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Slide 2 By making proteins! DNA contains the instructions for which proteins to make *and complicated instructions on when to make them that we dont fully understand Slide 3 I.e. difference in pigments (hair, eye, skin etc.) I.e. difference in enzymes (make different amounts of molecules) I.e. difference in antibodies (some get sick more often or from different things) *A lot of differences are also due to more complicated gene expression Slide 4 Code for slightly different versions of the protein Probably arose through mistakes in DNA replication Makes a white protein in flowers Makes a purple protein in flowers Slide 5 DNA-> mRNA Like making a copy of the blueprint Kind of like DNA replication- complementary nucleotides are added- EXCEPT U is used instead of T Slide 6 DNA RNA Deoxyribose sugar A,C, G and T nucleotides Usually double stranded Stores the code (like the master blueprint) Ribose sugar A, C, G and U nucleotides Usually single stranded But can fold on itself Different types and functions mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Carries code, assembles proteins Slide 7 Slide 8 Each gene has a promoter Transcription factors help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter and begin transcription Slide 9 AGC TATAA CGACG T TAGCATCA T CGATAT T GCT GCAATCGTAGT DNA RNA polymerase GCUGCAAUCGUAGU mRNA Slide 10 DNA is not turned into RNA! An RNA molecule is made based of the DNA code! Slide 11 mRNA Protein in the ribosome Slide 12 Every 3 RNA nucleotides (letters) codes for 1 amino acid Called a codon Example: DNAATG GCA GAC RNAUAC CGU CUG ProteinTyr Arg Leu Slide 13 A tRNA molecule carries an amino acid tRNA nucleotides must be complementary to mRNA code Slide 14 Slide 15 Slide 16 Translation always begins at the Start Codon AUG and ends when a STOP codon is reached Ex. RNA GTCA AUG GCC CCA UGG Protein Met Ala - Pro Slide 17 Slide 18 Transcription DNA (gene) transcribed to make mRNA which carries code In Nucleus Translation mRNA code translated into a protein With help of tRNA in the ribosome