disaccharides sucrose: glucose+fructose (from suger cane or sugar beet), hydrolyzed by sucrase...
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disaccharides
• Sucrose: glucose+fructose (from suger cane or sugar beet),
hydrolyzed by sucrase• Lactose: galactose+glucose
(from milk)hydrolyzed by lactase
• Maltose: glucose+glucose (from starch)
hydrolyzed by maltase
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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In animals,
sucrase, lactase and maltase are located on the outer surfaces of epithelial cells lining the small intestine.
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Brach point in glycogen.
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Glycogen
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Glycogen is stored in liver and in skeletal muscle
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Starch and Cellulose
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cellulose
• Cellulose is one o the most abundant organic compounds in the biosphere.
• It is an unbranched polymer of glucose residues joined by -1,4-linkages.
• Mammals lack cellulases and therefore cannot digest wood and vegetable fibers.
• Soluble fibers, pectin, slows the movement of food through the gastrointestinal track. Increases better digestion and absorption of nutrients.
• Insoluble fibers, cellulose increase the rate at which digestion products pass through the large intestine. Minimizes exposure to toxins in our diet.
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Structures or five repeating units of important glpycosaminoglycans
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Proteoglycans
• Proteoglycans are proteins attached to a particular type of polysaccharides.
• (about 95% sugar, 5% protein)• Cartilage (made of aggrecan and collagen)
• Shock-absorber• Osteoarthritis result from the proteolytic
degredation of aggrecan and collagen in the cartilage.
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Electron micrograph of proteoglycan from cartilage
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A, B and O antigens in blood groups Each person inherits the gene for one of the
glycosyltransferases from each parent. Type A transferase adds N-acetylgalactosamine, whereas the
type B transferase adds galactose.
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• Evolutionary perspective:
Why different blood types present in the human population?
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Erythropoietin: a glycoprotein
• EPO is secreted by the kidneys and stimulates the production of red blood cells. Availability of recombinant human EPO has greatly aided the treatment of anemias
• The mature EPO is 40% carbohydrate by weight. Unglycosylated protein has only 10% bioactivity.
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Fat synthesis
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Two most common fatty acids in humans
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Phospholipid bilayer membrane
• Fovured structure for most phospholipids in aquous media is a bimolecular sheet.
• Lipid bilayers form spontaneously by a self-assembly process.
• Hydrophobic interactions are the major driving force.
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Membrane fluidity
• Membrane fluidity is controlled by fatty acid composition and cholesterol content. Melting temperature depends on the leghth of the fatty acid chains and on their degree of unsaturation.
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Cell membranes
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Rhodopsin: a 7-transmembrane helix protein
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porin
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