SOME IMPORTANT INORGANIC MOLECULES

KINDS OF VITAMINS

MINERALS: THE TRACE ELEMENTSBASIC FOOD GROUPS

SOME IMPORTANT ORGANIC MOLECULES

Water, oxygen and carbon dioxide, mineral, and organic salts are five

most common inorganic molecules found in an organism body.

Water – makes up from 60-90 percent of the protoplasm. Water is

called as the universal solvent because it can dissolve inorganic

compounds and many organic compounds better any other

substance.

SOME IMPORTANT INORGANIC MOLECULES

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide – are present as gasses in the

respiratory organs of the organism and in the tissue fluid such as

the blood and lymph.

Mineral and Organic salt – are present in skeleton. Examples

are calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium phosphate (

Ca3(PO4)2). Sodium chloride (NaCl) and other salts are also

present in very small amount.

There are four organic compounds in the organism’s body:

carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acid.

Carbohydrates – are the simplest and the most abundant organic

compounds, they are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen and

oxygen where the proportion of hydrogen and oxygen is the same as

in water that is 2 to 1. Carbohydrate is the primary product of

photosynthesis is green plants. There are three classes of

carbohydrates namely: sugars, starch, and cellulose.

SOME IMPORTANT ORGANIC COMPOUND

Sugars meanwhile are of three kinds:

1. Monosaccharaides – is the simplest form of sugar (simple

sugar), and the building blocks of more complex carbohydrates.

Some simple sugars that are important to living things are : A.

glucose (dextrose or blood sugar), B. fructose (fruit sugar), C.

Galactose ( milk sugar), D. Mannose ( plant sugar).

2. Disaccharides or double sugars- are two simple sugars bonded

together. Some of disaccharides are A. sucrose (table sugar) is made up

of 1 glucose molecule and 1 fructose molecule. B. Lactose (milk sugar)

is made up of 1 glucose molecule and 1 galactose molecule. And C.

maltose (malt sugar) is made up of two glucose molecules.

3. Polysaccharides or complex sugar – are made up of many glucose

molecules bonded together in a long chain there are three kinds of

polysaccharide : A. Starch are stored in potatoes, beans and grains, B.

Glycogen( Animal starch) are stored in the animal liver, and C.

Cellulose are found in the cell wall in a plant cell.

Proteins are the most important organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen,

and oxygen. They also contain nitrogen sulfur, phosphorus and iron. Proteins are

large and complex molecules that consist of amino acid units linked together. We

eat different kinds of protein and digest them into their component amino acids

after being absorbed by our cell we use this amino acid synthesize our own kind of

protein.

Lipids are fats and other related substances that contain elements like carbon,

hydrogen with less oxygen than in carbohydrates. They are insoluble in water and

are soluble only in organic liquids like other, chloroform and acetone. There are 2

kinds of lipids: A. Simple Lipids which includes the fats and oils and waxes; and

B. complex Lipids which includes the steroid and phospholipids. Carbohydrates

can be converted to fat and stored under the skin, between muscles and internal

organs. Thus excess sugars and starch are fattening because they are stored as fat.

Nucleic acid are the large and the most complex organic molecules. The two

function of nucleic acid are for protein synthesis and heredity. There are two

kinds of nucleic acids, A. DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid ) which is found only

inside the nucleus of the cell, B. RNA ( ribonucleic acid) which is found

both inside and outside of the nucleus. Polypeptides are the building blocks

of nucleic acid.

Vitamins are inorganic compounds, usually of plant origin, needed by man

and animals for normal growth and development. There are 13 vitamins

available but the body produces only three of them which are not even

sufficient to meet the body’s needs.

Vitamin A (retinol or anti-xeropthalmia) are found in liver, egg yolk, milk,

cheese, butter, cream, green and yellow vegetables. Vitamin a is essential for

normal bone and skeletal growth. It is also needed for healthy skin and for normal

night vision. People who do not get enough vitamin a may develop condition called

XEROPTHALMIA in which the surface of the eye becomes dry and likely to

develop infection. Night blindness is an early symptom of vitamin a deficiency.

Vitamin B complex was first believed to be only one vitamin. Researchers later

discovered that it consist of eight vitamins- thiamine , riboflavin, niacin,

pyriboxine, pantothenic acid, biotin cyanocobalamine and folic acid.

KINDS OF VITAMINS

B1 (thiamine ) prevents beri-beri and disease of the nervous system. It is

necessary for good appetite, good muscle tones and for carbohydrates

metabolism. Source of thiamine includes yeast, meat, whole-grain, enriched

breads and cereals, nuts peas, potatoes,and most vegetables.

B2 (riboflavin) is most abundant in milk, cheese, liver, fish, poultry, and

green vegetables. This vitamins is needed for growth and for healthy and

eyes it promotes the body’s use of oxygen in converting food into energy. If

person does not get enough riboflavian, cracks may develop in the skin at the

corners of the mouth. The person also may have inflamed lips and a sore

tongue

B6 (pyridoxine) helps the body use amino acid. It is also needed for

healthy teeth and gums, blood vessels, nervous system, and red blood

cells. Yeast, whole-grain, cereals, meat, poultry, fish, and most

vegetables are good source of this vitamin.

B12 (cynocobalamine) is essential for proper development of red

blood cells. It also helps form the proper function of the nervous

system. B12 are found in eggs, meat, milk, and milk products. A

deficiency of either B12 or folic acid results in anemia.

Folic acid is needed for the production of red blood cells. They are

found on green and leafy vegetables, yeast, meat, poultry, and fish.

Panthothenic Acid helps the body convert carbohydrates, fats, and

proteins into energy. Egg yolk, meat, nuts, liver, milk, and legumes

are good source of these vitamins.

Biotin is needed for healthy circulatory system and for maintaining

healthy and beautiful skin. Food rich in biotins includes egg yolk,

nuts, liver, kidney, legumes, and most fresh vegetables.

Niacin is essential for cell metabolism and absorption of

carbohydrates. It also helps maintain healthy skin. Liver, yeast, lean

meat, whole-grains, enrich breads and cereals are good source of

niacin.

Vitamin C (ascorbic Acid) is very essential for sound bones and

teeth. It is also needed for tissue metabolism and wound healing.

Good source of vitamin c include citrus fruits, tomatoes, raw cabbage,

potatoes, guavas, strawberries, papaya, mangoes, and green leafy

vegetables. A deficiency in Vitamin C result into a disease called

scurvy.

Vitamin D helps prevent rickets it has been called sunshine vitamin

because it forms in the skin when the body is exposed to sunlight.

Cod-liver oil milk, cheese, liver, sardines, tuna, salmons, egg yolk and

fortified margarine contain large amount of vitamin D.

Vitamin E ( tocotherol or anti sterility) helps the body

convert fatty acid into energy it is also essential in the formation

in proper functioning in the red blood cells, muscles and other

tissues. The best source of this vitamin is vegetable oil,

mayonnaise, salad dressing, margarine, nuts, legumes, lettuce,

and whole- grain cereals.

Vitamin K is essential for clotting. Liver, egg yolk, legumes,

tomatoes, and leafy vegetables are good source of vitamin K.

Minerals are trace elements needed in small amount by plants animals and

human being.

Iron carry away carbon dioxide from the lungs to the cell it is also necessary

for hemoglobin. Wheat germ, soybean, flour, beef, kidney, liver, clumps,

peaches, and molasses are good source of iron.

Cupper is needed by the body so it can use iron to build hemoglobin.

Cobalt is needs for the normal function of all cells specially cells of the bone

narrow, nervous system and gastrointestinal system. The good source are liver,

kidney, oyster, clump, lean meat, poultry, salt, water, fish and milk.

MINERALS: THE TRACE ELEMENTS

Magnesium helps regulate muscle reaction and keeps the muscle in good

working condition.

Manganese plays a rule in the formation of urea.

Zinc is an important factor in host immune defenses and the acceleration of

wound healing and normal sense of taste. Good source of zinc include milk

meat liver, oyster, eggs , nuts, legumes, and cereals.

Iodine is essential synthesize of tyrosine (hormone in the thyroid glands)

and stimulates cell oxidation, seafood’s, kelp, dairy products, and seaweeds

are good source of iodine.

Chlorine is found in sodium chloride (table salt).

Fluorine is found in water tea soybean sea fishes.

Group 1 meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dried beans, peas, and nuts. This group

is chief source of protein and also provides vitamin B1 iron, phosphorus, and

some starch. One to two daily servings are recommended.

Group 2 leafy green , and yellow vegetables this groups includes greens of

all kinds, such as asparagus, broccoli, green peas, and string beans.it also

includes carrots, squash, sweet potatoes, and beans they supply large amount

of vitamin a phosphorus, carbon, calcium, and iron. It also provide fiber,

which helps regulates the intestine, One or more daily servings are

recommended.

BASIC FOOD GROUPS

Group 3 citrus fruits, raw cabbage, salad green, and tomatoes

they are good source of vitamin C and A, calcium and iron. One or

more daily servings are recommended.

Group 4 potatoes, other vegetables and none- citrus fruits.it

includes all vegetables and fruits not found in group 2 and 3.atleast

one potatoes a day is recommended for active people both children

and adults. Potatoes are good source vitamin c if bake or boiled.

Group 5 bread, breakfast cereals and flour this group also includes

biscuits and crackers. These foods consist of whole grain or enriched

flour. At least 4 daily servings are recommended.

Group 6 Butter and Fortified Margarine. Margarine must be

fortified with vitamin a to equal the amount of this vitamin found

in butter. These foods are chiefly energy giving and source of

vitamin A.

Group 7 Milk and milk products. A child needs 3 to 4 cups of

milk daily and an adult should have at least 2 cups. Milk in any

form, it may be fresh, dried, or made into cheese or ice cream,

mixed up this group. Milk and cheese are good source of vitamin

A, B2, calcium and protein.