 62.7 lbs per person in 2000

Negative effect (primarily on cholesterol and triglyceride levels)seen at intake levels of 20-40% of total calories which is not typical

More research is needed

Do not promote tooth decay

Not fully absorbed

Low glycemic response

Lower in calories – 2 kcal/g

Possible prebiotic effect – may serve as “food” for bacteria in the colon

May cause diarrhea and/or GI distress in large amounts

Often combined with non-nutritive sweeteners

Sorbitol Mannitol Xylitol Erythritol D-Tagatose Isomalt Lactitol Maltitol Trehalose Hydrogenated Starch

Hydrolysates

Do not provide energy (calories)

Often combined with bulking agents ◦ Polydextrose ◦ Maltodextrin◦ Polysaccharide polyols

Do not immediately impact blood glucose or insulin levels◦ Can have an effects ~3-4 hours later

Do not promote tooth decay

Sucralose ◦ Splenda

Aspartame◦ Nutrasweet, Equal, Sugar Twin

Neotame

Acesulfame-K ◦ Sunett, Sweet & Safe, Sweet One

Saccharin ◦ Sweet’n Low, Sweet Twin, Necta

Stevia (Reb A)

◦ TruVia, PureVia

Brazzein◦ Cweet(not yet approved)

How is it made?

What are the properties of the sweetener?

How much will be consumed?

Is the sweetener safe?

Does it cause adverse effects to individuals, or their offspring?

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) = the amount per kilogram of body weight that a person can safely consume every day for a lifetime without risk

ADI usually reflects the amount 100x less than the maximum level at which no effect occurred in animal studies

Made from sugar; chlorine is added which is present naturally in many foods

Safety proven in over 110 studies over 20 years

Safe for adults, children, pregnant and nursing mothers

Has no effect on blood glucose levels

Does not promote tooth decay

Heat stable

Composed of amino acids, phenylalanine, and methanol which are found naturally in foods

Safety proven in over 200 studies over 30 years in over 100 countries

Safe for adults, children and pregnant and nursing mothers

Must be avoided by those with PKU – a rare genetic disease

No scientific basis for allegations relating aspartame to leukemia, lymphoma, or brain cancer

Allergic reactions not supported in double blind studies

95% is excreted in urine; therefore, no impact from potassium(K)

Heat stable

Little added to foods as it is intensely sweet

Often used in combination with other sweeteners

In 2000 it was removed from the list of potential carcinogens

Heat stable

Limited to 12 mg/oz

Partially absorbed

Methanol is a by-product

Phenylalanine is not significant enough to require a restriction in PKU patients

Recently made the GRAS list based upon 95% purity

Part of the Stevia leaf

Licorice flavor

No calorie sweetener

Derived from an African plant

Heat stable

Water soluble

Safe for children and pregnant women

May provide calorie/energy savings and aide in improving diet quality

Safe for people with diabetes

Do not promote cavities

No associations with mood or behavior changes have been validated