bio 9d: wednesday, 2.16.11 title: using dna to make proteins (day 1)

Bio 9D: Wednesday, 2.16.11Title: Using DNA to Make Proteins (Day 1)

Homework: Read pages 302-306 in the textbook. Take notes on:

Important vocab words How does the genetic code work? What are the steps of translation?

Silent Do Now: (in NB w/ title and date) How do DNA, RNA, and proteins all relate to each other? How is the function of RNA different from the function of DNA?

Today’s Objectives: Describe the major differences between DNA and RNA Explain the purpose of the three types of RNA Explain the steps of transcription

GENE EXPRESSION:USING DNA TO MAKE PROTEINS

PHA Biology 9Moretti and Dickson

A DAY IN THE LIFE OF THE CELL

Ribosome

s

: :B

l oo

d S

t re

am

: :

Cytoplasm

Vesicles

(“bubbles” that

transport

proteins)

Nucleus

DNA

(Holds genetic information)

RNA

(Copies genetic from DNA and carries it to the Ribosome to make

proteins)

Protein could go to membrane to be released into blood stream

Golgi

Apparatus

(Modifies and shapes the protein)Protein

being formed

at Ribosom

e

Cell

Mem

bran

e(transport

s and

packages

proteins)

E.R.

Released into blood

stream and used as

hormone or o

ther

bodily structu

re

ProteinRibosome

RNA

Overview: Using DNA to Make Proteins

DNA RNA Protein

Trait• Stays in the

nucleus• Copies itself

and gets passed on to new cells

• Holds instructions for making proteins

• Made in the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm

• Uses DNA instructions to make proteins

• Used as body structures (muscle, bone, skin, hair), enzymes, transporters, hormones, etc.

• Observable characteristic• “Who you are”

[Leave 4-5 lines of space above this, and write it big!]

Overview: Using DNA to Make Proteins

DNA RNA Protein

Trait

Transcription: The process of making RNA by copying DNA

Translation: The process of using info in RNA to make proteins

Objectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

Differences between DNA and RNA

Deoxyribose sugar

Double strand (forms a helix)

Bases: A, T, G, C

Ribose sugar Single strand (can

form different shapes)

U instead of T(A, U, G, C)

DNA RNA

Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

Base Pairing between DNA and RNA

DNA RNAA ------ UT ------ AC ------ GG ------ C


Transcription: Copying DNA into RNA

mRNA (the orange strand)

DNA (the red & green strands)


Overview: A DNA gene is copied into RNA Occurs in the nucleus

Steps: 1. RNA Polymerase separates (unzips)

DNA strands2. RNA Polymerase makes RNA by

matching complementary nucleotides with the DNA strand

3. mRNA leaves nucleus and DNA winds back up!

Final Result: mRNA copy of a gene

mRNA

Objectives for Class:• Describe

Transcription


Video link: 17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg

Are we now ready to make proteins? What do we need besides instructions?

Needed for making proteins: Amino acids (protein building-blocks) Ribosome (to connect the amino acids into

a protein chain)

Bio 9D: Thursday, 2.17.11Title: The Genetic Code

Homework: Finish the Decoding Worksheet if you don’t finish in class.

Silent Do Now: (NOT in notebook – on handout) Answer the questions on the half-page handout!

Today’s Objectives: Use a DNA sequence and transcribe it into an RNA

sequence Use the Genetic Code to translate RNA into a protein

Trade papers & correct your partner’s Do Now

1. mRNA’s job = carry a copy of DNA’s instructions to the ribosome to make a protein

2. Transcription = copying DNA into RNA3. RNA sequence: A U G C A U G C A4. Amino acid = monomer of proteins. You

put a lot of them in a chain to make a protein.

5. Codon = 3-letter word on mRNA. Each codon stands for one amino acid in the protein chain.

Today’s Agenda: Do Now Explanation of the Genetic Code

Follow along with the examples on the worksheet!

Decoding Worksheet

Reading The Genetic Code The letters in the wheel

are mRNA codons Start in the middle! This is the first letter in

the codon

Move to the middle ring (2nd letter in the codon)

Then go to the outer ring of letters (3rd letter in the codon)

Outermost ring = amino acids!

Reading The Genetic Code: ExamplesFollow along with the

examples in your packet!

Example 1: CAG

1st base = C 2nd base = A 3rd base = G

Therefore theamino acid is…

Glutamine!

Example 2: GUU

Valine

Reading The Genetic Code: Longer ExampleExample 3:

GCCAGCUAG Step 1: Break

it into 3-letter sections (codons)

GCC AGC UAG

Step 2: Decode each codon

GCC = Alanine

AGC = Serine UAG = STOP

(end of protein sequence)

1

2

3

Today’s Agenda: Do Now Explanation of the Genetic Code Decoding Worksheet: Work

quietly with your partner at your table to finish the rest of the packet

Finish it for HW if you don’t finish in class.

Bio 9D: Friday, 2.18.11Title: Using DNA to Make Proteins (continued)

Homework: Finish the Computer-Based Transcription & Translation Lab if you don’t finish in class.

Silent Do Now: (NOT in notebook – on handout) Get a lab handout Silently read the first two paragraphs In the space next to the Key Words, write a quick definition

of transcription and translation

Today’s Objectives: Use the Genetic Code to make a protein Analyze amino acid sequences to determine the shape of a

protein Analyze how changes in DNA (mutations) affect proteins

Computer Lab:Transcribe and Translate a Gene

Get a laptop Follow the instructions to complete the

lab Then complete Part 2 on a separate

sheet of paper

When most people are finished or during 2nd period, we will watch a video

Seats At Back TablesWork alone or with your partner but do not talk/wander across tables!

Carlheb Kayla

Jackson JoasDyaniCourtney

Rayoni CelesteHannahNicholas

Christine DavnysOwenWarren

Miguel MarceloLorreno

SamanthaNekeylaTrae Loveng

Bio 9D: Monday, 2.28.11Title: RNA and Translation

Homework: Two paragraphs on transcription and translation (in your notebook – see assignment sheet for details)

Silent Do Now: Get an assignment sheet and a Do Now sheet Get started on the Do Now, then use your notes

to help answer all the questions Today’s Objectives:

Explain the purpose of the three types of RNA Explain the steps of transcription and translation

Overview: A DNA gene is copied into RNA Occurs in the nucleus

Steps: 1. RNA Polymerase separates (unzips)

DNA strands2. RNA Polymerase makes RNA by

matching complementary nucleotides with the DNA strand

3. mRNA leaves nucleus and DNA winds back up!

Final Result: mRNA copy of a gene

mRNA


Transcription


Three Types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) -

Carries a copy of protein-making instructions to the ribosome

Every 3 letters is a codonthat stands for one amino acidto make the protein

Three Types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA) –

Carries amino acids to the ribosome

Contains anticodons that match up with mRNA codons to put amino acids in the correct order

Three Types of RNA: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) –

Part of the ribosome (helps bond amino acids together)

t RNA

mRNA

t RNA

Ribosom

e

Making Proteins at the Ribosome


Growing Protein

Anticodon

Codon

Amino Acid


Translation

Objectives for Class:• DescribeObjectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

mRNA strand

Growing protein chain

Ribosome

Transcription and Translation: Video


Transcription and Translation Video: 17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg

Translation Details Overview:

The gene sequence in mRNA is translated into a chain of amino acids that forms a protein

Occurs at the ribosome Steps:

1. mRNA enters the ribosome2. tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the

ribosome 3. tRNA anticodons match with mRNA

codons to put amino acids in the right order According to the Genetic Code

4. Ribosome connects the amino acids into a long chain

Final Result: A polypeptide (protein)

Transcription & Translation


Transcription

Translation

Homework: Two paragraphs on transcription and

translation See assignment sheet for details

Bio 9A/9D: Tuesday, 3.1.11Title: Genetic Mutations Day 1 – Types of Mutations

Homework: Finish up through Example #4 in the Genetic

Mutations packet

Do Now: (on the Genetic Mutations packet) Answer Preview Questions #1-3

Today’s Objective: Describe the major differences between

substitution and frame-shift mutations

Gene Mutations Activity: Part I Review

What is a Genetic Mutation? A change in the base-pair sequence of DNA

The three types of point mutations: substitution (switch one DNA nucleotide

for another) insertion (add an extra nucleotide into the

DNA sequence) deletion (leave out one nucleotide in the

DNA sequence)

Objectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Genetic Mutations Activity Complete Part II of the Genetic Mutations

packet (Examples #1-4) Finish for HW if you don’t finish in class Analysis Questions are not due tomorrow

but will be due later in the week – start them now if you have time!

Work quietly with ONE partner sitting near you (we will not have groups bigger than 2!)


Bio 9A/9D: Wednesday, 3.2.11Title: Genetic Mutations

Homework: Study for tomorrow’s QUIZ by answering the study guide

questions (see back of assignment sheet)

Silent Do Now: (in notebook w/ title & date) What is a genetic mutation? Based on the packet from yesterday, what is the

difference between a substitution mutation and a frame shift mutation?

What are two things that result in a frame shift? Today’s Objective:

Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Today’s Agenda (As a class) Review Examples #1-4 from

the Mutations packet (On your own) Answer the Analysis

Questions at the end of the Mutations packet

(On your own) Begin studying for tomorrow’s quiz by answering the study guide questions on the back of the assignment sheet – finish this for HW!

Genetic Mutations Activity – Substitution Mutations

Original DNA Sequence

Substitution

Substitution/ Silent Mutation

Changes the Amino Acid

Does not Change the Amino AcidObjectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Genetic Mutations Activity –Frame-Shift Mutations

Frame-Shift Mutations Original DNA Sequence

Frame-Shift: Deletion of nucleotide

Frame-Shift: Insertion/ Addition of nucleotide

Changes all Amino Acid after mutation

Changes all Amino Acid after mutation


Today’s Agenda (As a class) Review Examples #1-4 from

the Mutations packet (On your own) Answer the Analysis

Questions at the end of the Mutations packet

(On your own) Begin studying for tomorrow’s quiz by answering the study guide questions on the back of the assignment sheet – finish this for HW!

Bio 9A/9D: Thursday, 3.3.11Title: Quiz – Transcription, Translation, and Mutations

Homework: None

Do Now: Clear your desks and get ready to take the quiz… Start as soon as you get the quiz Stay silent and focus on your work.

If you finish early: Do the extra credit reading Today’s Objective:

Demonstrate your understanding of how the processes of transcription and translation create proteins from the genetic code on DNA

Bio 9A/9D: Friday, 3.4.11Title: Sickle Cell Anemia Lab Homework:

Write at least the first 3 sections of your Sickle Cell Lab Report

Silent Do Now: (in notebook w/ title & date) Do a brainstorm about sickle cell anemia:

Have you heard of this disease? If so, what do you know about it? What do you think you know?

What questions do you have about sickle cell anemia? What else comes to mind?

Today’s Objectives: Identify important pieces of background information about

sickle cell anemia Determine a procedure for analyzing DNA sequences to

determine the cause of sickle cell anemia

Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations

A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder Read through the Introduction to the lab. Watch 5 minute video on sickle cell disorder

PBS Evolution Library: A Mutation Story http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.

html In small groups brainstorm the Background

Information needed for this lab You should have 2 parts:

1. General genetics background info2. Info related to sickle cell anemia

Come back together as a class to brainstorm final listObjectives for Class:

• Brainstorm and organize the background information necessary to successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and how it is caused.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html

Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations

Background Information BrainstormSickle Cell Topics:

Genetics Topics:

Bio 9A/9D: Monday, 3.7.11Title: Sickle Cell Anemia Lab (Day 2) Homework:

Complete your Sickle Cell Anemia Lab Report Silent Do Now: (in notebook w/ title &

date) Today’s Objectives:

Identify important pieces of background information about sickle cell anemia

Determine a procedure for analyzing DNA sequences to determine the cause of sickle cell anemia

Valine:

Glutamic acid:

Individual Work Time… Two Options:

1. Type Analysis and Conclusion sections of lab report and revise your other sections

2. Guided peer review of Background Information section

Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic MutationsSecond Half of Double

Block

Objectives for Class:• Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how

DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia• Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report

Bio 9A: Tuesday, 3.8.11Title: Sickle Cell Lab Report – Peer Editing

Homework: Revise your lab report and have the final draft printed

and ready to turn in. Do Now:

Take out your lab report. On the top of the page, answer these questions:

What part of your lab report do you think is the best? What part needs the most improvement, or what

part do you have questions about? Today’s Objective:

Peer edit lab reports in order to make revisions and produce excellent final drafts!

Peer Editing20 minutes: Silently read and comment on your

partner’s lab report Fill out the rubric and the form on the

back

15 minutes: Meet w/ your partner Discuss comments and top 3 priorities

for revision

bio 9d: wednesday, 2.16.11 title: using dna to make proteins (day 1)

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