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† Macropoma libanus Khalaf, 2015 : A New

Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species from Lebanon

: نوع جديد ألحفورة سمكة 5102ماكروبوما ليبانوس خلف ،

الُجمبيزة )سيالكانث( من لُبنان

By: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa

The new Roundhead-Roundtail Lebanon Coelacanth fossil species † Macropoma libanus

Khalaf, 2015 from Lebanon. http://www.ebay.com/itm/LEBANON-LEBANESE-

ULTRA-RARE-COELACANTH-FISH-FOSSIL-LIBANON-LIBAN-/130975206209 &

https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/16252872258/

Abstract: A new fossil species of Coelacanth Fish from the Upper

Cretaceous (Middle Cenomanian) of the genus Macropoma (Class Sarcopterygii, Subclass Crossopterygii, Order Coelacanthiformes, Suborder Latimerioidei, Family Latimeriidae) was found in the Limestone of Haqel (Hakel) and Hajula, Lebanon. The new fossil species is distinguished from the four different Macropoma species : † Macropoma lewesiensis Agassiz, 1835; † Macropoma mantelli Agassiz, 1843; † Macropoma speciosum Reuss, 0827 and † Macropoma willemoesii Vetter, 1881 by its slightly different skeletal, skull and fin features. It is morphologically a distinct species. The new species was named † Macropoma libanus Khalaf, 2015.

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Keywords: Sarcopterygii, Coelacanthiformes, Latirmeriidae,

Macropoma libanus, Coelacanth, Lebanon Coelacanth, Roundhead-Roundtail Lebanon Coelacanth, Fossil, New species, Upper Cretaceous, Middle Cenomanian, Haqel, Hakel, Hajula, Lebanon, Near East, Middle East.

The new Roundhead-Roundtail Lebanon Coelacanth fossil species † Macropoma libanus

Khalaf, 2015 from Lebanon. http://www.ebay.com/itm/LEBANON-LEBANESE-

ULTRA-RARE-COELACANTH-FISH-FOSSIL-LIBANON-LIBAN-/130975206209 &

https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/15837802323/

Introduction

When I was writing some articles about the Coelacanth Fishes, I noticed that

there were some Lebanese Coelacanth fish fossil specimens for sale on the

internet and other specimens were in Museums or Private Collections.

One coelacanth fish fossil specimen was for sale on eBay. It looked peculiar. It

was from the Upper Cretaceous (Middle Cenomanian) Limestone in Haqel

(Hakel) and Hajula, Lebanon. This specimen was examined and measured. The

total length was 8.00 cm.

The new fossil species is distinguished from the four different Macropoma species:

† Macropoma lewesiensis Agassiz, 1835; † Macropoma mantelli Agassiz, 1843; †

Macropoma speciosum Reuss, 1857 and † Macropoma willemoesii Vetter, 1881 by its

slightly different skeletal, skull and fin features. It is morphologically a distinct

species. The new species was named † Macropoma libanus Khalaf, 2015.

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Genus Macropoma

Macropoma (meaning big apple or large fruit in Greek) is an extinct genus of coelacanth in the class Sarcopterygii. These fishes have apparently been extinct for over 70 million years and are most closely related to the modern coelacanth Latimeria (Wikipedia).

Fossils of Macropoma have been found in both England and Czechoslovakia. The presently described fossil comes from Lebanon. Recorded fossils have bodies less than two feet in length. A modern coelacanth measures five or more, but in other respects the two genera are remarkably similar, and share the same body plan with a three-lobed tail and stalked fins (Wikipedia).

Macropoma grew to a length of 22 inches (55 centimeters) and would have preyed upon smaller aquatic species (Wikipedia).

The new Roundhead-Roundtail Lebanon Coelacanth fossil species † Macropoma libanus

Khalaf, 2015 from Lebanon. http://www.ebay.com/itm/LEBANON-LEBANESE-

ULTRA-RARE-COELACANTH-FISH-FOSSIL-LIBANON-LIBAN-/130975206209 &

https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/16271983607/

Measurements of the Roundhead-Roundtail Lebanon Coelacanth Fossil Holotype

Total length: 8.00 cm; Head from mouth tip to gill cover: 1.75 cm; Tail length: 2.58 cm; Head width at the gill cover: 2.16 cm; Body width in the middle (dorsal-ventral): 2.33 cm, tail base width: 1.66 cm; Anterior dorsal fin: 1.75 cm; Posterior dorsal fin: 1.50 cm; Pectoral fin: 1.66 cm; Tail rays: 2.58 cm.

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Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 122 – February 2015

Etymology / Derivation of the Scientific Name The genus name Macropoma in Greek means “big apple” or “large fruit” which refers to the big sized head and tail of the Genus Macropoma. The species name libanus refers to “Lebanon” in Greek where the new species was discovered.

The new Roundhead-Roundtail Lebanon Coelacanth fossil species † Macropoma libanus

Khalaf, 2015 from Lebanon. http://www.ebay.com/itm/LEBANON-LEBANESE-

ULTRA-RARE-COELACANTH-FISH-FOSSIL-LIBANON-LIBAN-/130975206209 &

https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/16438615676/

Conclusion:

After studying the Macropoma fish fossil specimen from Haqel (Hakel) and Hajula, Lebanon and comparing with the four different Macropoma species : † Macropoma lewesiensis Agassiz, 1835; † Macropoma mantelli Agassiz, 1843; † Macropoma speciosum Reuss, 0827 and † Macropoma willemoesii Vetter, 1881 and referring to many zoological references, and searching the Internet, I came finally to a conclusion that we are in front of a new Coelacanth fossil species.

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Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 122 – February 2015

I gave it the scientific name † Macropoma libanus, new fossil species. The species name “libanus” is for Lebanon, from where the fossil specimen was found.

† Macropoma libanus, new fossil species:

Scientific Binomial name: † Macropoma libanus Khalaf, 2015.

Authority: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa.

Common Name: Roundhead-Roundtail Lebanon Coelacanth,

Lebanon Coelacanth

Holotype Fossil: ML-1, eBay specimen.

Origin: Haqel (Hakel) and Hajula, Lebanon.

The new Roundhead-Roundtail Lebanon Coelacanth fossil species † Macropoma libanus

Khalaf, 2015 from Lebanon. http://www.ebay.com/itm/LEBANON-LEBANESE-

ULTRA-RARE-COELACANTH-FISH-FOSSIL-LIBANON-LIBAN-/130975206209 &

https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/16462919021/

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Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 122 – February 2015

The new Roundhead-Roundtail Lebanon Coelacanth fossil species † Macropoma libanus

Khalaf, 2015 from Lebanon. http://www.ebay.com/itm/LEBANON-LEBANESE-

ULTRA-RARE-COELACANTH-FISH-FOSSIL-LIBANON-LIBAN-/130975206209 &

https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/16278810607/

References and Internet Websites

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Association for the Preservation of the Coelacanth. http://gombessa.tripod.com/

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Attenborough, David (1979). Life on Earth. Collins, London, Glasgow, Sydney, Auckland, Toronto, Johannesburg, and the British Broadcasting Corporation, London. 319 pp. BioLib. Genus Macropoma Agassiz, 1835. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxontree/id450818/ Blancpain. Project Gombessa. http://www.blancpain.com/projet-gombessa Bone, Quentin and Moore, Richard H. (2008). Biology of Fishes. 3rd (third) edition. published by Taylor & Francis, New York. Boyd, A.J. and J.D. Hewitson (1983). Distribution of anchovy larvae off the west coast of southern Africa between 32 degree 30' and 26 degree 30'S, 1979-1982. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 9:53-67. Casane D, Laurenti P (2013) Why coelacanths are not „living fossils‟: A review of molecular and morphological data. Bioessays 35: 332–338. Coelacanth. Hjoula, Byblos, Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-pictures-of-fossils/ Coelacanth. Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-hd-fossil-photographs/ Coelacanth Fossils – Fossil Information. Hjoula, Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-fossil-information/ Coelacanth Fossils – Fossil Information. Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-fossil-information-2/ Coelacanth Fossils – Fossil Museum. Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-fossil-museum/ Coelacanth News! http://www.dinofish.com/news.html Coelacanth with its pair fossils. Hjoula, Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-with-its-pair-fossils-pictures-of-fossils/ Coelacanthiformes. http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/sarcopterygii/coelacanthinimorpha/coelacanthiformes.html Coelacanthinimorpha. http://www.palaeocritti.com/by-group/sarcopterygii/coelacanthinimorpha Cretaceous - Macropomoides: A Coelacanth Fish. http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/seymouria/conversations/topics/1810 eBay. LEBANON LEBANESE ULTRA RARE COELACANTH FISH FOSSIL LIBANON LIBAN. http://www.ebay.com/itm/LEBANON-LEBANESE-ULTRA-RARE-COELACANTH-FISH-FOSSIL-LIBANON-LIBAN-/130975206209 ebay. Zoic Fossil Fish Lebanon Coelacanth Macropomoides orientalis unprepared. http://www.ebay.com/itm/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&item=110950562251 Encyclopedia of Life (EOL). Macropomoides. http://eol.org/pages/10648844/details Erdmann, Mark V.; Caldwell, Roy L.; Moosa, M. Kasim (1998). "Indonesian 'king of the sea' discovered". Nature 395 (6700): 335. FishBase. http://www.fishbase.org/search.php

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The new Roundhead-Roundtail Lebanon Coelacanth fossil species † Macropoma libanus

Khalaf, 2015 from Lebanon. http://www.ebay.com/itm/LEBANON-LEBANESE-

ULTRA-RARE-COELACANTH-FISH-FOSSIL-LIBANON-LIBAN-/130975206209 &

https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/16462983431/

FishBase References for Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, N.A.B.A.T., 2009. http://www.fishbase.org/References/ReferencesListTitles.php?Author=Khalaf-Sakerfalke%20von%20Jaffa,%20N.A.B.A.T.&Year=2009&FishBase=Yes Focus Magazine (April 2003). Focus Magazine‟s Coelacanth Confessions. Harun Yahya. http://www.harunyahya.com/en/NetCevap/147866/Focus-Magazines-Coelacanth-Confessions Forey, P. L. (1988). Golden Jubilee for the Coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae. Nature, 336: 727-732. Forey, Peter L. (1997/1998). History of the Coelacanth Fishes. London: Champan & Hall and the Natural History Museum. pp. 440. Gaudant, J. (1975). Intérêt paléoécologique de la découverte de Gobius aries (AG.) (Poisson téléostéen, Gobioidei) dans l‟Oligocène des bassins de Marseille et de Saint-Pierre-lès-Martigues (Bouches-du-Rhône). Geol Mediterran 2: 111–114. Gayet 1983. Name - Lates maliensis Gayet 1983. http://www.organismnames.com/namedetails.htm?lsid=689373 Gayet, M. and F.J. Meunier (2000). Rectification of the nomenclature of the genus name Ellisella Gayet & Meunier, 1991 (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes) in Humboldtichthys nom. nov. Cybium 24(1):104.

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Goldsmith, N. F., Tchernov, E., Ginsburg, L., Tassy, P., and Van Couvering, J. A. (1982). Ctenodactylid rodents in the Miocene Negev fauna of Israel. Nature, 296 (5858): 645-647. Goldsmith, Naomi F. & Yanai-Inbar, Ilana (1997). Coelacanthid in Israel‟s Early Miocene? Latimeria tests Schaeffer‟s theory. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Volume 17, Supplement to number 3, September 1997, p. 49A. Abstracts of Papers: Fifty-Seventh Annual Meeting, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Ramada Congress Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, October 8-11, 1997, Sponsored by the Field Museum. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Quastenflosser/message/99 Gombessa Coelacanth Expedition. http://www.saiab.ac.za/saiabnews/gombessa-coelacanth-expedition.htm Hartley, Melissa. The Bony Lung of the Coelacanth Macropoma.

http://bcrc.bio.umass.edu/ummnh/newsarchives/Hartley_report.pdf Holder, Mark T.; Mark V. Erdmann, Thomas P. Wilcox, Roy L. Caldwell, and David M. Hillis (1999). Two living species of coelacanths? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1999 October 26; 96(22): 12616–12620. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC23015/

The new Roundhead-Roundtail Lebanon Coelacanth fossil species † Macropoma libanus

Khalaf, 2015 from Lebanon. http://www.ebay.com/itm/LEBANON-LEBANESE-

ULTRA-RARE-COELACANTH-FISH-FOSSIL-LIBANON-LIBAN-/130975206209 &

https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/15844655783/

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Illustration from the previous page: Comparison of extant and selected extinct

actinistians, commonly known as coelacanths. A phylogeny of Actinistia; schematic

sketches of body outlines and approximate body length (given in metre) illustrate the

morphological diversity of extinct coelacanths: some had a short, round body

(Hadronector), some had a long, slender body (Rebellatrix), some were eel-like

(Holopterygius) whereas others resembled trout (Rhabdoderma), or even piranha

(Allenypterus). Note that the body shape of Latimeria chalumnae differs significantly

from that of its closest relative, Macropoma lewesiensis.

http://freethoughtblogs.com/pharyngula/2013/04/20/coelacanths-are-unexceptional-

products-of-evolution/

Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (Zoology, Second Year) (1982). Samak Al-Coelacanth (The Coelacanth Fish). Al-Biology Magazine. Number 2, February 1982, Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp.14-15. (In Arabic).

http://issuu.com/dr-normanalibassamkhalaf/docs/coelacanth_fish_al_biology_magazine

Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1987). The Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) in the Science and Natural History Museum, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 15. Fifth Year, July 1987, Thul Qi‟dah 1407 AH. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. pp. 1-8. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/coelacanthkuwait.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (2005). Der Komoren-Quastenflosser (Latimeria chalumnae) und der Manado-Quastenflosser (Latimeria menadoensis). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 38, Twenty Third Year. February 2005. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 1-8. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (Gründer) (seit Juni 2005). Der Quastenflosser: Coelacanth Latimeria Yahoo! Deutschland Group. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Quastenflosser/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Aquatica Arabica. An Aquatic Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 - 2005 / Aquatica Arabica. Eine Aquatische Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 - 2005. ISBN 3-00-014835-3. Erste Auflage / First Edition, August 2005: 376 Seiten / Pages. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/aquaticaarabica.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) in the Science and Natural History Museum, State of Kuwait. In : Aquatica Arabica. An Aquatic Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 - 2005 / Aquatica Arabica. Eine Aquatische Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 - 2005. ISBN 3-00-014835-3. Erste Auflage / First Edition, August 2005, pp. 110-117. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab

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Emirates. Khalaf, Dr. Norman Ali (Zoologist) (2011). A note on the Coelacanth of Kuwait. Readers‟ Letters, National Geographic Al Arabiya Magazine. April 2011, Volume 2, Number 7, pp. 8. (In Arabic). http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/10122383976/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). †

Coelacanthus sharjah Khalaf, 2013 : A New Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species from Sharjah Natural History and Botanical Museum, Sharjah, Emirate of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 - 6288. Number 106, October 2013, Thu Al Hijja 1434 AH. pp. 18–38. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/coelacanthussharjah.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Taxon Profile: Species Sharjah Coelacanth Coelacanthus sharjah Khalaf, 2013. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1068520/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Sharjah Coelacanth († Coelacanthus sharjah Khalaf, 2013). EOL. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/collections/95987/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). †

Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013 : A New Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species

from the Anthracothere Hill in Al-Naqab, Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 107, November 2013, Muharram 1435 AH. pp. 30-38. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/macropomoidespalaestina.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Taxon Profile: Species Palestine Coelacanth Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1075889/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Palestine Coelacanth († Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013). EOL. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/collections/97239 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). A Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) Model at the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig in Bonn, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 - 6288. Number 111, March 2014, Jumada Al Oula 1435 AH. pp. 1–9. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/coelacanthmuseumkoenig.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). The Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) at the Educational Science Museum, Kuwait City, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 - 6288. Number 112, April 2014, Jumada Al Akhera 1435 AH. pp. 1–10. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/coelacanthkuwait2013.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014).

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Coelacanth Fish Fossils † Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942 from Lebanon. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 - 6288. Number 113, May 2014, Rajab 1435 AH. pp. 1–26. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/macropomoidesorientalis.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). Fauna Palaestina – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN 978-9950-383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. pp. 456 (English part 378 pages and Arabic part 78 pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-part-1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). † Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013 : A New Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species from the Anthracothere Hill in Al-Naqab, Palestine. In: Fauna Palaestina – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN 978-9950-383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. pp. 126 - 138. Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015). †

Macropoma libanus Khalaf, 2015 : A New Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species from Lebanon. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 - 6288. Number 122, February 2015. pp. 12–27. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://animals-of-lebanon.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (February 2015). Taxon Profile: Species Roundhead-Roundtail Lebanon Coelacanth † Macropoma libanus Khalaf, 2014. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1141461/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (February 2015). Roundhead Roundtail Lebanon Coelacanth († Macropoma libanus Khalaf, 2015). EOL. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/collections/114210 Millot, J. and J. Anthony (1958). Anatomie de Latimeria chalumnae. Tome I. Squelette et Muscles et formations de soutien. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Paris (Tome 1):122pp+ill. Myers, P.Z . Coelacanths are unexceptional products of evolution. http://freethoughtblogs.com/pharyngula/2013/04/20/coelacanths-are-unexceptional-products-of-evolution/ Nulens, Rik; Lucy Scott , Marc Herbin (2011). An Updated Inventory of All Known Specimens of the Coelacanth, Latimeria Spp. Smithiana Special Publication 3. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. 52 pages. http://www.nhbs.com/an_updated_inventory_of_all_known_specimens_of_tefno_184079.html Pitman M.D., Sean D. (April 2012). The Fossil Record.

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http://www.detectingdesign.com/fossilrecord.html Pouyaud, Laurent; Wirjoatmodjo, Soetikno; Rachmatika, Ike; Tjakrawidjaja, Agus; Hadiaty, Renny; Hadie, Wartono (1999). Une nouvelle espèce de coelacanthe. Preuves génétiques et morphologiques. A new species of coelacanth. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences - Série III - Sciences de la vie / Life Sciences - 1999, 322, 261-267. www.elsevier.fr/html/news/cras3mars99/pouyaud.html http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/seymouria/conversations/topics/1810 Schaeffer, B. (1977). The dermal skeleton in fishes. in “Problems in Vertebrate Evolution,” S. M. Andrews, R. S. Miles and A. D. Walker, eds., Academic Press London. Smith, J.L.B. (1939). A surviving fish of the order Actinistia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 27: 47-50. Smith, J.L.B. (1940). A living coelacanthid fish from South Africa. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 28: 1-106. Smith, M.M. (1986). Latimeriidae. p. 152-153. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. The Coelacanth: More Living than Fossil. http://vertebrates.si.edu/fishes/coelacanth/coelacanth_wider.html Vorobjeva, E.I. and Obruchev, D.V. (1967). Subclass Sarcopterygii, pp. 480-498. In: Obruchev, D.V. (ed.). Fundamentals of Palaeontology, 11, Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations. Weinberg, Samantha (2001). A Fish Caught in Time: The Search for the

Coelacanth. New York: Harper Perennial Publishing. Wendruff, Andrew J. and Mark V.H. Wilson (2013). New Early Triassic coelacanth in the family Laugiidae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from the Sulphur Mountain Formation near Wapiti Lake, British Columbia, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci., September 2013, v.50:904-910. http://cjes.geoscienceworld.org/content/50/9/904.full Wenz, S. (1975). Un nouveau Coelacanthidé du Crétacé inférieur du Niger, remarques sur la fusion des os dermiques [A new coelacanth from the Lower Cretaceous of Niger, remarks on fusion of the dermal bones]. Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 1973. Problèmes actuels de Paléontologie (Évolution des Vertébrés). Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 218:175-190. http://fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?taxon_no=193977&action=basicTaxonInfo Wiki Project. Paleontology. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Paleontology Wikipedia. Coelacanth. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth Wikipedia. Comoro Islands. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoro_Islands Wikipedia. Indonesian Coelacanth. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_coelacanth Wikipidia. Macropoma. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macropoma

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Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 122 – February 2015

Wikipedia. Macropomoides. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macropomoides Wikipedia. West Indian Ocean Coelacanth. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_Ocean_coelacanth Woodward, A. S. (1942). Some new and little-known Upper Cretaceous Fishes from Mount Lebanon: The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (eleventh series), n. 56, p. 537-648. Yahya, Harun. Atlas of Creation – Volume 3 – Fossil Specimens of Marine Creatures 2 – Coelacanth from Lebanon. http://harunyahya.com/en/Books/4632/atlas-of-creation--/chapter/4495 Yahya, Harun. Coelacanth Fossils – Pictures of Fossils. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-pictures-of-fossils/

Classification of the Genus † Macropoma Agassiz, 1835. BioLib. Biological Library.

http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id450818/

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Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 122 – February 2015

Classification of the Roundhead-Roundtail Lebanon Coelacanth † Macropoma libanus

Khalaf, 2015. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1141461/