Расовые различия в интеллекте - Ричард Линн / 2010
DESCRIPTION
Расовые различия в интеллекте / Ричард Линн / 2010TRANSCRIPT
-
34" . . R4. .''R . . R4, ''4R4 4 6ro 4'' R"''R4,
, 1909 r. .
- vmakhankov
'
-
Race Differences in Intelligence
Evolutionary Analysis Richard Lynn
Washington Summit Publishers Augusta, GA
National Policy Institute Book 2006
-
PACOBblE
2010
-
87.3 59
Jl n: . . : . . JIIJI : . .
59 . . /. . . . -
.: , 2010. - 304 .
ISBN 5-98857-157-3 ISBN 1-593680-21- (WasWngton Summit Publishers, 20(6)
. . ,
-
................................................................... 9 , - ....................................... 10 1. .................................................................. 17
1. ....................................................................................................... 19 2. ...................................................................................... 20 3. (lQ) .............................................................................................. 21 4. ..................................................................................................................... 22 2. ........................................................................ 24
1. , ..................................................................... 24 2. ......................................................................................... 25 3. ..................................................................................................................... 27 4. .................................................................................... 29 5. ? ............................................................................................................ 30 3. ....................................................................................................... 35
1. .................................................................................... 36 2. ........................................................................................................ 41 3. - ............................................................................... 43 4. .......................................................................................................................... 44 5. ............................................................................. 45 4. ...................................................................................................... 47
1. .............................................................. .48 2. ...................................................................................... 54 3. ................................. 56 4. ......................................................... 57 5. ............................................................................................ 62 6. .................................................................................................. 66 7. .......................................................................................................... 67 8. ....................................... 68 9. .................................................................................................. 70 10. ..................................................................................................................... 73 11. ............................................................................ 76 12. - ............................................ 79 13. ................................................................ 81 14. .......................... 82 15. IQ .................................................................................. 86 5. .......................................................................................... 88
1. ............................................................................................................ 89 2. .......................................................................................................................... 92 3. ................................................................................................................................... 92 6. ............................................... 94
1. ................................................ 95 2. ............ 97 3. .................... 99 4. , , ............................................. 101 5. .................................................................. 103 6. ............................................................................ 105
-
6 t
7. ................. 106 8.
............................................................................................................. 107 9. .......................................................................................................... 108 7. - ................................................................ 111
1. - ................................................................... 111 2. - ................... 112 3. - .............................................................. 113 4. IQ - ............. 114 8. .................................................................. 115
1. ............................................................................... 116 2. ........................................................ 118 3. ........................................................................................................... 119 4. .................................................................................................. 121 5. ........................................................................................................................ 123 6. .......................................................... 124 7. .................................................................................................. 126 8. .......................................................................................................................... 128 9. ........................................................... 130
1. ..................................................................................... 131 2. ...................................................................... 132 3. ........................................................................ 133 4. .......................................................... 134 5.
................................................................................................................... 134 10. ........................................................................ 136
1. ............................................................................ 136 2. ...................................................... 144 3. - .......... 150 4. , .............................................. 152 5. ..................................................... 154 6. ..................................................................................................................... 155 7. .............................................................................................................. 156 8. ........................................................................................................................ 157 9. .............................................. 159 10. IQ ........................ 159 11. ...................................................................... 163
1. ........................................................................................ 163 2. .............................................................................................................. 166 3. ........................................................................................................................ 167 4. ....................................................................................................... 167 12. ......................................................... 169
1. ................................................ 170 2. .................................................. 171 3. ............................................................................................................ 172 4. .............................................................................................................. 173 5. ............................................................. 174 6. ................................................................................................ 174 7. ........................................................................................................................ 175 8. ....................................................................... 176 9. ............................................................... 178
-
7
13. ..................... 180 1. ............................................................. 180 2. IQ ................................................................................................. 183 3. IQ : ....................................................................... 184 4. IQ : ........................................................... 185 5. IQ : ................ 190 14.
........................................................................................................... 193 1. ............................................................................................................................... 194 2. ...................... 198 3. ..................................................................... 199 4. ......................................................................................................................... 200 5. ......................................... 202 6. - ....................................................................................... 206 15. ....................................... 208
1. ........................................................................... 208 2. ................................................................................................................. 210 3. .................................................................................................................................. 211 4. .............................................................................................................................. 212 5. ............................................................................................................... ' ............ 215 6. IQ , sapiens ............. 217 16. , , ................................... 219
1. ...................................................................................................................... 219 2. .................................................... 221 3. .................................................................................... 223 4. : , IQ ........................................... 225 5. ................................................................................... 226 6. ................................... 228 7. ............................................................. 230 8. IQ ........................................... 234 17. ............................................... 237
1. .......................................................................................................................... 238 2. .............................................................................................................................. 239 3. ................................................................. 240 4. - ..................................................................................... 246 5. ................................................................................. 247 6. .................................................................................................. 247 7. ........................................................................................................................... 251 8. .............................................................................................. 253 9. ........................................................................................................... 254 10. .................................................................................................... 256 11. ........................................................................................................................ 259
. ......................................................................... 260 .................................................................................... 263 ........................................................................................... 297
-
Sei il mio amor tutta la mia vita ( ) - . , , V
-
(. - . . )
! ,
. , , , , (, ),
. . , , ,
. . , , . , , .
, . ? ? ?
.
-
~onmu"", P~(~ " "~T~nn~T -np"(no.b"~ ~ PY((~OMY "~4~~"
( )
. . , , .
, .
, , . .
, , , , ,
. .
, , , .
.
, , , .
. , : , , -
-
11
, . , , : .
. , , ,
. , . , .
(1707-1778) , ,
. , , , . - , .
, , . - , .
, , , .
, , . . , ,
. , , , , .
-
12
. , .
- . ( 1930 .)
. . , . , , (IQ)
5 , . ,
, IQ . , , .
. ( 1994 .), ~5 , , .
. . (
-
13
. , . , , . , , ,
, . . ,
, , , : , .
500 , , .
( ) .
. , .
, . ,
.
- ( 2006 .)
. , ,
. .
,
20- . . , . , IQ.
(, ), . .
. , IQ
. , 1930- .,
-
14
m . , , , , .
, .
,
. 1660 .
. (John Bulwer; 1606--1656) ,
. (Thomas Willis; 1621-1675) . (John Ray; 1627-1705) . (Edward Tyson; 1650-1708) , ,
. (John Hunter; 1728-1793) , , . (Charles White; 1728-1813) . (Sir William Lawrence; 1783-1867) . ,
(James Cowles Prichard; 1786--1848) - .
(James Hunt; 1833-1869) , (Robert ; 1791-1862) ,
. .
, (Thomas nr Huxley; 1825-1895) ,
(Alfred Russel Walles; 1823-1913) . (John Beddoe; 1826--1911)
-
1S
, , . (Edward Burnett Taylor; 1832-1917)
) . (Sir Francis Galton; 1822-1911) -
. (Alfred Cort Haddon; 1855-1940) , . (Karl Pearson; 1857-1936) , , , . (Sir Arthur Keith; 1866-1955) , , . (Sir Grafton Elliot Smith; 1871-1937) .
(Wi11iam Halse Rivers Rivers; 1864-1922) ,
. (J ohn Randal Baker; 1900-1984) .
-
, , , . ,
, .
, , : , , ,
. , . . ,
-
16
, , , , , .
, . , .
, . , ,
. , , .
, ,
, .
. . . . . .
-
~'n.Q'n 1 ~.uI.w".t " "~M.tP.w".t ".uT.tdd~TI
1. 2.
. (IQ) 4.
. 1830- .
(Morton, 1849) , ,
, , , , , , . , . (Broca, 1861, . 304): , ,
, , . (Galton, 1869) . .
, , , , .
. 1905 . 1916 . (Terman, 1916).
. , .
,
. , (Shuey, 1966),
-
18
1965 ., (Osborne, McGurk, 1982), Shuey 1980 ., , (
-
19
IQ . -, 14 , . -, 15, 16 17 ,
100.000 . , 2.
1 .
, - , , .
, 1995 . , , . , , ,
- , , ,
, (Neisser, 1996, . 1). , .
, , , , .
, , - , , IQ, (Hernstein, Murray 1994), -
, . , , 52 . WaZZ Street Journal 1994 .:
- , , , , , , , , . , .
-
20
- , > , (Gottfredson, 1997, . 13).
, IQ ( ).
(Spearman, 1904), , , , , . , ,
. g . , , .
2.
, g , g. 1930- . (Thurstone, 1938)
, , , ,
, , , ( , ), . ,
, , ,
( ), - ( ), - ( g ).
(Hom, 1991), (ll, 1993), (McGrew, Flanagan, 1998). , : -
-
21
(), ( ), , , ( ), (), , , .
, (Neisser, 1996), (Jensen, 1998), (Mackintosh, 1998), (Deary, 2000)
. g, , , , (Jensen, 1998) g. g
, m , (. 88).
g , , ,
IQ ( ), g.
3. (10)
, , , IQ , ,
100 15 , IQ . IQ
, 3 ( 3.1), ,
,
. , , . , . IQ 100;
102, - 87,
92 (., , Jensen, Reynolds, 1982). , IQ ,
-
22
100, 2 , IQ 100 .
, - . - ,
. , , . , , .
, , IQ ,
, - , . IQ , , , ,
, , , , , (ll, 1993; Jensen, 1998).
.
4.
, 1920- . .
(Smith, 1942) , (Cattell, 1951).
(Flynn, 1984, 1987) . IQ ,
, , , .
. IQ 3 1930- 1990- .,
IQ 2 , 4 (F1ynn, 1984, 1998; Lynn, Pagliari, 1994). -
-
23
IQ 2 1938 ., , 1979 .,
(Lynn, Hampson, 1986; Flynn, 1987). IQ
3 1955 1968 ., ( (Harris, 1963) ,
(1970. 1950 . 1988 . (Richter, Griesel, Wortley, 1989).
IQ , . ,
, 3 IQ .
. , , (Neisser, 1998). ,
(Flynn, 1987), , , , . , (Greenfield, 1998), (Mackintosh, 1998)
(Williams, 1998) , , , , , , ,
. , , , ,
, . , , , , ,
(Lynn, 1990, 1998).
-
~'n.D'n 2 2~~~"~ " "I~~"~ P~(
1. , 2. 3. 4. 5. ?
, . , .
, , . : - , , , ,
,
. ,
. U.
1. ,
, , .
, . . , , , . ,
-
2S
, , , . , . ,
, . ,
. , ( - )
, , .
, . , , , . , ,
, . ,
. , , , , , .
, . ,
, , ). , . , ,
. , , .
2.
m , , .
, , . , )) (Darwin, 1868),
-
26
, , , .
. . ( satyrus verus),
, ( satyrus satyrus) , ( satyrus paniscus) , ( satyrus schweinfurthi) - .
, , . , . , . (Gorilla beringei),
, , (Gorilla gorilla) . .
, , , , , , ,
(Baker, 1974). .
, . , , . ,
. , , . , , , ,
- . . m
. , , . ,
. , m , .
, , , , - . , (Coren, 1994).
-
ll 27
3.
.
1758 . , Europaeus (), / ( ), Asiaticus () Americanus ( ). 1776 .
, . (), (), (), () (). ,
, , , , ,
( ), ,
. (Morton, 1849) - ,
.
. (Hirszfeld, Hirszfeld, 1919) ,
. , 41-48 , 28
, 10-20 34 . , .
- (Rh) (Boyd, 1950) - : (1) Rh cde cde; (2) Rh cde; (3) cde; (4) , cde (5) cde. ,
.
-
28
, (, Garn & Birdsell, 1950), ,
. : (1) , - ,
- , , , , ; (2) , , , (, , ) ; (3) -
, , , , ; (4) , , , ; (5) , , , , , ; (6) , , , (7) , Murrayian
- Carpentarian . (Baker, 1974)
, , -
, , .
1980- 1990- . (Nei, Roychoudhury, 1993), -, (Caval1i-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza, 1994) ( , , ). ,
, , ,
. , , , . 26 (Jensen, 1998),
, , . : (1) (
, , , ); (2) (, , , , , , ); (3) (, , , , ); (4)
-
29
- ( , , , , , ); (5) (
) (6) ( ).
-, (Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza, 1994) 120 42 . . ,
, . . : (l) ; (2) ; (3) ; (4) ; (5) ; (6) ; (7) ; (8) - ; (9) ; (10)
. , , , , , , . ., - -,
.
4.
, ,
, (), , , , , , , . , , . ,
. , - (Bodmer, Cavalli-Sforza, 1976). 2.1.
( ) . , - ,
,
3 (n.. .)
-
30
, . , , , : , , , .
2. {. (n) lO ,
0,4 0,3
0,3 0,5
2,0 1,1
- 1,2
2,2 1,1
- 0,9
1,9 1,5
1,9 0,9
5. ?
, ,
. , 1920- . :
, , , , ,
(Keith, 1922 . xviii).
, , , . (Montagu, 1945) : . ,
- , , , . , . :
-
31
, , .
, ,
( ), . , , - (. 6).
, . , , , .
, , , . 1962 . . . (Livingstone, 1962) :
m >, , , (. 279). -
. ,
- . , , , . , - , - . , , ,
. , . , , .
- (Bodmer, Cavalli-Sforza, 1976, . 698)
, . , , 75 , ,
. , 75- . , . - (lliSforza, Menozzi, Piazza, 1994, . 19). :
.
-
32
, , . , , ,
(. 167). , , , (
). , , - , ,
(Cava1li-Sforza, 2000, . 25). ,
, , .
. 2004 . , - .
, (Fish, 2002, . xii), -,
, . (Graves, 2002, . 2-5), ,
, , ,
, ,
. , , . , , , ,
, , , , . ,
, ( - ), . ,
. . , - , ,
( 2.1). (Graves, 2002, . 5) : , , -
-
). (Cohen, 2002, . 211) : , ).
. , 1985 ., , 59
(Lin Reynolds, 1996). , .
, -. n )),
. , (
-
34
, , .
:
. , , ,
. , . . , , 2001 ., 75 :
sapiens (Kaszycka, Strzalko, 2003). ,
.
-
1. 2.
. - 4. 5.
m . (Linnaeus, 1758) Europaeus.
- , . .
, . m -, (Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza, 1994), . , , , , ,
, . , (, Gam, Birdsell, 1950), (Coul, 1965) , :
, - ; , ; , , , ,
, , , ; , , ;
; , ; - . , , ,
, .
2'
-
36 1l1l
1.
IQ 3.1.
3.1. 1t IQ
N IQ njn ()
1 14 67 SPM 98 Moyles, Wolins, 1973
2 187 CF 101 Buj,1981 3 7-13 944 99 Goosens, 1952
4 10-16 920 CF 103 Goosens, 1952
5 247 CF 99 Buj,1981 6 1.405 CF 100 Buj, 1981 7 6-15 3.250 SPM 100 et al., 1998
8 215 CF 94 Buj,1981 9 11-17 1.456 CF 91 Lynn et al., 1998
10 13-16 299 SPM 90 Sorokin, 1954
11 363 CF 98 Buj,1981 12 5-11 832 96 et al., 1995 13 11 64 SPM 100 Persaud, 1972 14 5-11 628 SPM 97 Vejleskov, 1968 15 122 CF 99 Buj,1981 16 12-18 2.689 SPM 100 Lynn et al., 2002
17 7-11 1.835 SPM 98 Lynn et al., 2003
18 7 755 98 Kyostio, 1972
19 122 CF 99 Buj, 1981 20 6-9 618 97 Bourdier, 1964 21 6-11 328 102 Dague etal., 1964
22 1.320 CF 94 Buj,1981 23 6-16 1.120 WSC-3 98 Georgas et al., 2003
24 7-11 454 SPM 90 Kurth, 1969
25 5-7 563 99 Winkelman, 1972
-
l ,
No N IQ j ()
26 11-15 2.068 SPM 105 Raven, 1981 27 11-15 1.000 SPM 99 Raven, 1981
28 1.320 CF 107 Buj,1981 29 7 200 97 Guthke, AI-Zoubi, 1987 30 6-10 3.607 101 Raven et al., 1995
31 5-10 980 97 Raven et al., 1995
32 6-16 990 WlSC-3 99 Georgas et al., 2003
33 9-14 400 WlSC 88 Fatouros, 1972
34 6-12 227 97 Georgas, Georgas, 1972 35 220 CF 95 Buj, 1981 36 6-17 731 89 Petrogiannis et al., 1999 37 6-16 990 WlSC-3 92 Georgas et al., 2003
38 260 CF 98 Buj,1981 39 6-16 665 SPM 101 Find et al., 2003
40 6-13 3.088 SPM 87 Gill, Byt, 1973 41 75 CF 97 Buj,1981 42 6-12 1.361 SPM 93 , 1993 43 9-12 2.029 SPM 91 , 1993 44 11-16 2.432 SPM 103 Tesi, Young, 1962 45 1.380 CF 102 Buj,1981 46 8-12 259 90 Lynn, Kazlauskaite, 2002 47 6-16 381 WlSC-3 92 Geogas et al., 2003 48 5 134 97 Matinelli, Lynn, 2005
49 333 CF 107 Buj,1981 50 5-10 1.920 99 Raven etal, 1995 51 6-12 4.032 SPM 101 Raven et al., 1996 52 6-16 1.100 \SC-3 99 Georgas et al., 2003 53 333 CF 100 Buj,1981 54 835 CF 106 Buj,1981
-
8
N ' / () 55 6-15 4.006 SPM 92 Jawoowska, Szustowa, 1991 56 242 CF 101 Buj,1981 57 6-12 807 88 Simoes, 1989
58 6-10 300 94 Zahinic et al., 1974
59 14-15 432 SPM 97 Lynn, 2001
60 27-55 745 CF 96 Grigorenko, Stembeg, 2001 61 15 76 SPM 89 Moyles, Wolins, 1973 62 5-11 823 96 Raven et al., 1995
63 8-18 1.556 SPM 96 Raven et al., 2000
64 6-16 1.080 WSC-3 95 Geogas et al., 2003
65 848 CF 98 Buj,1981 66 6-9 854 97 Raven et al., 1995
67 11-18 3.271 102 Albalde Paz,C Mu oz, 1993 68 6-14 1.106 \'Ise 97 Skandinaviska, 1970
69 205 CF 104 BUj,1981 70 6-16 2.231 \SC-3 99 Geogas et al., 2003
71 163 CF 101 Buj,1981 I 72 6-10 200 101 Raven et al., 1995
I 73 9-15 246 SPM 104 Spiche, 1993
* ~ : .
IQ IQ ', 100 ( 15 ). , )
> (Buj, 1981) . l > m l (, SPM 4 ). . 61 89 , , : , . . , , m ceMei1
4 - (Coloured) ; SPM - ; - (Advanced)
-
39
(Moyles Wolins, 1973, . 372). IQ 87
88 , 107 .
, , - IQ, - 13 14 , . ,
, , , .
, , , , , , .
IQ , . OCHoBble .
, IQ -, . IQ : 94 , 92,5 ( ) , 90
, 89 , 92,5 ( ) . , -
, . . - -
- . , CXObI. -, (Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza, 1994) ,
- , , .
, (90 ) - - , , , 90 94 .
, IQ . IQ
-
40
99 IQ .
IQ , IQ . - IQ 90--92 . , , (97), (99)
(99). - , IQ 92 . - ,
, -. , IQ 97, , IQ , (Lynn, 1979, 1980). IQ - , IQ 101 88 , 94,5.
IQ , . 346, 1901-2003 . 1949
. ,
5 , m .
m , . (Du Bois, 1939, . 132-133),
.
, , . , 20
, IQ 70, , IQ 94 .
, , -, IQ
, IQ 96 , , IQ 98,5 . . ,
, ,
-, .
5 N1100 . . 9.12.1950 , (n.. .)
-
4'
2.
. , 3.2.
3.2. IQ No N IQ j ()
1 9-15 1.680 SPM 93 Rimoldi,1948
2 5-11 420 98 et al., 1998
3 9-13 35.000 OTIS 97 MClntyre, 1938
4 18 6.700 SPM 100 Craig, 1974
5 5-10 700 98 et al., 1995
6 9-10 735 SPM 95 Fernandez, 2001 7 7-12 313 SPM 97 et al., 1996
8 6-16 2.200 W1SC-3 100 Prifitera et al., 1998
9 21 178 3DW 99 8, 1996
10 13-16 50 W1SC-3 95 Ardila et al., 2000
11 7-10 155 SPM 98 Lynn et al., 2005
12 9-15 26.000 OlS 99 Redmond, Davies, 1940 13 9-17 3.108 SPM 101 Reid, Gilmore, 1989
14 8-9 1.692 W1SC-R 102 Fergusson, Horwood,1997 15 15 1.056 SPM 94 Owen, 1992
16 11 1.000 S8 100 Scottish Council, 1933 17 11 1.215 99 Scottish Council, 1949 18 14-18 10.000 DAT 101 Lynn et al., 1987
19 18-70 625 SPM 100 et al., 1996
20 16-80 332 WAIS-3 101 Wycherley, 8enjamin, 1998 21 4-14 2.097 PPV 103 Michael,2003
22 12-25 1.634 SPM 96 Risso, 1961
23 7 256 S8 100 Weyl, 1967, 1967
-
42
1 2 IQ 93 98 . 3 IQ 97 , . 4 IQ 100 , SPM ( IQ 102 , 5 , (Lynn, Irwing, 2004), 100). 5 IQ 98 . 6 IQ 95
. -. 7 IQ 97 , 7-12 . 8 IQ 100 , WISC-3 2.200 6-16 .
9 IQ 99 , .
, , IQ IQ (=320). 10 IQ 95
. 11 IQ 98 . 12 IQ 99 , 1930-
. 13 IQ 101 , . 14 IQ 102,
, . 15 IQ 94 16- .
16 21 IQ 99 103 ,
. IQ 100 , 20, W AIS-3
. 22 IQ 96 . 23 IQ 100
7- . IQ 99 , . ,
(, , , ), ,
IQ , . ,
IQ, .
-
43
. -
3.3.
3.3. -
N IQ /
1 745 106 Yates, Forbes, - 1967 1 - - 109 Raven et al., 1994
3 - 381 106 Yates, Forbes, 1967 4 - 2.072 103 Raven et al., 1994
5 - 1.316 101 Raven et al., 1994
6 30 SPM 105 Sonke, 2001
7 - 40 103 Poortinga, 1971
8 - 50 IOX 100 Poortinga, Foden,1975
9 - 197 Iox 100 Taytor, Radford,1986
10 136 SPM 103 Rushton, Skuy, 2000 11 86 SPM 106 Rushton et al., 2002
12 67 113 Rushton et al., 2003
13 - 106 Maity,1926
14 - 113 Maity,1926
15 300 108 Paul,1985
16 40 - 103 Osmon, Jackson, 2002
m , IQ 100 , 105 . ,
, IQ 10--20 .
-
44
4.
1 , IQ , . , ,
0,40 (Vernon; Wickett, Bazana, Stelmack, 2000). , , . , , (Jurgens, Aune, Pieper, 1990), 3.4 IQ.
3.4. ()
N ' njn 1 34 1.322 100
2 , 104 1.320 99
3 6 1.315 97
4 - 40 1.312 92
5 5 1.249 89
6 26 1.185 82
1 , IQ. 2, , , . 3
IQ . 4, IQ
. 5 IQ ,
( ). 6 IQ
( ). IQ , 6.
-
4S
5.
- , .
, ,
. . ,
, , ,
, . ,
0,80, 80 . , , 80 .
(Bouchard, 1993, . 58).
, , , , 0,75. ( ),
0,9 (Bouchard, 1993, . 49; Mackintosh, 1998). 0,83, .
, , , 0,88, - 0,51. , 0,9, 0,98
0,56 . (Falconer, 1960),
. 0,42, 0,84.
IQ , . (
-
46
0,04, 0,96. , ,
, , , . , 0,83 0,84, .
0,85, (J ensen, 1998, . 179).
, 0,42 4-6 0,55 6 20 (Bouchard, 1993, . 58; Jensen, 1998, . 179). , , . - , , 0,40--0,80. , , (Gottfredson, 1997, . 14) 52 ,
: 0,4 0,8, , , , IQ . , ,
. , 144 0,78, 0,87 (Lipovechaja, Kantonistowa, Chamaganova, 1978).
, , .
1990- . (Chorley et l., 1998). 6,
4 IQ .
-
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11. 12. - 13. 14. IQ
15. IQ
, .
- , , - 6, ,
; .
, (Linnaeus, 1758), (Blumenbach, 1776) (Cole, 1965).
, , , (Linnaeus, 1758),
- , ~ . -npu .
-
48
(lumenbach, 1776), , (, rn, Birdsell, 1950). -, (Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza, 1994) ,
, , -. , . : , ,
, . .
( 27 46 ) ( 34 14 ).
1.
(Galton, 1869) - .
, 10,425 IQ. , 79 IQ. , IQ .
4.1. , .
1 IQ 64 . 2 IQ 64 , 1951-1955 . 3-5 IQ 64 -,
-. 6, 7, 8, 9 10 64, 68, 62, 68 65 IQ -. 11 IQ 80 . IQ . , ,
- . IQ, ,
-
4.1.
N g Reas Vis 1 80 64 64 - -
-2 1.149 SPM 64 64 - -
I 3 - 1.596 SPM 64 64 - -4 - 17-29 320 SPM 64 64 - -5 - 8 73 SPM 73 - - -6 - 67 SPM 64 - - -7 - 10-15 222 SPM 68 68 - -8 - 8 47 62 - - -9 -~_ 7-12 95 68 - - -10 - 7-9 130 65 - - -11 225 CF 80 - - -12 15 1.693 62 62 - -13 5-14 50 63 - - -14 1.144 SPM 70 70 - -15 205 69 69 - -16 6-10 1.222 75 75 - -17 12-15 85 / 69 69 64 -18 7 118 76 76 - -19 7 537 89 89 - -20 6 184 63 - - -21 147 82 82 - -22 20 149 64 64 - -23 480 Leone 70 - - -24 86 SPM 64 64 - -25 6-13 375 69 69 - -26 - 122 64 64 - -27 - 33 64 64 - -28 10-14 293 65 - - -
Belioz, 1955
Latouche, Domeau, 1956
Latouche, Domeau, 1956 md et al., 1952 Nkaya et al., 1994 Vehagen, 1956
Laoche, 1959 Boivin, Giodani, 1993 Boivin et al., 1995 Giodani et al., 1996 Buj,1981 Glewwe, Jacoby, 1992 Nissen et al., 1935 Favege, Falmagne, 1962
Boissiee et al., 1985 Cosenbade, Ngary, 2000 Stenbeget al., 2001 Daleyetal., 2003 Daley et al., 2003 Holding et al., 2004 Raveau et al., 1976 Kendall,1976
Faon, 1966 Wobe, 1969
Fahmeie, 1975 Bery, 1966 Binnie-Dawson, 1984 PiCk,1929
I
"t1 1::>
')
~ Il
\)
~ 1::>
~ ;:: .r;: ;:: : '1> ;::
;: ;:!
~ \) ;>: ;:!
\)
...
~
-
N g Verb Vls ;:; 29 12-14 80 68 - - 68 Dent, 1937 30 6-13 1.726 DAM 70 - - 70 Hunkin, 1950 31 8-16 1.008 SPM 75 75 - - Notcutt, 1950 32 703 SPM 64 64 - - Notcutt, 1950 33 10-12 278 NVR 74 74 - - Uoyd, Pidgeon, 1961
4 140 WlSC-R 71 - 74 68 Avenant, 1988 35 5-13 415 DAM 77 - - 77 Richter et al., 1989 36 9 350 SPM 63 63 - - Lvnn, Holmshaw, 1990 37 16 1.096 SPM 63 63 - - Owen, 1992 38 15-16 1.093 JAT 68 58 58 69 Lynn, Owen, 1994 39 153 WAlS-R 69 - - - Nell,2000 40 16 26 SPM 68 - - - Sonke, 2000 41 14-17 152 WlSC-R 67 - 60 66 Skuyetal., 2001 42 17 100 WCST 64 - - - Skuyetal., 2001 43 8-10 806 67 - - - Jinabhai et al., 2004 44 7-16 291 69 - - Fahmy, 1964 45 6 80 DAM 64 - - 64 Badri,1965a 46 I 9 293 DAM 74 - - 74 Baclri,1965b 47 I 8-12 148 SPM 72 72 - - Ahmed,1989 48 13-17 2.959 SPM 78 78 - - Klingclhofer, 1967 49 179 65 65 - - Boissiere et al., 1985 50 11-13 458 WCST 72 - - - Sternberg et al., 2002 51 12 50 80 81 80 78 , 1969 I 52 11 2.019 73 73 - - , Jamison, 1980 53 13 759 SPM 77 77 - - MacArthur et al., 1964 54 152 SPM 64 - - - Pons, 1974 55 12-14 204 WlSC-R 61 - 66 62 Zindi,1994 56 12-14 204 SPM 70 70 - - Zindi, 1994 'i::I
=:'
-
S1
, . , ,
(Lynn, 1979, 1980). 12 IQ 62
. 13 14 IQ 63 70 . 15-20 IQ 69, 75, 69, 76, 89 63 . IQ 89 19 m 7- 1998 . , IQ 76 , 1984 . ( 18) IQ .
. , 16 IQ 75,
, 18 - IQ 76, . IQ ,
89 . , IQ 15 76 89 14- IQ . , , IQ,
, IQ 85 1920- ., , .
IQ 89 . IQ 63 , 20, 65 6- 61 , , IQ 4 .
21 IQ 82 . , - - ,
(Cole, 1965). . , ,
. IQ (82 ) IQ , 4.1, 89 19.
(65-70 )
- ( 87, . 7), IQ , - ,
-
S2
. IQ, , IQ , .
22 IQ 64 . , 3
. 23 IQ 70 , ( ), . (=179) IQ 81 . ,
(Farron, 1966, . 53).
, , . 24 25 IQ 64 69 .
26 27 IQ 64 -. 28 IQ 65 ,
, 1920- . 29--40 IQ 58 77 , . 34 IQ 71 , 9-12 . 35 IQ 77 ,
, , . 38 IQ 58
16- -, .
. 39 IQ 69 , , ... (Nell, 2000, . 27). 40 IQ 68
. 41 42 IQ 67 64 . . 43 IQ 67 - .
44 IQ 69 , , (. 164) . IQ : , ,
. 45,46 47 IQ 64, 74 73 .
48 IQ 78 , .
-
S3
, , , (Klingelhofer, 1967, . 207). IQ . , , IQ
78 , , IQ
65-72 . 49 50 IQ 65 72
, . 51 IQ 80 , (1969, . 182) -
. , IQ , . 52 IQ 73
. 53 54 IQ 77 64 . 55 56 IQ 61 70 , , .
IQ , , (. 3.1 3). IQ 67 , IQ
. IQ 82 , -
- , IQ 78 ( 48) 80 ( 51) , 89 ( 19), IQ 59-77 , IQ
87-105 . IQ . IQ , IQ
. IQ (Pick, 1929), IQ 65
. , 1990- ., IQ: 69 (Nell, 2000), 68 (Sonke, 2000),67 64 (Skuy ., 2001).
-
4
2.
~eB - . ' IQ ,
-
ss
(lox), IQ , 100 . 5 WAIS-R (
25 ) , , . IQ 78, IQ -73 , ,
IQ ,
. 6 IQ 100
. 7 IQ 77 . 8 IQ 83
. 9 IQ 82 .
, , . 10 IQ 81 - . 11 IQ 93 -
. 12 IQ 99 , 16
. , 6 , . 13 IQ 101 - ; ,
IQ 15 , . IQ , 1-5 7-9, 72-84 81. 6, 11, 12 13 IQ 100,93,99
1 1 - , m , , , , . , IQ 18- , , m 10 , (Mehryar, Shapurian, Bassiri, 1972). , , IQ 9 ,
(Heim, 1968). IQ 100 105,
-
-
S6
(. 3, 3.3). , , , 12- , IQ 72-84 . -
, , IQ 70 . , IQ 20 ,
IQ , .
, - , , IQ 72-84 . 10-12 - , .
.
IQ 4.3.
1 IQ 80 . , , IQ 83 68
(16,5 - 1968 . (. Galler, Ramsay, Solimano ., 1983. 2 IQ 70
, ( ) . . 3 IQ 64 . 4 IQ 71 . - . 5 IQ 67
3- . IQ , , IQ . 6--12 IQ , 60-75 67. 13 IQ 60 4- . -, 14 - IQ 70 . -.
71 IQ. , IQ , 67 -
-
57
. ,
. , 6,8 (, Marcini, Akey, 1998).
4.3. ~
N 9 Reas Verb Vis 1 9-15 207 VIIISC-R 80 - - - Caller et al., 1986 2 9 100 70 - - - Paine et al., 1992 3 88 SPM 64 - - - Paine et al., 1992 4 9-10 223 SPM 71 71 - - Fernandez, 2001
5 3 64 PPV 67 - 67 - Wein, Stevenson, 1972 6 11 1.730 72 - - - Manley, 1963 7 11 50 ,, 75 75 78 75 , 1969 8 5-12 71 VIIISC 60 - 70 56 Hertzig et al., 1972 9 10 128 CEF 75 - - 75 Bagleyetal., 1983
Grantham-10 15 31 VIIISC-R 67 - 67 - McGregor et al.,
1994 Grantham-
11 25 54 PPV 60 - 60 - McGregor et al., 1994 Simeon,
12 9-10 30 PPV 71 71 - Grantham-McGregor, 1989
13 o.Cekr- 4 60 PPV 62 - 62 - Murray, 1983
14 . r-r 8-11 174 71 71 - Durbrow et al., - 2002
, - . 4.1.
4.
. 4.4.
1 - ,
, IQ . 93.973 . 2
, 3 -
-
---
!! / () 1 1918 23.596 93.973 2 1944-45 -3 1964-65 - -4 1916-65 3-6 1.700 -5 1916-65 6-11 7.000 -6 1916-65 6-11 75.050 -7 1916-65 12-18 23.000 -8 1966-80 3-6 - -9 1966-80 6-11 100.000 -10 1966-80 12-18 16.000 -11 1966 24 7.300 5.733 12 1970 4 12.029 9.730 13 1974 7 19.968 18.474 14 1972 6-16 305 1.870 15 1977 16-74 7.270 16.134 16 1977 5-11 456 604 17 1978 16-74 192 1.664 18 1980 14-22 3.022 6.502 19 1981 2-12 311 1.450 20 1982 3-18 932 4.519 21 1984 12-23 210 1.303 22 1984 3 86 86 23 1985 37 502 3.535 24 1989 6-16 338 1.620 25 1991 11-93 241 1.547 26 1991 16-74 7.214 14.503 27 1991 6-16 711 776 28 1993 3 33 33 29 1993 70+ 833 5.122 30 1993 806 5.300 31 1998 2.113 8.751
9 Verb & 83 -AGCT 77 -AFQT 77 - 87 - 85 - 85 - 85 - 80 - 87 - 82 -
5 85 -5 87 -
Wl5C 87 -Wl5C-R 84 86
GA.E 81 86 Wl5C-R 85 87 WAl5-R 85 87 AFQT 82 -
93 -PPV 84 84
5-4 83 -58-L 86 - 83 -Wl5C-3 85 87
I 88 -GA. 81 -
Wl5C-R 85 -58-4 85 -5 85 - 90 90 86 86
Vls
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
85 84 86 86 -
-
-
88 -
-
86 -
-
85 -
-
-
-
lo.
Johnson, 1948 Loehlin et al., 1975 Loehlin et al., 1975 5huey, 1966 5huey, 1966 5huey, 1966 5huey, 1966 Osborne, McGurk, 1982 Osborne, McGurk, 1982 Osborne, McGurk, 1982
et al., 1975 et al., 1975 et al., 1975 Kaufman, Doppelt, 1976 Avolio, Waldman, 1994
, Lewis, 1984 Reynolds et al., 1987 Herrnstein, Murray, 1994 Kaufman, Kaufman, 1983 Dunn, 1988 Thorndike et al., 1986 Montie, PaQan, 1988 Nyborg, Jensen, 2000 Prifitera et al., 1998 Kaufman et al., 1994 Avolio, Waldman, 1994
et al., 1995 Peoples et al., 1995 Zsembik, Peek, 2001 Lynn, 2004 Raudenbush, Kasim, 1998
~ ~ .:
- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
-
S9
. , IQ (77 ), , IQ
(85 ). 4-7 , . 4 IQ 87, 17 . 5
IQ 85, 26 ,
-. 6 IQ 85 , 103
41 . 7 IQ 85 . 8, 9
10 - (Osbome, McGurk, 1982), , 1976--1980 . 8 IQ 80,
66 3-5 . 9 IQ 87, 126 , 10 - IQ 82, 17 .
11, 12 13 (Broman ., 1975) , -. 11 IQ 85 , , 12 13 - IQ 4 7 , 87 . 14 IQ 86 WISC-R. 15 IQ 81 , 86 84
( ). 16 IQ 85 , 87 86
. 17 IQ 85 , 87 86 ( WAIS-R). 18 IQ 82, AFQT. 19 IQ 93 K-. 20
IQ 85 . 21 IQ 83 , --4.
IQ 89 , ,
-
60
. 22 IQ 86 3-
--L. 23 IQ 83,
, . 24 IQ 85 WISC-3. 25 IQ 88
. 26 IQ 81 ( ). 27 IQ 85
WISC-R ( NHANES 111).
28 IQ 85 3,0 3,4 --4. 29 IQ 85 70 (. .,
). 30 IQ 90 , NORC 1990-96 . . ,
. 31 IQ 86 1992 ,
.
. -, IQ 85 , IQ .
83,5 , - 105 , 6.246.729
(Roth, Bevier, Bobko, Switzer, Tyler, 2001). , , , , ,
, . , , , - ,
. , IQ (88 ) m AIT . , ,
. IQ 92,5 .
-
61
-, 22 28, 85 3- .
, ,
IQ . 2- IQ 93 ( 19). , ,
(Lynn, 1998d; Rushton, 2000). IQ , 85 ,
22 28. -, IQ 85 IQ
, 67 . . , , , , . , 25 IQ ,
(Reed, 1969; Chakraborty, Kamboh, Nwanko and Ferrell, 1992). -, , IQ, IQ . IQ , , , , , . - (McGurk, 1953, 1953) , , -
, (Jensen, 1980) , - .
-, , IQ . , , 1980 . 1998 ., IQ 85 , . -
. IQ . (Reynolds, Chastain, Kaufman, McLean, 1987)
W AIS-R 1978 . IQ 86 16-19 , 85 20-34 35-54 , 86
-
62 1/1/
55-74 . ,
1974-1996 . (Lynn, 1998). , AIT ( ; Kaufman ., 1994) .
( 1980 1991 .) IQ m (83 ), ( 1921 ) - 88 .
5.
. ,
. IQ 1960- . 4.5.
1 IQ 88 . -, IQ
. , . 2 IQ 82 ,
(Vernon, 1969, . 169) , 1960- . 3 88 IQ 82
- - , . , IQ
, -. , IQ m 95. 4 IQ 89 . 5 IQ 86
. 6 IQ 104 9 , - , m . IQ - ,
; - IQ 110 (n=15), 104 (n=36). , , -
-
4.5.
!! N Reas Verb Vis bI njn 9
1 10 71 SB 88 88 - - Houghton, 1966 2 11 476 VA 82 82 - - ILEA,1967
3 12-15 174 SP;H 88 88 82 - Bhatnagar, 1970
4 5-15 61 WSC 89 - 92 88 McFie, Thomp-son, 1970 5 11 394 EPV 86 - 86 - Halsey, 1972 6 4-5 9 W'PSI 104 - - - Tizard, 1972 7 5-10 548 EPV 86 86 - , 1974 8 10 143 NV5 73 73 - - Yule et al., 1975 9 10 201 NV5 82 82 - - Yule et al., 1975 10 5-10 548 EPV 86 - 86 - Little, 1975
11 10 66 VA 85 85 - - Black Peoples, 1978 12 7 139 EPV 78 - 78 - Phillips, 1979 13 15 12.530 86 - 86 - , 1981 14 12 149 85 - 85 - Pumfrey, 1983
15 8-12 205 NFEA 87 87 Scarr et al., - - 1983
16 10 88 CEF 90 - - 90 Bagley et al., 1983
17 4 106 VllPPSI 87 87 BJarchford et - -al., 19S5 Mackintosh,
18 11 74 NFEA 89 89 90 - Mascie-Taylor, 1985 Mackintosh,
19 10 125 NFEA 94 94 92 - Mascie-Taylor, 1985
20 14 250 NFEA 88 88 - - Maugham, Autter, 1986 21 7-15 88 92 92 94 - West et al., 1992 22 65-75 248 MMSE 89 Stewart et al. , - - - 2002
, . , m , IQ I , , ]
, , , . . :
, , ,
-
64 !
, , . (=9), .
7 IQ 86 . 8 9 IQ 73 , , 82 . IQ 73 71 - . 10 IQ 86 -,
. 11 IQ 85 ; IQ , , , IQ 91 . , , , . 12 IQ 78
, 7 , .
13 IQ 86 , (=12.530) 15-
. 14 IQ 85 , -
851 , . 15 IQ 86 -
; , , IQ 96 . , , , IQ. 16 IQ 90 - . 17 IQ 87 4- -.
18 IQ 89 , 1958 . 4 ; (=39), 4 , IQ 83 . , IQ
6 . , ,
- , -
7 (npu.. .)
-
65
. , - ,
, . 19 IQ 92 , 1970 . IQ , IQ
, , , IQ 1960-
1980- ., . 20 IQ 88 ,
. 21 IQ 92 . IQ , , , , , - ,
. . , IQ . , IQ 95
, , , IQ 87 ,
, . 22 IQ 89 65-75- , 1996-98 .
(=5.379). . -, IQ 86 ,
, 85 . IQ 67 71 , . -, IQ
. , 7 8 (Yule, Berger, Rutter, Yule, 1975). , IQ , -, 73 82 ,
, IQ 9 . -
-
66
(Macintosh, Mascie-Taylor, 1985), 18. IQ , 4 , 89 ,
4 (n=39) IQ 83 , , 6 . ,
7-8 . , ,
, , . , - ,
; . - (Yule ., 1975), , -, ,
; 0.67 d ( ). -, IQ 4- -, 17,
(87 ), , . , -
, , .
, IQ .
6.
- , .
4.6. 1 IQ 86 . . 35 - , 10 , 33 , 16 3
. IQ 86 - , - , -
-
67
4.6.
N2 N Reas Vis bl njn 9
1 110 GALO 86 - - - DeJong, van Batenburg, 1984 2 123 RAIT 84 - - - Resing et al., 1986 3 77 AAlT 88 - - - Resing et al., 1986 4 138 - 85 - - - DeJong, 1988 5 11 404 CITO 83 83 88 - Pieke, 1988 6 535 1 85 85 85 85 Nijenhuis, 1997 7 129 GA1E 85 85 80 86 Nijenhuis, 1997
, , IQ IQ (67) - (100), , , IQ m 82 (.
6). 2 IQ 84 .
3 IQ 88 . IQ
, 2. , ,
IQ, . 4 IQ 85
. . 5 IQ 83 . 6 IQ 85 . 7 IQ 85 , 85
- . IQ, ,
. 85 - , .
7.
- . (Kaniel, Fishnn, 1991) 15- (n=250) . :
-
68 l
m . m ecr .
. , , , , . m (. 28).
. (Lynn, 1994). 27, 1979 . IQ 65
. 1989 ., IQ , , 1979 1989 . 2 . , , IQ 63.
(Kozulin, 1998). 14-
16- , -,
. IQ 65 . , IQ .
8.
g ( ), ,
. .
(Digit Span), , ( Digit Span) ( Digit Span). (Coding) (Digit Symbol)
, . ,
. 4.7.
1 IQ 75 76 10-12- (=1.123) (=1.489)
-
69
4.7.
N!! AR VR Verb Vis STM PS / 1 75 - 76 90 102 Jensen, Rohwer, 1970 2 - - 85 85 94 - Jensen, Figueroa, 1975 3 89 - 86 90 94 - Humphreys, 1988 4 - - - - 94 - Sijtsma, Resing, 1991 5 - - 82 78 90 - Krameretal., 1995 6 - - - - 94 - Verive, McDaniel, 1996 7 58 63 58 69 79 69 Lynn, Owen, 1994 8 . 67 - - - 79 - Sternberg et al., 1997
: AR - ; VR - ; Verb - ; Vis - ; STM -
; PS - .
, -;
(IQ=90, Digit Span) , , (lQ= 1 02). : , ,
, , (Jensen, Rohwer, 1970,
. 60). 2 IQ 85 WISC-R, 622 5-11- 669 , IQ 94
Digit Span (IQ=96) Digit Span (IQ=92). 3 IQ 12-18 ,
; IQ (94 ) IQ (89 ). 4 IQ 94 5-9- (=183) ;
, , . 5 IQ 6-16 (=711) (=776) 82 , 78
90 , Digit Span. 6 IQ 94 , -
-
70
31 . 7 . 1.093 1.056 16- ,
(AR), (VR), (Verb), (Vis),
(STM) (PS); , 68 . , IQ (79
) (69 ) (58 ) (63 ),
. ,
. 8 IQ 79 196 10- 67 -
, 4.3. (Jensen, 1998) , - g . ,
g, . ,
(Rushton, 2003), (Dolan, Hamaker, 2001).
9.
, .
, , , , , (Lewis, 1990, . 94). , , , , IQ, .
, ( ,
; , -
-
71
, , ); ( ; ,
, ); ( ) ( , ). , , (Lynn, Wilson, Gault, 1986). 1 - (n=217)
, , ( , ,
). ( g). 0,45
() 0,59 (). , g. 93 9-11- ( , ) , g. : 0,27; 0,40 0,37, . ,
. (ll, 1993). 4.8. (MQ) (RQ)
N!! N RQ njn {] 1 . 11-20 3.500 90 106 Johnson, 1928 2 . 18-20 288 88 102 Peterson, Lanier, 1929 3 . 13-14 85 83 96 Da~ns,Snyder, 1977 4 . - 5-8 167 89 104 Gordon, 1980 5 . 18 272 86 100 Sung, Dawis, 1981
, ,
, (Brody, 1992) (Mackintosh, 1998)
, , (Loehlin, Lindzey, Spuhler, 1975) (Jensen, 1980, 1998).
: ,
-
72
, . , ,
(MQ), (RQ).
4.8. 1 , . MQ (
) 90 RQ ( ) 106 . 2 272
288 , , , ( , , , (consonance) ), RQ ( ) - 102
. 3 , , MQ 83 RQ 96
. 4 5-8 -: MQ 89 RQ 104 . 5 18-
( , -), MQ 86 ( ) RQ 100 .
(n=541), . , IQ IQ - 15 . -,
1920- 1970- ., . , . ,
. , ,
, . , . , (Vandenberg. 1962), ), 33 43 , 0,52 ( ). ,
-
73
.
, , . - ,
, .
10.
, , . , , . - , , .
, (Jensen, 1998) (Deary, 2000), , ,
0,2 0,3. (Jensen, 1998),
. , . , , . ,
, , ,
. - (Jensen, 1993) , (Lynn, Holmshaw, 1990) (Sonke, 2000) . 585 235 1 - , 11 IQ. 350
239 9- , 37 IQ.
, .
. : (SR ),
-
74 1l1t
, (CR ), , (OMR ),
. :
( ), (, ) (SD) . 4.9.
4.9. IQ,
w
d d
SRT 0,053 -0,003 0,11* -0,40*
SMT 0,042 0,114 0,15* 0,01
SR:SD 0,174* -0,167* 0,09 -1,17*
S:SD 0,114* -0,097 0,10* -0,60*
CRT 0,116* 0,053 0,14* -0,12
0,072 0,063 0,20* 0,47*
CR:SD 0,132* -0,086 0,02 -1,50*
C:SD 0,072 0,063 0,16* -0,62*
OMR 0,203* -0,189* 0,09 -0,38*
0,090 -0,057 0,21* 0,49*
OMR:SD 0,203* -0,258* 0,07 -0,49
OMIO:SD 0,187* 0,009 0,15* -0,18*
* =
1 . 2 IQ, ( d - ); . 4 5 . IQ
, 16 24 ( ), . , 1, 5 9, , , CRT . -
-
7S
, , .
, , .
, . , - , . ,
m . , O,67d IQ 2,5d.
, - ,
. 50
(Deary, 2000), . m , 6-10 - m IQ (Vitti ., 1992). - (leichrodt ., 1987).
(Sonke, 2000) : 26 16-
, 29 30 - .
( ) , (3) , .
. 4.10.
4.10.
1 IQ 68 82 105 2 R-S 420 400 350 3 - 1.950 1.650 1.220 4 EEG 534 526 506
-
76
1 . 2 (R -S),
, ) - . 3 (R -), . 4 1 (EEG), , - . .
. -, IQ 68 ,
. -, - IQ (82 ),
IQ . -,
, , . -,
- , , , . -, (0,213)
, . , -, . ,
, IQ .
11.
, , , , 4.11.
( m , , , (
., 1980)). , . ,
. , -
-
77
, . , . , .
, . 4.11 .
4.11. ()
N
/ n N N
1 52 1.401 29 1.360 41 Morton, 1849
2 1,840 1.364 880 1.314 50 Simmons, 1942
3 - 1.427 - 1.363 64 Tobias, 1970
4 811 1.370 450 1.267 103 Hoetal,1980
5 - 1.369 1.283 86 Smith, Beals, 1990
6 - 1.476 - 1.416 60 Groves, 1991
7 2.871 1.380 2.676 1.359 21 Rushton, 1992
8 - 1.320 - 1.211 109 Rushton, 2000
, , . 1
, , (Morton, 1849), , . (Gould, 1996), , ,
. . ,
. 413 . , ,
. , (52 29 ) .
-
78
2 , , 503
3 , , , , - , . 4 ,
, , , - 1 033 5
, 20 , .
6 , (Groves, 1991) 36 , , . ,
, . 7 , . . ( 4), : 1.359 3 1.267 3 ,
, IQ 81 (Nyborg Jensen, 2000). (Flynn, 1980), -
IQ 3,4 30 , IQ 91,5. IQ , ,
- , . 8
;
, (Jurgens, , Pieper, 1990) (Rushton, 2000, . 124), 1 093 , , . , ,
, ( ., 1980), (Reals ., 1984) .
-
79
, (Broman ., 1987) . 17 .
19 . 7 . 7
15 IQ. , , 50,9 (. . 1,6) 51,7 (. . 1,6)
. , 0,8 (Brandt, 1978).
(R ushton, 1997) 1.134 1.150 . , , , . , , ,
.
12. -
- . ,
IQ .
, - 4.12.
1 , , , )), . 2 (Eyferth, 1961), , IQ
- 94 100 . IQ - 96,5, 94,
IQ . 3 ,
, - . IQ (83 )
(100 ) (65 ). 4 ,
-
80
4.12. , -n
N2 / N IQ N IQ N IQ
1 10 SPM 735 95 718 81 223 71 Fernandez, 2001
2 5-13 WlSC 1.099 100 170 94 - - Eyferth,1961
3 10-12 10.000 100 6.196 83 293 65 Pick,1929
4 13 GSAT 746 100 815 86 - - Claassen, 1990
5 15 SPM 1.056 100 778 80 1.093 74 Owen, 1992
6 17 \I\IISC-R 16 102 55 94 17 85 Weinberg et al., 1992 7 - 100 284 91 176 87 Codwell, 1947
8 1.245 100 304 92 146 85 Lynn, 2002
9 10.315 100 116 97 4.271 89 Rowe, 2002
IQ 86 100 . , IQ 86 , . 5 , IQ 80 .
6-9 . 6 ; IQ . , ,
,
. 7 , , IQ ( , - Loehlin, Lindzey, Spuhler, 1975). 8 . , , , IQ 92 -
. 9 , IQ 97 .
-
81
13.
. (Mz) (Dz).
4.13. ,
(Mz) (Dz) , , , Mz Dz, , , 0,9.
4.13. . .
N!! Mz-N Dz-N R h2 c-h2 njn () r
1 4 60 0.77 84 0,52 0,50 0,56 Loehlin et al., 1975
2 15 76 0,80 47 0,34 0,92 1,00 Osborne, 1980
3 10-15 65 0,63 95 0,36 0,54 0,60 Sc, 1981
1 , (Loeh1in, Lindzey, Spuh1er, 1975), . . 4- , -. 0,56 - ,
. 2 (Osborne, 1980, . 72) ,
; 1,00. 3 (Scarr, 1981, . 282), 0,60. 0,72, (2 ), 4- .
, (. 3).
-
82
14.
IQ , .
, . :
1. IQ , , - IQ
. (Flynn, 1980), (Mackintosh, 1998), (Nisbett, 1998), (Fish, 2002), (Brody, 2003) .
2. IQ . , (Loehlin, Lindzey, SpuhIer, 1975), (rn, 1979), ,
(Waldman, Weinberg, Scarr, 1994, . 31), , IQ , .
3. IQ . (Garrett, 1945, 1961); (McGurk,
1953, 1953), , -
IQ 7,5 , ; (Kuttner, 1962), ,
; (Shuey, 1966), IQ ( 1916 1965 .); (Osborne, McGurk, 1982), , 196&-1980 ., (Jensen, 1969, 1974, 1980, 1998),
, IQ . ,
, (Shockley, 1969), (Eysenck, 1971), (Baker, 1974),
-
83
(Levin, 1997), (Rushton, 2003) (Lynn, 1994, 2001). .
-, 100.000 (Mellars, Stringer, 1989; Caval1i-Sforza, 2000).
, , .
, , , , . , ,
,
.
-, , IQ , . IQ ,
, IQ, . ,
, .
-, , ,
, , , , .
-, ,
( 0,9) ( 0,4).
-, , IQ . , , , IQ , , , (Weinberg, Scarr, Wa1dman, 1992, . 41) IQ - ,
-
84
( , . 40). (MacIntosh, 1998, . 152)
, IQ , , , , , IQ , ,
, . , IQ . , ,
, , , IQ 67 .
, , , 108, (Lynn, 2004), .
IQ 1930- ., (Storfer, 1990), (MacDonald, 1994) (Herrnstein, Murray, 1994), ,
(F1ynn, 1980), (Brody, 1992,2003), (Neisser, 1996), (MacIntosh, 1998), (] encks, Phillips, 1998), (Nisbett, 1998), (Montagu, 1999) (Fish, 2002).
-, , , (Waldman, S, Weinberg, 1994), , IQ, . , - ,
. , 17 IQ 89 , 98 106 .
, 17 IQ , . , IQ 89 , ,
, . IQ 98 , , .
(Levin, 1994)
-
85
(Lynn, 1994), , (Waldman, Weinberg, Scarr, 1994, . 43), , , , ,
, . , , .
, IQ , ,
, , , .
, , , , (. 13, 7).
, , , , , , .
, , , .
, , , , , , IQ : , ,
(. 31). , , , IQ , (J ensen, 1969), , ,
IQ . , ,
, - , , , .
, , . , ,
-
86
IQ 17 .
15. 10
IQ 67 , 4.1,
, . IQ . IQ - IQ, ,
. , 14 , IQ
17 , . , IQ
. - IQ 17 , , -- 15 ,
, 4.4, 17 , , .
, IQ 15 , . , IQ , 80 ,
. , IQ 85 , ,
IQ 85 . , . 25 (Reed, 1971) . (Chakraborty ., 1992). , IQ 80, IQ 0,2 IQ . , IQ 85 (80 + 25 0,2 = 85),
, 4.4. - .
, 6 (Workman,
-
87
1968), 11 (Reed, 1969). IQ 1,2 2,2 , IQ 81,2 82,2.
1.800 - (Kennedy, der Reit, White, 1963), IQ 80,7 - 1960 .
50- IQ 90 (80 + {50 0,2 = 10} = 90). IQ
, 50 . 75
IQ 15 95 (80 + {75 0,2 = 15} = 95), 94 - . 100 IQ 100 .
IQ 80 , IQ, ,
, , 80 . IQ 67
. , , IQ
13 .
-
~~.Q~ ~ .t~~ .t
1. 2.
.
, , , , , (, Garn, Birdsell, 1950). -,
(Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza, 1994) , , .
m sapiens . 100.000
. (Border Cave, ), 100.000 . , (Beaumont, deVilliers, Vogel, 1978).
, . 500 . ()
, , .
, . , , .
, , (Cole, 1965).
, 50 .
-
89
. - , 24 . (l, 1965), .
, -. , ,
, . , , , , . ,
, . ,
. - , . ,
, .
, , , , .
. - . , ,
. . , , 3 .
.
1.
. 1930- . 25 (porteus, 1937),
. ,
-
90
, IQ 48 . 197 , 10 , 62 IQ. (Reuning, 1972)
108 159 , , . ,
(Reuning, 1968, . 469).
15 IQ, , IQ 67 (. 4), IQ 52 .
, . (DAM),
. , , , . ,
, , . (Reuning, 1968, . 476),
, -, 76 . ... , ... - , , . .... .
(, ,
, . .)>>. .
, , , , , . .
: , :
, () (1968, . 479). , -
-
91
(g) , .
- . ,
, . , , . , , , , . , ,
, 8.000
. IQ, , 48, 62 52 , 54 . , IQ 54
- , , , ? IQ 54 . ,
. , .
, . 54
8- , 8- , ,
, . 8- , ,
.
8- . , , ,
,
, . 35 75 . 35
-
92 !
, IQ 75
.
, .
, 4- , IQ 40 , . , IQ 54 IQ 35 75 - , .
2.
1.250 3 (Drennan, 1937) - 1.270 3 (Smith, Beals, 1990). -,
1.282 3 , , . IQ 67 54 , . , 100.000 , . m ,
, .
.
, , .
,
-
93
100 200 . - , - , 30 60 . .
. 1,4 . , , , , - - 1. -. 30
. . (Cheung, 2003) , .
. (Woodworth, 1910)
. . , , , ,
, . , , -, , -. -
, - . -,
, > -, (Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza, 1994, . 178). , -, . - , , . , .
-
~'n.Q'n ItOP".ul~ ~ 12"" " (U~~ I"I"
1.
2. .
4. , ,
5.
6. 7.
8.
9.
- - , , , , , , . , , (, Gam, Birdsel, 1950),
, . -, (Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza, 1994)
, , . .
-
1.
95
6.1. (g), .
, 78 88 82.
84, 83, 89 80 IQ , . 18 19 IQ 87 .
20 IQ , WISC-R (IQ
90-97 9). 21 IQ 84 , . 22 IQ 86 ,
. 23 IQ 82 . 24 IQ 78 , 34
, . 25 IQ 84 .
707 , . 26 IQ 84 9 ,
. 27 IQ 78 , 28 - IQ 79 -. 29 IQ 83 .
IQ 84, 90 96 . 33 IQ 85 , 6-11- .
34 37 IQ . 34 IQ 84, , . 35, 36 37 IQ 77, 81 83 . IQ
-
96 NN
6.1. IQ , , , N2 N / 9 1 5-11 1.339 88 Gupta, Gupta, 1966 2 14-17 1.359 SPM 87 Chopa, 1966 3 12-14 5.607 81 Sinha, 1968 4 5-10 1.050 82 , Reddy, 1968 5 15 3.536 SPM 84 Majumda, Nundi, 1971 6 10-16 180 SPM 79 Mohanty, Babu, 1983 7 13 100 SPM 78 Agawal et al., 1984 8 9-12 748 \I\IISC-R 79 Afzal,1988 9 5-12 500 86 Bhogle, Pakash, 1992 10 11-15 569 SPM 82 Raven et al, 1996 11 7-11 828 80 Banabus et al., 1995 12 7-15 8.040 SPM 88 Raven et al., 2000 13 11-15 569 SPM 81 Raven etal., 2000 14 15 627 SPM 84 Valentine, 1959 15 14 250 4 83 Mehrya et al., 1972 16 6-11 1.600 BG 89 Yousefi et al., 1992 17 6-10 1.195 80 Mehrye et al., 1987 18 14-17 204 SPM 87 Abul-Hubb, 1972 19 18-35 1.185 SPM 87 Abul-Hubb, 1972 20 - 6-16 639 \I\IISC-R 86 LiebIich, Kugelmas, 1981 21 6-12 210 84 EI-Mneizel, 1987 22 6-15 6.529 SPM 86 Abdel-Khalek, Lynn, 2005 23 5-10 502 82 Dennis, 1957 24 4-16 807 78 Sundbeg, Ballinge, 1968 25 15 349 GEF 84 Alvi etal., 1986 26 6-8 140 SPM 84 Rahman et al., 2002 27 10-13 273 SPM 78 Bat et al., 1987 28 - 8 46 79 Stauss, 1954 29 7 241 83 Guthke, AI-Zoubi, 1987 30 11-12 92 48 84 Kagitcibasi, 1972 31 6-15 2.272 SPM 90 Sahin, Duzen, 1994 32 7-9 180 96 Ucman, 1972 33 6-11 1.000 85 AI-Heeti et al., 1997 34 90 SPM 84 Raveau etal., 1976 35 6-10 206 77 Dennis, 1957 36 12-15 111 CCF 81 Sadek, 1972 37 6-12 129 SPM 83 Ahmed,1989
-
97
. , IQ 77 89 . IQ
, 84 , IQ . IQ 90 ,
, . , .
- , -
, , -,
(Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza, 1994) 3.
2.
IQ 6.2.
6.2. IQ No N Reas Verb Viz a / () 9 1 . 11 43 VR 87 87 - - ILEA,1967 2 . 9-10 173 93 93 93 - Dickenson et al, 1975 3 . 10 149 VR 91 91 - Black Peoples, 1978 4 . 11 173 NFER 94 94 - - Scarr et al., 1983 5 . 11 32 NFER 89 89 - - Scarr et al., 1983 6 . 11 37 NFER 83 83 82 - Mackintosh et al., 1985 7 . 11 25 NFER 97 97 99 - Mackintosh etal., 1985 8 . 10 91 BAS 93 93 88 - Mackintosh et al, 1985 9 . 10 170 BAS 96 96 90 - Mackintosh etal., 1985 10 . 7-15 560 88 88 82 - West et al., 1992 11 . 7-15 330 87 87 86 - Westetal., 1992 12 . 7-11 177 87 87 82 - Westetal., 1992 13 . 111 SPM 89 89 - - Lemos, 1989
1 IQ 87 , (Vemon, 1969, . 169) , 1960- .
-
98
(ILEA). 2 IQ 93 . 3 IQ
91 - , , -
IQ 85 . 4 5 IQ 94 89
. - IQ 86 , ,
3, IQ , . 6 7 IQ 83 97
, 8 9 IQ 93 96 .
, , IQ 93, 92 92 , IQ
. IQ, 100 , , 7 , IQ,
, , m ,
. IQ
. , IQ ,
5 . 13 IQ 89 , .
IQ , 83 97 . , IQ
, . -, 6 7 IQ 83 ,
4 , 97 : IQ 14 . , IQ , 4 (83 )
IQ (82 ), 6.1. , 8 9 IQ 93 , , 4 96 ,
IQ 3 .
-
99
IQ , , 89 , , , . , IQ (84
), , IQ . IQ .
, . ,
, .
.
IQ 6.3.
1 IQ 86 , . 16 IQ
. ( Nijenhuis, der F1ier, 2001). 2 IQ 78
, 3 - 79 . IQ
. 4 IQ 75 , 5 - 79 , . IQ , , -,
, .
6 IQ 83 . 7 8 IQ 85 84 . 9 IQ 88 , 6 IQ (82 ). 10 IQ 93 , IQ 92 94, CITO,
-
100
6.3. IQ
N 9 Vis 1 10-17 330 SPM 86 86 - - Taschinski, 1985
2 177 RAKIT 78 - - - Resing et al., 1986
3 104 RAlT 79 - - - Resing et al., 1986
4 177 AAlT 75 - - - Resing et al., 1986
5 76 RAKIT 79 - - - Resing et al., 1986
6 106 GLO 83 - - - DeJong, Batenburg, 1984 7 11 815 CITO 85 85 85 - Pieke, 1988
8 11 720 CITO 84 84 85 - Pieke, 1988
9 11 338 CITO 88 88 88 - Pieke, 1988
10 10 47 Otis/Cito 93 - - - Van de Vijver, Willemse, 1991 11 5-17 33 SON-R 84 - - - Laros, Tellegren, 1991
12 5-8 194 LPP 85 - - Hamers et al., - 1996
13 5-8 194 LPP 84 - - - Hamers et al., 1996
14 167 G 84 74 - 87 te Nijenhuis, 1997 15 275 G 88 81 - 85 te Nijenhuis, 1997 16 6-12 1.315 . 92 - 92 - Driessen, 1997
17 6-12 474 RAIT 94 94 80 95 Helms-Lorenz et al., 2003
18 5-8 728 83 83 - - etal., 1995
. 11 IQ 84 , (=24) (=9) -; IQ
, 1 6 . 12 13 IQ 85 84 . 14 15 IQ 84 88 , () - , ,
.. , , IQ.
g . 16 IQ 92 -
-
101
69 - , ,
IQ. IQ 85 , , . 17 IQ 94 , 72 m
1 . IQ 80 ,
, . .
IQ 84 - , . 18 IQ 83
. , , , ,
- . , , , , (Pearson, 1985; Fraser, 1995). IQ .
4. , ,
. , 84 14 . . m
, . IQ 6.4.
1 IQ 77 IQ 65
. 2 IQ 88 - , , 100 243 . 3 IQ 86, . .
-
102
6.4. , ,
N g Reas vis
1 10-12 762 77 - - - Pick,1929
2 18 284 GF 88 - - - Taylor, Radford, 1986 3 6-8 600 JSIS 86 - 85 83 Landman, 1988
4 15 1.063 SPM 91 - - - Owen, 1992
5 15 1.063 JAT 83 85 85 79 Lynn,Owen, 1994
6 13-18 727 SPM 91 91 - - Klingelhofer, 1967 7 8-13 140 82 - - - Chandra, 1975 8 7-12 555 SPM 88 88 - - Chaim, 1994
9 11 1.093 VIIISC 89 - 89 89 Uu et al., 2003
. , IQ 86 IQ. 4 IQ 91 1979 . IQ 98; ,
7 IQ . 5 IQ 83
. , IQ 89 . IQ 63 , , IQ , .
IQ 86 . IQ (82 ) , , (89 ). ,
, , , . ,
, , . , IQ ,
. 6 IQ 91 . , ,
IQ . , IQ
-
103
8 , , IQ , ,
83 , IQ (82 ), 6.1. IQ 78 .
, , IQ, .
7 IQ 82 - ,
. IQ 84 . 8 IQ 88 , . 9 IQ 89 ll- - ,
, 69 , - , IQ 2,5 , (Raine ., 2002). IQ, 6.4,
77 91 88 - , , . , , .
, , , .
5.
, ,
6.5. , , , , .
1 IQ 85 . 6.1 IQ 83 , . 2 1926 , IQ 95 . , 113
. 3 IQ 93 14- . , ,
-
104
6.5. IQ
2 N IQ njn
1 23 452 SPM 85 Abdel-Khalek,1988
2 21 32 95 Maity,1926
3 14 45 SPM 93 Mehrotra, 1968
4 18-25 165 SPM 90 Mohan, 1972
5 19-25 400 SPM 88 Mohan, Kumar, 1979 6 16-20 800 CCF 88 Gupta, 1991
7 19-26 143 SPM 90 Amir, 1975
8 16-18 103 CCF 92 Alzobaie, 1964
9 19 58 SPM 98 Rushton et al., 2002
10 20 40 102 Rushton et al., 2003
11 17-23 57 106 Rushton et al., 2004
12 18-26 103 CCF 101 et al, 1999
13 19 39 CCF 92 Dayi et al., 2002
, . 4 5 IQ 90 88 . 6 IQ 88 . 7 IQ 90 , . 8 IQ 92 ,
, , (Alzohaie, 1966, . 476).
9 10 IQ 98 102 .
IQ 106 113 , 93 99 . 11 IQ 106
. IQ 116 , 101 . , IQ ,
-
105
. , ,
. , , IQ , ,
.
12 13 IQ 92 101 . 12 IQ 92 15 24 . 13 IQ 101 - .
92 IQ- ,
. , , - , , IQ . ,
, IQ . IQ , 105 ( 3.3). , IQ 15
14 .
6.
6.6. .
6.6. . . (.])
1 1.368 1.284 84 Smith, Beals, 1990 2 1.467 1.404 63 Goves, 1991 3 1.319 1.185 134 Jugens et al., 1990 4 1.470 1.356 114 Rushton, 2000
1 , (Smith, Beals, 1990) 20.000 , .
-
106
843 2 , , , ,
633 3 , (Jurgens ., 1990) (Rushton, 2000, . 124); 1263 4 ,
() 19 - ,
-; 1143 , , , .
, ,
3 4 .
973
7.
, IQ (MZ) (DZ) . , (Pal, Shyam, Singh, 1997) (30 MZ 30 DZ), 0,81. 100-
, 0,9, 0,90. (Nathawat, Puri, 1995)
0,9, , 0,9, 1,0. ,
, (0,83).
-
8.
107
, 6.1 IQ 84 . .
1990- . (UNICEF, 1996) 24 60
, . , . , . -,
, , , . , , , , , IQ 89, 89 94 ,
. IQ 84 , . ,
, , IQ , . . -, IQ
86 . 82 , , IQ . 1850- .
(Johnston, 1930). -
, , , IQ ,
. -, 8
, , , ,
, .
-
108
9.
, . 6.7.
6.7. 2 N njn g
1 13-14 200 WSC 95 Ortar, 1952 2 11-15 267 SPM 95 Moyles, Wolins, 1973 3 10-12 180 LT 97 Miron, 1977 4 10-12 268 SPM 95 Globerson, 1983 5 11 2.781 SPM 89 L, Rim, 1984 6 5 52 96 Tzuriel, Caspi, 1992 7 9-15 1.740 SPM 90 Lynn,1994a 8 13 - SPM 96 Kozulin, 1998
89 97 95. (84 ),
IQ, . 20 , IQ 86 (. 6.1, 20), , .
( ) 40 - (8) . ,
IQ 12 , (Zeidner, 1987; Burg, Belmont, 1990; Lieblich, Ninio, Kugelmass, 1972). IQ 95 (103 ), (91 12 ) (86 ). IQ (Zeidner, 1987), ,
IQ 15 , . IQ, . -, - IQ 103
8 , I> (n.. .)
-
Ultmm 109
. , , -
IQ , . 1920- . , 10- IQ - 13
, (n=110 689, ) (Bere, 1924). 1940- . (Nardi, 1948) IQ 12- (n=I.210) 110 -, 1950- . (Levinson, 1957) - IQ 12- (n=2.083) 109 .
(Herrnstein, , 1994) , IQ 112,6 , IQ (n=150) 107,5 (Lynn, 2004). IQ . 1920- . (Davies, Hughes, 1927)
, 8-14- (n=l.o81) IQ 11 100 .
1960- . 1 - (n=907) IQ 117,8 (Vincent, 1966). , , IQ 93,7 100 (Lynn, 1979).
IQ IQ , 6,3 IQ , IQ 111,5 . , IQ
107 115 , 103 - . .
. - 1880 1914
. 1933 1939 . , ,
, . , , , .
, , IQ , - .
, , , (Abbink, 2002).
-
110
, , . . - 12 IQ ,
? , . -, , , . m , .
, . -
, ,
, . ,
- , . -
. , , -
. , IQ 91 84
. 12 IQ - . , , (Hummer, Redd, Wood, 2000) , ( ) , :
- .
-
~~~~ 7 ItOP"rUl.LI -~ 12""
1. - 2. -
. - 4. IQ
-
- , , , , , ,
- . (Morton, 1849; Coon, Gam, Birdsell, 1950) (l, 1965). , -, (Cava1li-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza, 1994),
. ,
, .
1. -
IQ - 7.1.
1--4 IQ . 1 IQ 86 - . 2 IQ
87 , 3 - 87 .
4 IQ 87 . 5 IQ 90 , , . 6 IQ 88 , 5. 7 IQ 89
,
-
112
7.1. IQ - !! N njn () 9 1 5-12 1.149 86 Thomas, Shah, 1961
2 5-20 163 87 Bleichodt et al., 1980
3 4 139 PPV 87 Soewondo et al., 1989
4 6-8 483 87 Hadidjaja et al., 1998 5 8 22 90 etal., 1996
6 30 22 88 Boivin et al., 1996
7 7-12 3.151 SPM 89 Chaim, 1994
8 20 175 EF 85 Kuhnen et al, 2001
9 12-13 203 SPM 86 Floes, Evans, 1972
10 13 190 SPM 93 Lynn, 1977
11 8-10 2.268 SPM 91 Pollitt et al, 1989
. 8 IQ 85 - . - ,
. 9 IQ 86 , . 1 IQ 93 13- . 11 IQ 91 - . IQ 86 93 87.
2. -
IQ - 7.2.
1 IQ 96 , . 2 IQ 89
( 1924 1938 . (Smith, 1942. 3 IQ 91
. 4 IQ 93 , ST AS. 5 IQ
-
113
7.2. IQ -
N2 3 N / () 9
1 6-14 140 96 Porteus, 1937
2 10-14 305 NV 89 Smith,1942
3 10 138 91 Werner et al., 1968
4 16 4.147 S 93 Brandon et al., 1987
5 9-25 263 87 Flynn, 1991 6 6-10 84 NV 94 Tesser et al., 1999
7 12-16 39i SPM 94 Flynn, 1991
87 , (Flynn, 1991). 6 IQ 92 - . 7 (Flynn, 1991) IQ 94
, . IQ , , 87 . , IQ
, -. 93 , IQ -
(87 ). , , . , - , - .
3. -
- 7.3.
1 , (Gould, 1981) , (Morton, 1849).
, 18 -
-
114
7.3. (]) -
N2 -
CcbUla njn (Sd) (Sd)
1 1.426 1.393 33 Gould,1981 2 1.369(35) 1.332(49) 37 Smith, Beals, 1990 3 1.319 1.217 102 Jurgens et al., 1990
52 , .
2 - , 37 3 . (Beals et al. 1984). ,
, 20 , , . , , ,
. 3 190 20
. , -
, IQ.
4. IQ -
IQ - (93 ), - (87
). : , . IQ
. 7 IQ , - . , . - .
-
~.n~.n g .JIIUP.JIn"H(I".t .JItOP"rUl~
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
. . , , (, Garn, Birdsell, 1950)
. : 73 (
50%), 27 , .
-, (Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza, 1994) ,
. , 60 (Bradshaw, 1997). , .
. 1876 ., - .
, 300 . , , , .
-
11 1l1l
1961, 1971 1981 . 106.000, 139.000 171.000 . .
.
. . . ,
, . ,
.
1.
(Galton, 1869).
, . 10,4 IQ. , IQ
68,8 .
, . 8.1.
1 , IQ 66 .
, . . ,
, g . 10,5 , 66 IQ. 2 , .
. 10,5, - 8,6 .
9,55 , IQ 59 . 3 ,
-
117
8.1. IQ N!! N Reas Verb Vis a / () 9
1 56 66 66 - 66 Porteus, 1931 2 24 59 66 - 59 Piddington, Piddington, 1932 3 268 58 - - Porteus, 1933, 1933
4 31 AfPF 69 - 69 Fowler, 1940 5 87 70 - 70 Porteus, Gregor, 1963 6 11 101 58 - - Hart, 1965 7 103 74 - 74 Porteus et al., 1967 8 5 24 PPV 62 62 - DeL.acey, 1971, 1971
9 6-12 40 PPV 64 64 - De L, 1971, 1971
10 60 53 53 - - Berry, 1971 11 3-4 22 PPV 64 - 64 - Nurcombe, Moffit, 1973 12 6-14 55 PPV 52 - 52 - Dasen et al., 1973 13 9 458 58 - - McElwain, Kearney, 1973 14 13 42 SOT 62 - - Waldron, Gallimore, 1973 15 6-10 30 PPV 59 59 - De L, 1976 16 25 22 / 60 60 - 67 Binnie-Dawson, 1984 17 4 55 PPV 61 - 61 - Nurcombe et al., 1999
; 9,35 , 58 IQ. 4 IQ 69,
(Alexander passalong Fergusson Form Boards). 5 IQ 70
, 1960- . 6 IQ 58