zimbabwe’s national climate change response strategy · 2018. 3. 1. · zimbabwe has actively...

Zimbabwe’sNational Climate Change

Response Strategy

GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWEMINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, WATER AND CLIMATE

ZIMBABWE

Facilitated by Supported by

Zimbabwe’sNational Climate Change

Response Strategy

GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWEMINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, WATER AND CLIMATE

ZIMBABWE

The impacts of global climate change and variability are becoming more evident with increased incidencesof droughts, floods, hailstorms, more hot days and heat waves. Climate change is one of the biggest threatsfacing global development with the developing countries being more vulnerable due to their low adaptivecapacity. Climate change has been widely recognized and accepted as a reality and that it poses seriousproblems with far reaching social, political, economic and environmental consequences, particularly invulnerable countries.

The impacts of Climate Change in Zimbabwe are likely to stall the country's development, pose a seriousrisk to food security and adaptive capacity. The National Climate Change Response Strategy was amongthe processes that sought to establish specific provisions for dealing with climate change issues,understanding the extent of the threat and putting in place specific actions to manage potential impacts.

Science has clearly demonstrated that there is extreme urgency in taking real action to avoid irreversibledamages to our planet. Reports of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) state that Africawill suffer the most from the impacts of climate change. The serious under-development of the continentsignifies high vulnerability to climate change impacts. The global nature of climate change requires the widestcooperation and participation in an effective and appropriate international response comprising mitigationand adaptation measures based on the principles of the Climate Change Convention.

However, taking note that the impacts of climate change are felt at the Local level and most felt by the poorcommunities due to their low adaptive capacity, the Government of Zimbabwe has developed a NationalClimate Change Response Strategy to guide national response measures in addressing the impacts ofclimate change.

The strategy further provides guidance on integration of climate change issues into national developmentplanning processes at national, provincial, district and local levels and ensures coordinated activities.

The Government's commitment to develop a climate-resilient Zimbabwe has also been demonstrated by theelevation of the Climate Change Office into a fully fledged Climate Change Department. The countryenvisages developing adaptation strategies that can mitigate the diverse and complex impacts of climatechange and improve community livelihoods.

The country's vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change makes adaptation a national priority,demanding policy direction at the highest level. Therefore the development of the National Climate ChangeResponse Strategy seeks to address the climate change issues and contribute to a climate-resilientZimbabwe. It is my hope that the strategy will create a solid foundation for mainstreaming climate changethinking into all key socio-economic sectors in order to bring about an integrated response across all sectors.

Finally, I would like to thank UNDP, COMESA, UNICEF and Global Water Partnership for the financial andtechnical support, Institute of Environmental Studies (IES) and all those who made it possible to have thestrategy in place.

Hon. Saviour KasukuwereMinister of Environment, Water and Climate

Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy i

Foreword

INTRODUCTIONThe Government of Zimbabwe regards climate change as one of the threats to the country and its peopleand is also of the view that climate change has the potential to undermine many of the positive developmentsmade in its meeting the country’s development goals. Both climate change and policies to minimize its effectshave enormous socio-economic and environmental implications. The challenge for the country is how todevelop adaptation strategies that can reduce and mitigate the diverse and complex impacts of climatechange. The National Climate Change Response Strategy is a response to this challenge and also aims tocontribute towards achieving Zimbabwe’s Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (Zim Asset)2013-2018 and beyond. The Zim Asset recognises that the country is susceptible to perennial droughts andfloods caused by climate change emanating from global warming. It also notes that climate change affectsthe country’s agro-based economy whose livelihoods largely depend on rain-fed agriculture, livestockproduction and natural resources. Thus the government has created a Ministry of Environment, Water andClimate in recognition of the importance of climate and climate change to the country’s development.

Zimbabwe has actively participated in international negotiations on climate change from as far back as 1992.It was among the first countries to sign and ratify the United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC) in 1992 and also acceded to the Kyoto Protocol in 2009. Although Zimbabwe isconstrained by its limited ability to put in place appropriate measures in order to respond to climate changebecause of lack of human, institutional and financial resources, it has continued through the years to supportthe United Nations efforts to curb the escalation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategy mainstreams climate change through a sectorial approachto ensure that each sector implements adaptation and mitigation actions. Each sector will therefore be ableto direct its project proposals to the appropriate funding mechanism. The Response Strategy is divided intosix sections. These include an introductory section which comprises a brief profile of Zimbabwe and the Vision,Mission, Goal, Strategic Objectives, Pillars and Guiding Principles of the National Climate Change ResponseStrategy (Section 1). This is followed by a synopsis of climate change across scales from global, regional,national to local level (Section 2); sector specific challenges, risks and impacts as well as relevant adaptationand mitigation measures (Section 3); strategy enablers such as capacity building; technology transfer; climatechange education, communication and awareness (Section 4); climate change governance (Section 5); andfinally a section on Action Plans, Implementation Framework and Resource Mobilization (Section 6).

The National Climate Change Response Strategy provides a framework for a comprehensive and strategicapproach on aspects of adaptation, mitigation, technology, financing, public education and awareness. It willhelp to inform Government on how to strengthen the climate and disaster risk management policies.

The vision of Zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategy is to create a climate change resilientnation while its mission is to ensure sustainable development and a climate proofed economythrough engaging all stakeholders recognizing the vulnerable nature of Zimbabwe’s naturalresources and society.

The goal of the Response Strategy is to mainstream climate change adaptation and mitigation strategiesin economic and social development at national and sectoral levels through multi-stakeholderengagement.

ii Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy

Executive Summary

The strategic objectives are to:

a) Mainstream climate change in all the key sectors of the economy.

b) Promote resource use efficiency and less carbon intense pathways in all economic activities and developa climate change resilient energy infrastructure that is not carbon intense.

c) Develop climate proofed and environmentally sustainable transport systems that are less carbon intense.

d) Promote sustainable development, management and utilization of water resources under changing climaticconditions.

e) Promote sustainable land-use systems that enhance agricultural production, ensure food security andmaintain ecosystem integrity.

f) Develop Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) as a step towards low carbon developmentstrategies.

g) Address climate change through evidence-based research, technology development and transfer.

h) Promote and protect health under a changing climate.

i) Develop an effective climate change communication information management and communication systemthat facilitates access by all stakeholder groups.

j) Strengthen and mainstream climate change in all education curricula.

k) Mainstream gender, children and youth, people living with HIV and AIDS and other vulnerable groups intoall climate change interventions.

l) Develop and maintain an appropriate climate governance framework and institutional mechanisms aimedat coordinating climate change responses.

The Climate Change Response Strategy has seven pillars which include:

Pillar 1: Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management.

Pillar 2: Mitigation and low carbon development strategies (LCDS).

Pillar 3: Capacity to effect: l Adaptation and mitigation.l Climate change communication.l Education and raising awareness.l Research and development.l Appropriate institutions to address climate change issues.

Pillar 4: Governance framework:

l Institutions.

l Networks.

l Negotiations.

Pillar 5: Finance and Investment:

l Partnerships.

l International Financing.

Pillar 6: Technology development and transfer, including infrastructure.

Pillar 7: Communication and advocacy; information management and dissemination.

Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy iii

Executive Summary

Executive Summary

Zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategy is guided by the following Guiding Principles:

a) Demand driven by national aspirations.

b) Country-driven and predicated on national development priorities.

c) Aligned with national laws, international obligations and commitments.

d) Mainstream climate change into policy and legal framework as well as development planning.

e) Mainstream sustainable development.

f) Participation and engagement of all stakeholders.

g) Response which is knowledge and evidence based that incorporates indigenous knowledge systems,culture and science.

h) Access to information.

i) Precautionary principle.

j) Mainstream the rights based approach.

SECTOR SPECIFIC STRATEGIESThe following are the strategies that will be implemented under each theme or sector:

Natural Systems

Climate Change Issues Associated with Air Pollutiona) Carry out an assessment to determine the main sources and levels of short-lived climate pollutants in

Zimbabwe.

b) Introduce measures to control and capture short-lived climate pollutants.

c) Promote use of cleaner technologies.

d) Develop and implement policies and regulatory frameworks that restrict release of short-lived climatepollutants.

Climate Change Issues for the Water Sector

Water Resources Availability Issues

a) Strengthen and intensify monitoring institutions for hydro-meteorological parameters.

b) Conduct more frequent yield assessments of surface and groundwater resources.

c) Promote water use efficiency in all sectors.

Water Development Issues

a) Develop, rehabilitate, maintain and protect surface and groundwater resources.

b) Invest in management of effects of extreme events.

iv Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy

Water Management Issues

a) Strengthen stakeholder structures in water resources management.

b) Promote more efficient water use practices.

c) Promote catchment protection.

d) Adopt data analysis and prediction tools that incorporate climate change.

Land-use, Land-use-Change and Forestry (LULUCF)

Land-use and Land-use Change

a) Develop and enforce policies that regulate change from one land-use to another especially the clearanceof forests and woodlands to other land-uses.

Climate Change and the Forestry Sector

Adaptation in the Forestry Sector

a) Promote establishment of land-use plans at district, ward, village and farm management levels that clearlyidentify forestry as a recognized land-use.

b) Strengthen research, planning and financial support to forestry and natural resources management, todevelop cost effective adaptation options.

c) Build capacity for forest management in a changing climate.

Mitigation Options in the Forestry Sector

a) Develop national capacity to design carbon projects for accessing different carbon financing mechanismsand to implement and support the projects.

b) Maintain, account for, and expand carbon sinks.

Biodiversity and Ecosystems

a) Promote and strengthen biodiversity conservation management and the integrity of natural ecosystemsby using an ecosystem based approach to adapt to climate change.

b) Promote appropriate climate smart land-use options for the drier natural regions where cattle productionand wildlife ranching are the most suitable land-use options.

c) Strengthen the effectiveness of Trans-frontier Conservation Areas as a mechanism for sustainablebiodiversity conservation and climate adaptation.

Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy v

Executive Summary

Executive Summary

Economic SectorsAgriculture and Food Security

Overarching Issues in Agriculture and Food Securitya) Develop frameworks for sustainable intensification and commercialization of agriculture at different scales

across agro-ecologies.

b) Strengthen capacity to generate new forms of empirical knowledge, technologies and agricultural supportservices that meet emerging development challenges arising from increased climate change andvariability.

c) Strengthen early warning systems on cropping season quality, rangelands conditions, droughts, floods,disease/pest outbreaks and wildlife movement in order to enhance farmer preparedness.

Thematic Issues and Proposed Strategies for the Agricultural Sector

Farming Systems

a) Develop frameworks for supporting agricultural specialization according to agro-ecological regions,including mechanisms for commodity exchange, trade and marketing.

Crop Productivity

a) Strengthen the capacity of farmers, extension agencies, and private agro-service providers to takeadvantage of current and emerging indigenous and scientific knowledge on stress tolerant crop types andvarieties, including landraces that are adaptable to arising climatic scenarios.

b) Develop frameworks for promoting science based crop production and post harvest technologies andmanagement practices.

Livestock Production

a) Strengthen the capacity to identify and promote adoption of indigenous and improved livestock breedsthat are tolerant to climate related stresses.

b) Establish monitoring systems for greenhouse gas emissions in agricultural systems and supportmechanisms for their reduction.

Agriculture and Watera) Strengthen national research and extension capacity for development and integrated management of

agricultural water resources.

Industry and Commercea) Introduce policies that promote the use and adoption of clean and efficient energy in industry.

b) Create a policy and regulatory framework that promotes resource use efficiency and cleaner productionin industry and commerce.

c) Create an enabling policy and legal framework that encourages the setting up and operation of climateresilient industries.

vi Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy

Mininga) Develop regulatory frameworks to encourage emissions reduction and invest in resource efficient

technologies.

b) Enforce and monitor the implementation of mandatory and voluntary environmental management systems.

c) Adopt practices that reduce energy consumption in the mining sector.

d) Develop a framework for enhancing the capacity of small scale miners to improve their environmentalperformance.

Tourism a) Mainstream climate change into policies and legislation that guide the tourism sector.

b) Promote and strengthen Zimbabwe’s tourism sector’s resilience to climate change.

c) Build and strengthen the capacity of the tourism and wildlife sectors to adapt to the challenges of climatechange.

d) Promote mitigatory measures to ensure a low carbon footprint/emission and sustainable growth anddevelopment in Zimbabwe’s tourism sector.

Physical and Social Infra-structureEnergy a) Introduce policies and regulatory frameworks for renewable energy, energy conservation and energy

efficiency.

b) Strengthen energy planning, research and development.

c) Promote low carbon energy provision and use.

Transporta) Introduce a transport policy framework that encourages use of transport with low carbon emissions.

b) Integrate climate resilience into transport planning and infrastructural development.

Disaster Risk Management and Social Infrastructure (Human Settlements)

a) Develop an integrated and co-ordinated approach to reducing disaster risk and to address impacts ofclimate change through a multi-stakeholder approach.

b) Enhance early warning systems and capacity of hydro-meteorological services to advise on weatherrelated impacts on new infrastructure as well as mitigation of potential damage to existing infrastructure.

c) Review and update policy and by-laws on building standards and codes to make them adaptive to climatechange.

d) Invest in climate resilient social infrastructure.

e) Enhance community resilience to climate change.

Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy vii

Executive Summary

Executive Summary

Waste Managementa) Capacitate local authorities to deliver proper, effective and efficient waste management services in order

to reduce GHG emissions from waste management.

b) Create an enabling policy environment which encourages investment into alternative energy productionusing waste products.

c) Develop an enabling framework to promote waste minimization through education and behavioural changeof waste generators.

Healtha) Strengthen surveillance programmes for monitoring human health under a changing climate.

b) Build resilience against diseases that occur because of impacts of climate change.

Gender, People Living with HIV and AIDS and Other Vulnerable Groupsa) Mainstream climate change in policies for the vulnerable groups with their active participation at every

level.

b) Strengthen the adaptive capacity of the vulnerable groups.

c) Enhance provision of early warning systems on droughts, floods and disease outbreaks to vulnerablegroups and ensure a coordinated approach in providing them with emergency services.

Children and Youtha) Understand the impacts of climate change on children and youth in Zimbabwe and create an enabling

environment that prevents harm to children and youth emanating from pressures of these impacts.

b) Ensure the inclusion of children and youth in the policy formulation process for climate change, and inadaptation and mitigation activities.

STRATEGY ENABLERS

Capacity BuildingCapacity Building for Climate Changea) Build capacity to conduct comprehensive vulnerability assessments and develop appropriate response

models. b) Develop mechanisms to mainstream climate change adaptation and disaster risk management into

development programmes.

The Role of the Meteorological Services in Climate Change a) Strengthen the capacity of the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services to carry out research

on climate change through improved data collection and management, and climate modelling.

viii Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy

b) Strengthen the documentation of and tapping into indigenous knowledge systems to complement scientificknowledge for climate change forecasting and early warning systems.

c) Establish an enabling framework for sharing and disseminating information on climate change (i.e. atprovincial, district and ward levels) in the country.

Technology Transfer

a) Create a policy framework that will improve access to and promote uptake of cleaner and more efficienttechnologies across all economic sectors.

b) Support research and development of technologies in all relevant sectors to mitigate and adapt to climatechange.

Climate Change Education, Communication and Public Awareness

Climate Change Education and Training

a) Enhance the teaching and learning of climate change at all levels of education (formal and informal).

b) Provide relevant training on climate change issues to educators and practitioners working withcommunities.

Public Awareness-raising and Communication

a) Implement a communication strategy for raising awareness on climate change.

b) Promote and strengthen stakeholder awareness on adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.

c) Encourage sharing of information and networking on climate change issues at local, regional andinternational levels.

d) Communicate climate change messages incorporating indigenous knowledge systems.

CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE

Climate Change Governance and Institutional Framework

Climate Change Governance

a) Mainstream climate change into urban and rural planning, infrastructure, investments and service delivery.

Climate Change Institutional Framework a) Institutionalize a climate change response governance framework at national, provincial, district and ward

levels.

Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy ix

Executive Summary

Executive Summary

Climate Change Policy and Legal Frameworka) Enact an enabling policy environment for climate change response.

ACTION PLAN, IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORk ANDRESOURCE MOBILIzATIONAction Plans for these strategies that include: actions, indicative time frame, lead agency, cooperatingagencies, potential sources for resource mobilization and estimated costs are given in Annex 1. A summaryof the estimated costs is given in Table (i) and amounts to almost 10 billion United States dollars. The Actionswill be implemented over 10 years with a review after every 5 years.

Significant financial resources will need to be allocated by the Government treasury; the private sector, greenclimate funds; bilateral donor and international agencies support; adaptation fund, mitigation financingincluding Clean Development Mechanism; international, regional and local banks.

Table (i): Summary of estimated costs to implement the Action Plans for zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategy

x Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy

No Sector Amount USD (million)1. Air Pollution 134

2. Water Resources 3,158

3. Land Use and Land Use Change 91

4. Biodiversity 74

5. Agriculture 2,386

6. Industry and Commerce 528

7. Mining 312

8. Tourism 252

9. Energy 262

10. Transport 1,071

11. Disaster Risk Management and Human Settlements 519

12. Waste Management 231

13. Health 52

14. Gender; People Living With HIV and AIDS and other Vulnerable groups 25

15. Children and Youth 32

16. Capacity Building 45

17. Role of Meteorological Services 23

18. Technology Transfer 574

19. Climate Change Education 15

20. Public Awareness 15

21. Climate Change Governance 88

Overall Total 9,887

FOREWORD............................................................................................................................................i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ii

LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................................................xiii

LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................................xiii

ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................xiv

GLOSSARY…......................................................................................................................................xix

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................11.1 A Brief Profile of Zimbabwe ...............................................................................................3

1.2. The Vision, Mission, Goal, Strategic Objectives, Pillars and Guiding

Principles of Zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategy ......................................10

SECTION 2: CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE...............................................................................122.1 Climate Change from a Global Perspective ....................................................................12

2.2 Climate Change from a Southern African Regional Perspective.....................................14

2.3. Evidence of Climate Change in Zimbabwe over the Years .............................................16

SECTION 3: SECTOR SPECIFIC CHALLENGES, RISkS AND IMPACTS; ADAPTATION,MITIGATION AND OPPORTUNITIES ............................................................................18

3.1 Natural Systems ..............................................................................................................18

3.1.1 Climate Change Issues Associated with Air Pollution .........................................18

3.1.2 Climate Change Issues for the Water Sector ......................................................20

3.1.3 Land-use, Land-use-Change and Forestry (LULUCF) ........................................22

3.1.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystems...............................................................................28

3.2 Economic Sectors ...........................................................................................................31

3.2.1 Agriculture and Food Security .............................................................................31

3.2.2 Industry and Commerce ......................................................................................38

3.2.3. Mining..................................................................................................................39

3.2.4 Tourism................................................................................................................40

Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy xi

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

3.3 Physical and Social Infra-structure..................................................................................42

3.3.1. Energy .................................................................................................................42

3.3.2. Transport .............................................................................................................46

3.3.3. Disaster Risk Management and Social Infrastructure (Human Settlements) ......48

3.3.4. Waste Management ............................................................................................50

3.3.5. Health ..................................................................................................................52

3.3.6. Gender, People Living with HIV and AIDS and Other Vulnerable Groups...........53

3.3.7 Children and Youth ..............................................................................................54

SECTION 4: STRATEGY ENABLERS.................................................................................................564.1 Capacity Building.............................................................................................................56

4.1.1 Capacity Building for Climate Change.................................................................56

4.1.2. The Role of the Meteorological Services in Climate Change ..............................56

4.1.3. Technology transfer .............................................................................................57

4.2. Climate Change Education, Communication and Public Awareness ..............................58

4.2.1. Climate Change Education and Training.............................................................59

4.2.2 Public Awareness-raising and Communication ...................................................60

SECTION 5: CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE..........................................................................…625.1 Climate Change Governance and Institutional Framework.............................................62

5.1.1 Climate Change Governance ..............................................................................62

5.1.2 Climate Change Institutional Framework ............................................................63

5.2 Climate Change Policy and Legal Framework ................................................................64

5.3 Framework for Climate Governance ...............................................................................64

SECTION 6: ACTION PLAN, IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORk AND RESOURCE MOBILIzATION...........................................................................................................................666.1 Action Plan ......................................................................................................................66

6.2 Resource Mobilization .....................................................................................................66

6.3 Monitoring and Evaluation...............................................................................................69

ANNEX 1 ACTION PLANS FOR THE CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE STRATEGIES..............70

xii Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy

LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Zimbabwe and its neighbours. ..............................................................................................3Figure 2: Zimbabwe’s agro-ecological regions. .....................................................................................7Figure 3: Trends in temperature change and atmospheric CO2

concentrations 1850-2010....................................................................................................12Figure 4: Global near-surface temperatures from 1880 to 2000. ........................................................13Figure 5: 30-year running means of area averaged 2m-temperature .................................................15Figure 6: Number of days with a minimum temperature of 120C and a maximum of 320C

during 1950-1990 and national rainfall deviation during 1910-2000. ...................................16Figure 7: Time series of the national average rainfall for Zimbabwe 1901-2009.................................17Figure 8: A comparison of plant diversity under the current (2012) and worst case

scenario of the year 2080.....................................................................................................29Figure 9: A comparison of net primary productivity under the current and worst case

scenario of the year 2080.....................................................................................................29Figure 10: A comparison of the maize production zones under the current and worst case

scenario for the year 2080 ...................................................................................................35Figure 11: Key economic trends for Zimbabwe 1980 - 2005 ................................................................38Figure 12: The long term energy supply and demand projection. .........................................................43Figure 13: Trends in sectoral electricity consumption ...........................................................................43Figure 14: Number of new vehicle registrations per annum between 2000 and 2009 ..........................47Figure 15: Proposed Climate Change Governance Framework ...........................................................65

LIST OF TABLESTable 2.1: A summary of past and future climate trends in Zimbabwe...........................................17

Table 3.1: National area affected by veldt fire 2001-2013..............................................................30

Table 3.2: Production of electricity in Zimbabwe in GWh. ..............................................................42

Table 6.1: Summary of estimated costs to implement the Action Plans for Zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategy. ........................................................67

Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy xiii

Table of Contents

AfDB African Development Bank

AGRITEX Agricultural Extension Services

AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

APINA Air Pollution Information Network for Africa

ARC Agricultural Research Council

AvGas Aviation Gasoline

AWOS Automated Weather Observing System

AU African Union

BCSDZ Business Council for Sustainable Development Zimbabwe

BIOCLAM Bioclimatic

CAMPFIRE Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CBOs Community Based Organisations

CC Climate Change

0C Degrees Celcius

CCAC Climate and Clean Air Coalition

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CDs Compact Disks

CH4 Methane

CIFOR Centre for International Forestry Research

CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

CMIP3 Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 3

CO Carbon monoxide

CO2 Carbon dioxide

COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

CSAG Climate Systems Analysis Group

CSC Cold Storage Commission

xiv Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy

Abbreviations

CSOs Civil Society Organizations

CZI Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries

DDF District Development Fund

DFID Department for International Development

DNA Designated National Authority

DR & SS Department of Research and Specialist Services

DRR Disaster Risk Reduction

ECZ Engineering Council of Zimbabwe

EMA Environmental Management Agency

EU European Union

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

FC Forestry Commission

G Wh Gigawatt Hour

GCMs General Circulation Models

GCOS Global Climate Observing Systems

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GEF Global Environment Facility

GHG Greenhouse Gas

GIS Geographic Information Systems

GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

GSO Global Surface Observations

GTS Global Telecommunication System

GUAO Global Upper Air Observations

GWP Global Water Partnership

HAZ Hotel Association of Zimbabwe

HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre

ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

ICT Information Communication Technology

IDRC International Development Research Centre

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy xv

Abbreviations

Abbreviations

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

ISO International Organization for Standardization

Km Kilometres

Kw Kilowatts

LAPs Local Area Prediction System

LCDS Low Carbon Development Strategies

LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas

LULUCF Land-use, Land-use Change and Forestry

MAMID Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanisation and Irrigation Development

MD Ministry of Defence

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

MEPD Ministry of Energy and Power Development

MEWC Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate

MFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development

MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs

MHA Ministry of Home Affairs

MHCC Ministry of Health and Child Care

MHTESTD Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development

MIC Ministry of Industry and Commerce

MICTPCS Ministry of Information Communication Technology, Postal and Courier Services

MJLPA Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs

MLGPWNH Ministry of Local Government, Public Works and National Housing

MLRR Ministry of Lands and Rural Resettlement

MMIBS Ministry of Media, Information and Broadcasting Services

MMMD Ministry of Mines and Mining Development

MPSE Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education

MPSLSW Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare

MRV Measurement Reporting and Verification

MSAC Ministry of Sports, Arts and Culture

MSMECD Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises and Cooperative Development

MTHI Ministry of Tourism and Hospitality Industry

MTID Ministry of Transport and Infrastructural Development

MTP Medium Term Plan

xvi Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy

MW Megawatts

MWAGCD Ministry of Women Affairs, Gender and Community Development

MYIEE Ministry of Youth, Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment

N2O Nitrous Oxide

NAMAs Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions

NF3 Nitrogen trifluoride

NGOs Non-governmental Organizations

NMMZ National Museums and Monument of Zimbabwe

NMVOCS Non-methane Volatile Organic Compounds

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

NSSA National Social Security Authority

NTT National Task Team

O3 Ozone

OPC Office of the President and Cabinet

OTC Over-the-Counter

PFCs Perfluorocarbons

PJ Petajoule

PPCPs Public–Private-Community Partnerships

ppm parts per million

PPPs Public-Private Partnerships

PSC Public Service Commission

RCZ Research Council of Zimbabwe

RDCs Rural District Councils

REDD Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

SADC Southern African Development Community

SAZ Standard Association of Zimbabwe

SF6 Sulphur Hexfluoride

SIRDC Scientific and Industrial Research and Development Centre

SLCPs Short-lived Climate Pollutants

SNV Stichting Nederlandse Vrijwilligers (Netherlands Development Organization)

SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats

TFCA Trans-frontier Conservation Area

UK United Kingdom

Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy xvii

Abbreviations

Abbreviations

UN United Nations

UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity

UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization

UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization

USD United States Dollar

VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds

WACDEP Water, Climate and Development Programme

WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene

WFP World Food Programme

WHO World Health Organisation

WMO World Meteorological Organization

WWF World Wide Fund

ZCT Zimbabwe Council for Tourism

ZCTU Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Union

ZDF Zimbabwe Defence Forces

ZERA Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority

ZESA Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority

ZIE Zimbabwe Institute of Engineers

ZIM ASSET Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation

ZIMPARKS Parks and Wildlife Management Authority

ZIMSTAT Zimbabwe National Statistical Agency

ZIMSEC Zimbabwe Schools Examination Council

ZINWA Zimbabwe National Water Authority

ZNCC Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce

ZRP Zimbabwe Republic Police

ZTA Zimbabwe Tourism Authority

xviii Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy

Acced means assent or agree to a demand, request or treaty.

Adaptation is defined by the UNFCCC as “an adjustment in natural or human systems in response toactual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficialopportunities”. There are several kinds of adaptation: anticipatory, reactive, private, public, autonomousand planned. Adaptation measures include prevention, tolerance, sharing of losses, changes in activitiesor of location and restoration.

Adaptive capacity according to the IPCC is “the ability or potential of a system to respond successfullyto climate variability and change, and includes adjustments in both behavior and in resources andtechnologies”. The presence of adaptive capacity is a necessary condition for the design andimplementation of effective adaptation strategies and enables sectors and institutions to take advantageof opportunities or benefits from climate change.

Anthropogenic is an effect caused or resulting from human activity.

Biofuel is a mixture of volatile, flammable hydro-carbons derived from plant material, animal waste,treated municipal and industrial waste used as fuel.

Carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere by activities ofan individual, company, country, etc; usually expressed in equivalent tonnes of carbon dioxide.

Carbon sequestration is the process of capture and long-term storage of carbon dioxide or other formsof carbon to either mitigate or defer global warming and avoid dangerous climate change.

Carbon sink is any process, activity or mechanism whether natural or artificial, that removes carbon-containing chemical compounds such as greenhouse gases, aerosols or precursors of greenhousegases from the atmosphere and stores them for an indefinite period.

Clean Development Mechanism is a mechanism funded by developed countries to undertake emissionreduction projects in developing countries. It is defined in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol and allows acountry with emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment under Annex B Party to implementan emission – reduction project in developing countries. Such projects can earn saleable certifiedemission reduction credits, each equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide, which can be countedtowards meeting Kyoto targets.

Climate change according to the UNFCCC means “a change of climate which is attributed directly orindirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in additionto natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods”. This differs from the IPCC usage

Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy xix

Glossary

Glossary

where climate change refers to “a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. usingstatistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties and that persists for anextended period, typically decades or longer. It refers to any change in climate over time, whether dueto natural variability or a result of human activity”.

Climate change mitigation according to IPCC is “an anthropogenic (human) intervention to reducesources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases”.

Climate is a composite measure of the average pattern of variation in temperature, humidity,precipitation, wind, atmospheric pressure, sunshine, atmospheric particle count and other meteorologicalvariables in a region over a long period of time (usually 30 years).

Climate risk means a risk resulting from climate change and affecting natural and human systems andregions. It is a combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences. A societalelement is said to be at risk when it is exposed to hazards and is likely to be adversely affected by theimpact of those hazards when they occur.

Climate variability is the way climatic parameters fluctuate during a few years to a few decades aboveor below a long term average-value. Variability may be due to natural internal processes within theclimate system or to variations in natural or anthropogenic external forcing.

Climatic hazard is any event or change in climate, such as a single extreme event that exceeds acritical temperature threshold or a complex combination of changes involving variables and/or resultingin multiple impacts. It is an extreme climatic/weather event causing harm and damage to people,property, infrastructure and land-uses. It includes not only the direct impacts of the climate/weather eventitself by also other indirect hazards triggered by that event. A climatic hazard may be slow (like sea levelrise) instead of sudden and severe or may be benign in today’s world and become hazardous in a new,different climate regime.

Coping strategies are generally short-term actions to ward off immediate risk, rather than to adjust tocontinuous or permanent threats or changes. In some cases they deplete assets, leading to higher riskfor recurring hazards. Coping strategies can thereby undermine the possibility of long-term sustainableadaptation and so it is important to distinguish coping and adapting.

Decadal refers to the number ten, a group of ten things or a period of ten consecutive years.

Disaster risk management according to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction is thesystematic process of using administrative directives, organizations and operational skills and capacitiesto implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impactsof hazards and the possibility of disasters. It aims to avoid and lessen or transfer the adverse effects ofhazards through activities and measures for prevention, mitigation and preparedness.

Early warming systems are according to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction the setof capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enableindividuals, communities and organizations threatened by a hazard to prepare and to act appropriatelyand in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm or loss.

xx Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy

Energy demand management also known as demand side management, is the modification ofconsumer demand for energy through various methods such as financial incentives and education. It isusually used to encourage the consumer to use less energy during peak hours, or to move the time ofenergy use to off-peak times such as nighttime and weekends.

Global warming is the gradual observed century-scale rise in the earth’s average atmospherictemperature generally attributed to the effect of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide which trapheat that would otherwise escape from the earth.

Greenhouse effect is a process whereby the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbondioxide and methane (greenhouse gases) allow the incoming sunlight to pass through to the earth’ssurface but trap and absorb heat radiated back by the surface resulting in the elevation of the averagesurface temperature above what it would be in the absence of these gases. This effect makes the planetwarmer, in the same way a greenhouse keeps its inside temperature warmer.

Greenhouse gases are according to the UNFCCC “those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere,both natural and anthropogenic that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation”. The Kyoto Protocol addressessix anthropogenic greenhouse gases, namely, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide(N2O), sulphur hexfluoride (SF6) hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Nitrogentrifluoride (NF3) was added in the second compliance period which began in 2012 and ends in 2017 or2020.

Renewable energy is energy that comes from any naturally occurring and replenishable source suchas biomass, solar, wind, tidal, wave, flowing water (hydropower) and geothermal heat.

Resilience according to IPCC is “the ability of a social or ecological system to absorb disturbanceswhile retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for self-organization andthe capacity to adapt to stress and change”. Simply, it is the ability to survive, recover from and eventhrive in changing climatic conditions. It includes the ability to understand the potential impacts and totake appropriate action before, during and after a particular event, such as major flooding or prolongeddrought, to minimize negative effects and maintain the ability to respond to changing conditions includingunpredictable conditions.

Scenario is a sequence of events, course of events, chain of events especially when imagined. It is anaccount or synopsis of a possible course of action or events, a description of what could possibly happen.

Vulnerability according to IPCC is “the degree to which a system is susceptible to and unable to copewith, adverse effects of climate change including climate variability and extremes”. Vulnerability is afunction of the character, magnitude and rate of climate change and variation to which a system isexposed, its sensitivity and adaptive capacity.

Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy xxi

Glossary

SectionIntroduction

1Climate change is a global issue that shouldconcern every individual, group, organizationand nation. Mitigation measures and adaptationstrategies are needed for people toaccommodate the anticipated changes. TheIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) projects that under a business-as-usualscenario, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, around380 ppm in 2007, will increase to 450 ppm.Stabilization at this level will cause an increasein temperature of 2°C and any increase intemperature beyond this point will not sustain lifeon the planet. Thus climate change presents thebiggest threat facing mankind today. Majoradverse impacts of climate change includedeclining water resources; reduced agriculturalproductivity; spread of vector-borne diseases tonew areas; changes in populations anddistribution of biodiversity; and turbulent weatherand climatic disasters.

Zimbabwe is experiencing more hot and fewercold days than before as a result of climatechange and variability. The country’s annualmean surface temperature has warmed by about0.40C from 1900 to 2000. The period from 1980to date has been the warmest since Zimbabwestarted recording its temperature. The timing andamount of rainfall received are becomingincreasingly uncertain. The last 30 years haveshown a trend towards reduced rainfall or heavyrainfall and drought occurring back to back in thesame season. The frequency and length of dryspells during the rainy season have increasedwhile the frequency of rain days has declined.

Such a scenario has impacts on Zimbabwe’seconomy which is primarily agro-based with over 70 per cent of the population living in rural areasand dependant on climate-sensitive livelihoodssuch as arable farming and livestock rearingamong others. Thus the Government ofZimbabwe regards climate change as one of thethreats to the country and its people and is alsoof the view that climate change has the potentialto undermine many of the positive developmentsmade in meeting the country’s developmentgoals. Both climate change and policies tominimize its effects have enormous socio-economic and environmental implications. Thechallenge for the country is how to developadaptation and mitigation strategies that canreduce the diverse and complex impacts ofclimate change.

Zimbabwe has actively participated ininternational negotiations on climate changefrom as far back as 1992. It was among the firstcountries to sign and ratify the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) in 1992 and also acceded to theKyoto Protocol in 2009. Although Zimbabwe isconstrained by its limited ability to put in placeappropriate measures in order to respond toclimate change requirements because of lack ofhuman, institutional and financial resources, ithas continued through the years to support theUnited Nations efforts to curb the escalation ofgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Climatechange issues are broadly included inZimbabwe’s National Environmental Policy and

Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 1

SECTION 1: Introduction

Strategies. This has been done to demonstratethe country’s willingness to contribute to thepreservation of the global climate for the good ofpresent and future generations.

Zimbabwe has no official long term developmentplan but had a Medium Term Plan (MTP) 2012-2015 which was operational between 2011 andmid-2013. The MTP recognized that climatechange poses a significant and complexchallenge to social and economic development.It acknowledged that increased frequency andintensity of extreme weather events such asdroughts; reduced precipitation and gradualincreases in temperatures would adversely affectkey natural resource based climate sensitivesectors of the economy, particularly, agriculture,energy, forestry, water and tourism whichcontribute significantly to the country’s GrossDomestic Product (GDP). It also highlighted thatthe development choices that the country wouldmake under the MTP, particularly in the energysector, might contribute to increased emission ofGHGs thereby contributing to climate change. Ittherefore called for climate-smart policies thatplaced climate change concerns at the centre ofdevelopment strategies, plans and programmesin all sectors of the economy. This would ensurethe sustainability of strategies for social andeconomic development as well as theircompatibility with international best practices onclimate change adaptation and mitigation.

The MTP’s policy objective was to promoteclimate change mitigation and adaptationstrategies in social and economic developmentat national and sectoral level. Its three policytargets were the development of a NationalClimate Change Strategy; a Climate ChangePolicy and a National Action Plan for Adaptationand Mitigation. It also aimed to increase theintegration of adaptation and mitigationstrategies in economic and developmentactivities and policies at national and sectorallevel.

The Government of Zimbabwe startedaddressing these policy targets of the MTPthrough the Climate Change Office in the thenMinistry of Environment and Natural ResourcesManagement in 2012 when it initiated a processaimed at formulating a comprehensive NationalClimate Change Response Strategy.

The MTP has been superseded by theZimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (Zim Asset) 2013 -2018 after the 31 July 2013 harmonizedelections. The Zim Asset recognizes that thecountry is susceptible to perennial drought andfloods caused by climatic changes emanatingfrom global warming. It also notes that theclimatic changes affect the country’s agro-basedeconomy whose livelihoods largely depend onrain-fed agriculture, livestock production andnatural resources.

The new government has created the Ministry ofEnvironment, Water and Climate in recognitionof the importance of climate and climate change.The Ministry of Environment, Water and Climatefalls under the Food Security and NutritionCluster in the Zim Asset and some of the clusteroutputs include strengthening and implementingthe climate and disaster management policy;promoting conservation agriculture; rehabilitatingirrigation; promoting drought, high yielding andheat tolerant varieties; promoting biofuels andrenewable energy; all of which address climatechange.

Zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategymainstreams climate change through a sectorialapproach to ensure that each sector implementsmitigation and adaptation actions. Each sectorwill therefore be able to direct its projectproposals to the appropriate funding mechanism.The Response Strategy is divided into sixsections. These include an introductory sectionwhich comprises a brief profile of Zimbabwe andthe Vision, Mission, Goal, Strategic Objectives,Pillars and Guiding Principles of the NationalClimate Change Response Strategy (Section 1).

2 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy

This is followed by a synopsis of climate changeacross scales from global, regional, national tolocal level (Section 2); sector specific challenges,risks, opportunities and impacts as well asrelevant adaptation and mitigation measures(Section 3); strategy enablers such as capacitybuilding; technology transfer; climate changeeducation, communication and awareness(Section 4); climate change governance (Section5); and finally a section on Action Plans,Implementation Framework and ResourceMobilization (Section 6).

The National Climate Change ResponseStrategy provides a framework for a compre-hensive and strategic approach on aspects ofadaptation, mitigation, technology, financing,public education and awareness. It will help toinform Government on how to strengthen theclimate and disaster management policies.

1.1 A Brief Profile of zimbabwe

Geographical Location andCharacteristics

Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southernAfrica, lying between latitudes 15° and 23° Southof the Equator and longitudes 25° and 34° Eastof the Greenwich Meridian (See Figure 1). Itsarea is 390,757 square kilometres. The countryis bordered by Mozambique to the East, SouthAfrica to the South, Botswana to the West andZambia to the North and North-west. TheZambezi River to the north and the LimpopoRiver to the south, form Zimbabwe’s borders withZambia and South Africa, respectively.

Most of the country is elevated in the centralplateau (Highveldt) stretching from the southwest



Figure 1: zimbabwe and its neighbours. Source: www.nationsonline.org (accessed 12-10-2012_12:12hrs)


to the northwest at altitudes between 1,200 and1,600 m. The watershed is 650 kilometres longand 80 kilometres wide. The country's east ismountainous with Mount Nyangani as thehighest point in the country at 2,592 m. About 20per cent of the country consists of the Lowveldtbelow 900 m, with the Zambezi and Limpoporiver valleys found in the north and south,respectively, having the lowest altitude of around500 m above sea level. Figure 1 showsZimbabwe and its current administrativedivisions, major towns including the capital cityHarare, infrastructural development as well as itsneighbours.

Zimbabwe has a sub-tropical climate with fourseasons: cool dry season from mid-May toAugust; hot dry season from September to mid-November; the main rainy season running frommid-November to mid-March; and the post rainyseason from mid-March to mid-May. The meanmonthly temperature varies from 150C in July to240C in November whereas the mean annualtemperature varies from 180C on the Highveldtto 230C in the Lowveldt. The lowest minimumtemperatures (70C) are recorded in June or Julyand the highest maximum temperatures (290C)in October, or if the rains are delayed, inNovember. The climate is moderated by thealtitude with the Eastern Highlands enjoyingcooler temperature compared to the low lyingareas of the Lowveldt.

Zimbabwe is generally a semi-arid country withlow annual rainfall reliability. The average annualrainfall is 650 mm but geographically it rangesfrom around 350 to 450 mm per year in theSouthern Lowveldt to above 1,000 mm per yearin the Eastern Highlands. The rainfall pattern ofZimbabwe is variable with years below andabove normal rainfall.

Environment and Natural Resources

Zimbabwe has abundant natural resources thatinclude wilderness, arable land, forests, wildlife

minerals, and surface and ground water. Itsforestry resources cover approximately 66 percent of the total land area.

Almost 15 per cent of Zimbabwe is under someform of statutory protection within the Parks andWild Life Estate or State Land. Indigenousforests and woodlands include the Miombofloristic element comprising the followingwoodland types: Miombo, teak, mopane, Acacia,Terminalia and Combretum. The Afromontaneelement is localized in the Eastern Highlandsmainly on the windward side of the mountainswith the Cape Floristic element occurring on theNyanga Mountains.

Zimbabwe has 20 million mega litres of totalannual renewable available freshwater. Thewater is largely replenished through rainfall andthen runoff into rivers, streams, lakes andreservoirs, aquifers and freshwater aquaticsystems such as wetlands. The country relies onsurface water resources for 90 per cent of itsrequirements while groundwater supplies theremaining 10 per cent. The estimatedgroundwater resources available for exploitationin Zimbabwe are 8 million mega litres. There areseven river catchments in the country, namelyManyame, Mazowe, Gwayi, Runde, Sanyati,Save and Mzingwane.

Zimbabwe has the second largest number ofdams in the Southern African DevelopmentCommunity (SADC) region after South Africa.The country has almost 40 medium to largedams and lakes including Lake Kariba as well asabout 10,200 small dams. Zimbabwe is a drycountry with limited wetlands.

Agriculture uses most of Zimbabwe’s water, 81per cent for irrigation, fish farming and livestockwatering. The urban, industrial and institutionalsector uses 15 per cent of available water, whilemining accounts for 2 per cent of the water. In2001, about 152,000 hectares of land wereunder formal irrigation with a total of 5,000 to


20,000 under informal irrigation. There is afurther 600,000 hectares of land nationwide thatcan be made available for irrigation development.

Zimbabwe faces various natural hazards. Theseinclude frequent and recurrent droughts on oneextreme and some flooding especially in thelower Zambezi Valley on the other extreme.Severe storms, though rare, also affect thecountry with devastating impacts on thepopulation.

Current environmental problems includedeforestation; soil erosion; land degradation aswell as air and water pollution. Poor miningpractices have led to toxic waste and heavymetal pollution especially in the more arid partsof the country. The growth of the urbanpopulations has also led to pollution of watersources.

Zimbabwe, through the Ministry responsible forEnvironment launched the NationalEnvironmental Policy and Strategies in 2009that compliments the EnvironmentalManagement Act [Chapter 20:27], and otherlegislation pertaining to environmental protection,monitoring and sustainable management.Zimbabwe is a signatory to the followingmultilateral environmental agreements, amongothers: the Montreal Protocol on Substances thatDeplete the Ozone Layer; United NationsConvention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD);the United Nations Convention on BiologicalDiversity (UNCBD) and its Cartagena Protocolon Biosafety; Convention on International Tradein Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES) and the United Nations Convention onthe Law of the Sea, in addition to the UNFCCCand its Kyoto Protocol.

Demographics and Human Well-being

According to the Zimbabwe National StatisticalAgency (ZIMSTAT) Census Report published in2013, Zimbabwe had a total population of

13,061,239 people as of August 2012. Of these,41 per cent were children below the age of 15years while four per cent were the elderly abovethe age of 65 years. This means that Zimbabwe’spopulation still has the potential to grow eventhough its annual growth rate has declined inrecent years, with a 2002-2012 inter-censalpopulation growth rate of 1.1 per cent. With sucha growth rate, the population will double in about70 years.

The life expectancy at birth for Zimbabweans is58 years. The total fertility rate is 3.8 children perwoman which is one of the lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa. The average household size is4.2 persons with 65 per cent of these householdsbeing male headed. Thirty three (33) per cent ofthe population live in urban areas and the inter-censal urbanization rate was about 2 per centper annum.

Poverty remains high in Zimbabwe, and isestimated to be around 63 per cent for TotalConsumption Poverty and 16 per cent for FoodPoverty for households according to the PovertyIncome Consumption and Expenditure Survey2011/12 Report. It is more widespread in therural areas at about 76 per cent, although smallpockets (about 6 per cent) of deep poverty alsooccur for households in urban areas. Poverty inZimbabwe has many causes, including weakmacro-economic performance and high andrising levels of unemployment, which leave mostpeople dependent on subsistence agriculture inclimatically marginal areas.

The major health issues in Zimbabwe relate tochild mortality, maternal health and the top fourkiller diseases, the human immunodeficiencyvirus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiencysyndrome (AIDS) epidemic, malaria, tuberculosisand diarrheal diseases. Though the adultprevalence rates for HIV and AIDS fell during theperiod 2000-2012 (from an estimated 34 per centin 2000 to13.7 per cent in 2009; according to the




Demographic and Health Survey 2010-2011); 1.2million people live with HIV. In addition, thenumber of orphans is estimated at about onemillion and vulnerable children have alsoincreased as parents were lost.

Zimbabwe achieved near universal primaryeducation for all in the 1980s which laid afoundation towards the fulfillment of theMillennium Development Goal 2. This wasachieved through massive expansion of primaryand secondary education facilities throughout thecountry. The Zimbabwe Demographic HealthSurvey 2010-2011 found that the overall literacyrate for women was 94 per cent whereas that ofmen was 96 per cent. By 2011 Zimbabwe hadthe highest literacy rate in Africa. The nationalcensus of 2012 put the national literacy rate at96 per cent.

Economic Sectors

Economy and labour force: Zimbabwe has afairly diversified economy based on agriculture,mining, manufacturing, commerce, forestry, andtourism, among others. Over the period 1980-1999 the GDP measured in real terms, grew atan average rate of 3.8 per cent per year.However, the economy faced severe challengesduring the period 2000-2008 with the annual realGDP growth suffering declines averaging 5.3 percent between 2003 and 2008. The countrywitnessed an unprecedented decline in GDP percapita to levels as low as USD300. According tothe Zim-Asset, Zimbabwe’s economy has beenon a recovery path since 2009, registeringgrowth, with a real GDP growth rate of 5.4 percent in 2009, 11.4 per cent in 2010 and reachinga peak of 11.9 per cent in 2011. However, therecovery remained fragile as the growth declinedfrom 11.9 per cent in 2011 to 10.6 per cent in2012 and 3.4 per cent in 2013.

The Nominal GDP was estimated at USD8.9billion in 2011 and at USD7.4 billion in real terms.

Since the introduction of multi-currencies in2009, the GDP per capita grew from US$520 perperson in 2009 to US$693 per person in 2011.The introduction of the multi-currencies alsobrought the rate of inflation to a halt in January2009 after it had reached an all-time high of 231million per cent in July 2008. Inflation inZimbabwe has been hovering between 3 and 4per cent from January 2010 to December 2012.The year on year rate of inflation as at December2012 stood at 2.9 per cent.

Zimbabwe has an estimated potential labourforce of 7,661,295 million adults aged 15 yearsand above. However, the economically activepopulation was estimated as 5,120,540 millionby the national census of 2012. Of this number,66 per cent are employed in agriculture, 24 percent in services and about 10 per cent inindustry. The unemployment rate increased from6 per cent in 1999 to 9 per cent in 2002 and was57 per cent for women and 31 per cent for menby 2010-2011 when the ZIMSTAT carried out thelast Demographic and Health Survey. Thepercentage varies with the definition ofemployment and whether those in the informalsector are defined as being employed. The 2012national census using the broad definition ofemployment put the unemployment rate at 11.1per cent of the economically active labour force.

Agriculture: Zimbabwe has an agriculturalbased economy with the sector contributingabout 15 per cent each year to the GDP.Agriculture provides about 60 per cent of the totalemployment and also supplies raw materials toindustry. Zimbabwe’s agricultural sector isdivided into four major sub-sectors namely; largescale commercial farms, small scale commercialfarms, communal and resettlement areas. Theagrarian structure has changed with the recentland reform in Zimbabwe with 99 per cent of thefarmers now being smallholder farmers. Of these


81 per cent are communal farmers, 18.7 per centresettled farmers and 0.1 per cent large scalefarmers.

The country is divided into five natural regions onthe basis of soil type, rainfall, temperature andother climatic factors (Figure 2). These regionsalso represent the agricultural potential for theproduction of crops and livestock. The countryproduces a variety of crops in its different agro-ecological zones which include staple crops suchas maize, sorghum, mhunga (pearl millet),rapoko (finger millet), oilseeds (sunflower,groundnuts and soya beans) and industrial cropswhich include tobacco, cotton, edible dry beansand paprika. The country rears a variety oflivestock that include cattle, sheep, pigs andgoats. There is also a thriving wild life industryrepresented by national parks andconservancies.

Industry: Industry comprising the construction,manufacturing, processing and secondaryproduction sectors, is a key contributor toeconomic development in Zimbabwe. Itcontributes 14 per cent of GDP. The industrysector used to be mainly formal; however, theintroduction of the Economic StructuralAdjustment Programme in the 1990s and theresulting opening up of the economy andretrenchment of employees, induced growth ofthe informal sector. Indeed, according to the2012 national census the formal sector now hasabout 1.5 million employees compared to 2.5million in the informal sector.

The manufacturing sector is diversified and wellintegrated with the rest of the Zimbabweaneconomy and has strong linkages withagriculture, mining, construction and commerce.Zimbabwe’s manufacturing sector is well knownfor the diversity of its products. The industries



Figure 2: zimbabwe’s agro-ecological regions.Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (accessed 07-11-2012)


include food processing, metals, leather andleather products, wood and furniture, clothingand textiles, chemicals, paper and plastics,among others. Most of these manufacturingindustries make use of the agricultural andmining outputs as their raw materials.

The manufacturing sector at its peak, contributed23 per cent to GDP. However, since 2006 thesector recorded declines in output and isestimated to have declined by 73.3 per cent in2008. According to the Zim Asset the averagecapacity utilization was 57 per cent in 2011 and44 per cent in 2012. The Industrial DevelopmentPolicy (2012-2016) aims to institute measures toraise capacity utilization to above 90 per cent by2016. The services industry is also a veryimportant sector that has contributed to thecountry’s GDP.

Mining: The mining sector accounts for about 44per cent of Zimbabwe’s GDP, at least 30 per centof foreign exchange earnings and 5 per centformal employment. Zimbabwe has more than1,000 mines producing about 35 minerals themain ones being gold, platinum, gold, nickel,chrome, iron ore, copper, coal, cobalt, tin,granite, chrysotile asbestos, lithium and morerecently diamonds. The country is among thelow-cost producers of minerals because ofabundant shallow deposits.

Similar to other sectors, mining suffered declinesduring 2000-2008, but there has beenresurgence in the sector with increasingproduction in gold, coal and platinum and thediscovery of new minerals such as diamonds.Whereas the agricultural and manufacturingsectors have been the main contributors toexport earnings, these have been overtakenlately by the mining sector, which now accountsfor about 50 per cent of the country’s totalexports.

Trade: Zimbabwe’s trade performance declinedboth in volume and value during 2008-2010

compared to the 1990s. A negative balance oftrade has been experienced since 2002;however, export earnings were projected to growby at least 10 per cent from around US$4.3billion in 2011 to US$4.7 billion in 2012 as aresult of the gradual economic recovery since2009. This is underpinned by favourableinternational commodity prices and improvedoutput of export commodities from theagriculture, mining and manufacturing sectors.The import bill was projected to marginallyincrease from around US$5.6 billion in 2011 toUS$5.7 billion in 2012 with food importsexpected to decline while non-food imports wereprojected to increase.

South Africa remains Zimbabwe’s single largesttrading partner accounting for at least 40 per centof total exports and 60 per cent of total imports.Traditionally, the European Union (EU) used tobe the major export destination for Zimbabweaccounting for two-thirds of total exports. Chinais the third most important market for Zimbabweafter South Africa and the EU, with around 7 percent share of Zimbabwe’s total exports.

Zimbabwe launched its National Trade Policy(2012-2016) in 2012 whose main objectives areto increase exports and promote thediversification of the country’s export basket withan ultimate target of increasing the exportearnings by at least 10 per cent annually fromUS$4.3 billion in 2011 to US$7 billion in 2016;promote enhanced value-addition of primarycommodities in all sectors; consolidate andexpand existing markets and explore newmarkets, with the main focus being to expandinto regional markets; enhance trade facilitationin order to expedite trade flows by reducingand/or eliminating barriers to trade; giveguidance to trade policy instruments such astariffs, non-tariff measures and trade defensemechanisms with the aim of promoting trade,


protecting local industry from unfair tradepractices, as well as improving access byconsumers to a wide range of goods andservices.

Energy: The main sources of energy used inZimbabwe are electricity (from coal-fired stations,hydro-electricity and solar energy), petroleumproducts (including kerosene/paraffin), propanegas and fuel wood. Zimbabwe has coal reservesto meet ten times its electricity and petroleumneeds for the next 100 years; hydro-power whichif fully developed can meet the country’s needs;abundant coal-bed methane gas deposits as wellas uranium deposits. Most of the electricity isused in urban areas.

Fuel wood is the most commonly used fuel forover 90 per cent households in rural areas.Charcoal is not widely used in the country. Thenational fuel wood consumption is estimated ataround 9.4 million tonnes per year. The AfricanDevelopment Bank estimated a sustainable yieldof 13 million tonnes per year in 2004.

Energy demand is growing gradually, by over 2per cent annually. Local supply does not meetdemand. The shortfall is made up with imports ofelectricity from Zambia, Mozambique and SouthAfrica. However, with the rising demand ofelectricity regionally, Zimbabwe has beenworking on expansion projects of the existingplants and also initiating new hydro-powergeneration projects particularly on the majorrivers that border the country. Furtherdevelopment of solar power and bioenergy arealso being pursued.

Transport and Communication: Zimbabwe’stransport sector is dominated by road transportwith 88,133 kilometres of road overall, of which17,420 kilometres are paved. There are 2,400km of rail track. There has been a steadyincrease in the registered vehicle population inthe country with the number of vehicles doubling

over the last 10 years. Other forms of transportare air, and boats which are used in the man-made dams of the country. The transport sectorcontributes about 7 per cent to GDP.

Zimbabwe has several radio stations as well asfixed and mobile telephones services. The latteris the fastest growing sector in thecommunication industry with more than 9 millionsubscribers in 2011.

Tourism: Tourism is the fourth leading foreignexchange earner in Zimbabwe contributing about10 per cent to the country’s GDP which rises to16.3 per cent when other key supply chainactivities are considered. Real growth, in termsof services has occurred in the tourism industrysince 2009, with the number of arrivals risingfrom year to year.

The country is richly endowed with a variety oftourist attractions. It has one of the SevenWonders of the World, the Victoria Falls, whichis a World Heritage Site. The scenic easternhighlands are dominated by mountains,waterfalls and forests. The country has a varietyof national parks and trans-frontier parks withover 100 large mammal species which includethe big five; elephant, rhinoceros, leopard, lionand buffalo. The country is proud of both itstangible and intangible heritage; the formerconsisting of historic structures such as the GreatZimbabwe and Khami Ruins both of which areWorld Heritage Sites.

Political and Decision Making Structures:Zimbabwe is a Sovereign State with ademocratically elected Executive President whois both head of State and Government. TheZimbabwe legal system is based on RomanDutch Law. A new constitution was adopted inMay 2013 to replace the Lancaster HouseConstitution of 1979. Harmonized elections areheld every five years.




1.2 The Vision, Mission, Goal,Strategic Objectives, Pillarsand Guiding Principles ofzimbabwe’s Climate ChangeResponse Strategy

1.2.1 VisionTo create a climate change resilient nation.

1.2.2 Mission

To ensure sustainable development and aclimate proofed economy through engaging allstakeholders recognizing the vulnerable natureof Zimbabwe’s natural resources and society.

1.2.3 Goal

To mainstream climate change adaptation andmitigation strategies in economic and socialdevelopment at national and sectoral levelsthrough multi-stakeholder engagement.

1.2.4 Strategic Objectives

a) Mainstream climate change in all the keysectors of the economy.

b) Promote resource use efficiency and lesscarbon intense pathways in all economicactivities and develop a climate changeresilient energy infrastructure that is notcarbon intense.

c) Develop climate proofed and environmentallysustainable transport systems that are lesscarbon intense.

d) Promote sustainable development,management and utilization of water resourcesunder changing climatic conditions.

e) Promote sustainable land-use systems thatenhance agricultural production, ensure foodsecurity and maintain ecosystem integrity.

f) Develop Nationally Appropriate MitigationActions (NAMAs) as a step towards lowcarbon development strategies for Zimbabwe.

g) Address climate change through evidence-based research, technology development andtransfer.

h) Promote and protect health under a changingclimate.

ii) Develop an effective climate changecommunication information management andcommunication system that facilitates accessby all stakeholder groups.

j) Strengthen and mainstream climate change inall education curricula.

k) Mainstream gender, children and youth,people living with HIV and AIDS and othervulnerable groups into all climate changeinterventions.

l) Develop and maintain an appropriate climategovernance framework and institutionalmechanisms aimed at coordinating climatechange responses.

1.2.5 PillarsPillar 1:

Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management.

Pillar 2:

Mitigation and low carbon developmentstrategies (LCDS)

Pillar 3:

Capacity to effect: l Adaptation and mitigation.l Climate change communication.l Education and raising awareness.l Research and development.l Appropriate institutions to address climate

change issues.


Pillar 4:Governance framework:

l Institutions.

l Networks.

l Negotiations.

Pillar 5:Finance and Investment.

l Partnerships.

l International Financing.

Pillar 6:Technology development and transfer, includinginfrastructure.

Pillar 7:Communication and advocacy:

Information management and dissemination.

1.2.6 Guiding Principles

a) Demand driven by national aspirations.

b) Country-driven and predicated on nationaldevelopment priorities.

c) Aligned with national laws, internationalobligations and commitments.

d) Mainstream climate change into policy andlegal framework as well as developmentplanning.

e) Mainstream sustainable development.

f) Participation and engagement of allstakeholders.

g) Response which is knowledge and evidencebased that incorporates indigenous knowledgesystems, culture and science.

h) Access to information.

i) Precautionary principle.

j) Mainstream the rights based approach.



SectionClimate and Climate Change

22.1 Climate Change from a

Global Perspective

The earth’s climate system has demonstrablychanged at both global and regional scales sincethe pre-industrial era, with some of thesechanges attributable to human activities whichhave increased the atmospheric concentrationsof greenhouse gases and aerosols. Theatmospheric concentrations of key anthro-pogenic greenhouse gases [i.e., carbon dioxide(CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), andtropospheric ozone (O3)] reached their highestrecorded levels in the 1990s, primarily due to thecombustion of fossil fuels, agriculture, and land-use changes.

The increase in GHGs is a process thatcontinues today, leading to an ever increasing

atmospheric concentration of these gases.Global atmospheric concentrations of the GHGshave increased since 1750, rising by 70 per centbetween 1970 and 2004. The annual emissionsof carbon dioxide grew by about 80 per cent overthe same period (Figure 3). Continued GHGemissions at or above current rates would causefurther warming and induce many changes in theglobal climate system during the 21st century thatwould very likely be larger than those observedduring the 20th century.

Global increase in CO2 concentrations isprimarily a result of fossil fuel use, with land use-change providing another significant but smallercontribution. The observed increase in CH4concentration is predominantly caused byagriculture and fossil fuel use; whereas theincrease in N2O concentration comes primarilyfrom agriculture and transport.


Figure 3: Trends in temperature change and atmospheric CO2 concentrations 1850-2010.Adopted from Global Environment Outlook, 2012.

The IPCC has published four assessmentreports that progressively identify humanactivities as the driving force behind present andfuture global climate change. Its conclusion isthat: “warming of the climate system isunequivocal, as it is now evident fromobservations of increases in global average airand ocean temperatures, widespread melting ofsnow and ice, and rising global mean sea level.”There is new and stronger evidence that most ofthe warming observed over the last 50 years isattributable to human activities.

According to the IPCC Fourth AssessmentReport (2007), the period 1995-2006 ranksamong the warmest years in the instrumentalrecord of global surface temperature since 1850(Figure 4), with the final decade of the twentiethcentury being regarded as the warmest in thepast millennium.

systems are enormous, it becomes important toestimate the possible range of future climates wemay experience over the next one hundredyears. This is determined using computer modelsand scenarios. General circulation models aredynamic computer models of the atmosphereand oceans that have been used to estimateclimate change attributed to a doubling of CO2and to transient increases in GHGsconcentrations. Currently these models are theonly methods that permit prediction of futureclimate change. Generally, these models agreeon the importance of GHGs, especially CO2, indriving global warming and climate change.

Global warming is inducing instabilities in theEarth’s climate, which are already known to havemany harmful effects. What is not yet known ishow serious the situation could become. Thepossibilities range from bad and costly to fix(such as saving many valuable coastal areasfrom flooding and fighting new and morepervasive diseases) to the much less probablebut potentially catastrophic effects of a sudden,significant climate shift that would be difficult toreverse.

Altered frequencies and intensities of extremeweather, together with sea level rise, areexpected to have most adverse effects onnatural and human systems. Anthropogenicwarming and sea level rise would continue forcenturies because of the time scales associatedwith climate processes and feedbacks, even ifGHG concentrations were to be stabilized.Anthropogenic warming could lead to someimpacts that are abrupt or irreversible, dependingupon the rate and magnitude of the climatechange. Although the exact extent of harm fromglobal warming may be difficult to predict now, itcan be said with confidence that the harmfuleffects of global warming on climate willsignificantly outweigh the possible benefits. Animportant consequence of climate change is thatthe future climate will be less familiar, moreuncertain and, possibly, more extreme.


SECTION 2: Climate and Climate Change

Figure 4: Global near-surface temperatures from 1880 to 2000. Source: IPCC 2007.

Modelling results from research centres inEurope, America and Japan agree that theperiod 1997 to 2011 were the warmest years onrecord with 1998 and 2010 being the hottest.These findings add weight to the commonconclusion that in spite of short-term spatial andtemporal variability, the clear long-term trend isone of global warming.

Given that the potential consequences of arapidly warming climate for natural and human


In order to deal with this phenomenon, theinternational community adopted the UNFCCCin 1992 that aims to stabilize concentrations ofGHGs at a level that would prevent anydangerous interference with the climate systemand to bring down GHGs emissions in 2000 tothe 1990 emission level. The internationalcommunity also adopted the Kyoto Protocol; todefine legally binding targets in emissionreduction for UNFCCC for developed countrieslisted in Annex 1 in order to halt and reverse theupward trends in GHG emissions.

The international committee recently met toreview progress at the Rio+20 conference andhad a declaration that emphasized adaptation toclimate change as an urgent global priority thatmust feature high on any agenda and that theglobal nature of climate change requires allcountries to cooperate and participate in theinternational action to fast-track reduction inGHG emissions.

2.2 Climate Change from aSouthern African RegionalPerspective

Significant progress has been made in the IPCCFourth Assessment Report (2007) in manyaspects of the knowledge required to understandclimate change. However, there remainimportant areas where further work is required,in particular, the understanding and prediction ofregional changes in climate and climateextremes; and the quantification of climatechange impacts at the regional and local levels.

Modellers in the region, particularly in SouthAfrica, are trying to address the prediction fortime scales between that for weather forecasts(typically seven days ahead) and seasonalforecasts, and between seasonal forecasts andmulti-decadal climate change projections.

Decadal climate predictions will be highlyexperimental until a much better understandingof the physical mechanisms of decadal climatevariability has been developed. Modeldevelopment and improvement efforts and thestudy of the climate system with expandedocean, land, atmosphere and ice observationalnetworks are needed to achieve theseobjectives.

The warming trend observed in southern Africaover the last few decades is consistent with theglobal trend of temperature rise in the 1970s,1980s and 1990s and the timing of periods ofmost rapid warming has also been similar. Thesix warmest years have occurred since 1980,with the period 1986-1995 being the warmestand driest. The temperatures in the southernAfrican region have risen by 0.50C over the past100 years and are further expected to increaseat a rate of 0.050C per decade.

According to the 4th IPCC Assessment Report,there is already evidence that Africa is warmingfaster than the global average, and this is likelyto continue. The warming occurs all year-round.By 2100, temperature changes will fall intoranges of about 1.4 to almost 5.8°C increase inmean surface temperature compared to 1990.This warming will be greatest over the interior ofsemi-arid margins of the Sahara and centralsouthern Africa.

There is strong evidence, based on analysis ofminimum and maximum temperature trends thatthe region is getting warmer. The trends aredisplayed as departures (or anomalies) from the1961-1990 average. After the mid-1970s, theseanomalies are almost all positive; approximately0.8 °C above the 1961-1990 average over thelast two decades. These anomalies are alsolarger in more recent years, suggesting that therates of increase in minimum and maximumtemperatures are increasing. This is consistentwith detected increases in global annual surfaceair temperatures.


Regional scenarios for future climate changeover southern Africa based on general circulationmodels project temperature increases ofbetween 1 and 3° over most land areas byapproximately 2060 (Figure 5).

Predicted increases are greatest towards the aridregions in the southwest of the African landmass,which are also the regions which are suggestedto receive the largest decreases in averagerainfall in the future. Temperatures are alsoexpected to rise more during the dry season ofJune to November than during the wetterDecember to May season.

Changes in rainfall are harder to detect becauserainfall varies so much from place to place andfrom year to year across southern Africa. Existingevidence for rainfall trends suggests moderatedecreases in annual rainfall over parts ofsouthern Africa. There is also evidence whichshows that inter-annual rainfall variability oversouthern Africa has increased since the late1960s and that droughts have become moreintense and widespread in the region. Thepattern of anomalies demonstrates that year-to-year rainfall variability is high across the region,and has been a persistent feature of the region’s

climate for many years. These alternatingpatterns of above-normal/below-normal rainfallperiods clearly illustrate the rainfall cyclesprevalent in southern Africa.

Many impacts of climate change will beexperienced through the changes in extremeevents such as droughts, floods and storms.Already extreme wet and dry years have beenrecorded, which resulted in floods and droughts.In 1999-2000, for example, tropical cyclone Elinecaused widespread flooding in southern andcentral Mozambique, south-eastern Zimbabweand parts of South Africa and Botswana. In 1982-1983, 1986-87 and 1991-92 serious droughtswere experienced that caused a decrease incrop and livestock production in many parts ofthe region.

Unfortunately, assessments of climate changeare often limited to mean temperature andprecipitation. Knowledge of changes in extremesis sparse, particularly for southern Africa. Resultsof analysis of extreme events using the bestclimate models from the IPCC FourthAssessment Report show that different modelsproject different trends in wet and dry extremes



Figure 5: 30-year running means of area averaged 2m-temperature in Scenario 1. Shown are the anomalies from the 1961-1990 mean. Full (dashed) lines denote 30-year Unit: 0C periods thatare (not) significantly different from the control period. Source: Katarina et al., 2006.

DIFMAMJJASCN

DIFMAMJJASCN


in some regions. Generally the results show anincreasing intensity of both floods and droughts.

Area averaged rainfall series for north-eastSouth Africa, Zimbabwe, western Mozambiqueand southern Malawi and Zambia show thatmulti-decadal rainfall oscillations have occurredduring the 20th century. The models generallyshow a drying trend for much of the 21st century,although decade-to-decade rainfall fluctuationsin the simulations are evident early in the century.The simulated annual cycles in a warmer climateshow a one month delay of the rainfall onset andno shift in rainfall cessation months, thusimplying shorter rainy seasons. This delayedseasonal rainfall onset is predicted even in thenorthern parts of southern Africa.

Extremely low rainfall (defined as the intensity ofevents occurring once every ten years) ispredicted to become less extreme over centralSouth Africa and Lesotho, increasing by about50 per cent around 2100. Most models simulatean increase of the extreme dry events over theKalahari by up to 30 per cent. Such conditionsare favourable for a further eastwardencroachment of the Kalahari Desert. Themodels are unable to simulate tropicalcyclones/storms, which are one of the mainsources of torrential rains and flooding(www.knmi.nl/africa_scenarios).

Global climate for much of the year 2011 washeavily influenced by one of the strongest LaNina events in history and was closelyassociated with many notable extreme regionalevents including drought in east Africa andflooding in southern Africa.

2.3 Evidence of Climate Change inzimbabwe Over the Years

Zimbabwe has experienced a warming trendtowards the end of the twentieth centurycompared to the beginning, with the annual-

mean temperature increasing by about 0.40Csince 1900. The 1990s decade has been thewarmest during the last century. This warminghas been greatest during the dry season. Day-time temperatures have warmed more thannight-time temperatures during the wet season.There has been an increase in both the minimumand maximum temperatures over Zimbabwerepresented by a decrease in the number of dayswith a minimum temperature of 120C and amaximum of 300C (Figure 6).

Future scenarios have predicted increases inglobal-mean temperature of between 1.30 and4.60C by 2100, representing global warmingrates of between 0.10 and 0.40C per decade.Zimbabwe's continental interior location meansthat it is predicted to warm more rapidly in thefuture than the global average.

There has been an overall decline of nearly 5 percent in rainfall across Zimbabwe during the 20th


Figure 6: Number of days with a minimum temperature of 120C and a maximum of300C during 1950-1990 and nationalrainfall deviation during 1910-2000.

century with the early 1990s witnessing probablythe driest period in the past century (Figures 6,7). There have also been substantial periods, forexample, the 1920s, 1950s, 1970s that havebeen much wetter than average.

Model experiments suggest that annual rainfallwill decrease across Zimbabwe in the future.

This decrease is predicted to occur in allseasons, but is more conclusive for the early andlate rains than for the main rainy season monthsof December to February. By the 2080s, annualrainfall averages are projected to be between 5per cent and 18 per cent less than the 1961-1990average. Table 1 summarizes the past and futureclimate trends in Zimbabwe.



Figure 7: Time series of the national average rainfall for zimbabwe 1901-2009. Courtesy of the Zimbabwe Meteorological Services.

Adapted from the Department for International Development, UK, Support to the Strategic Programme Review for Climate Change, Zimbabwe.

Table 2.1. A summary of past and future climate trends in zimbabwe

Climate feature key messages Source

Past climate variability High variability, frequent drought yearsand occasional flood events

Historical rainfall records

Past climate trends Increasing temperatures(~0.1°C/decade)

No conclusive changes in precipitation

Historical temperature and rainfallrecords

Future climate trends Increasing temperatures of around2.5°C by 2050

Possible decrease in rainfall particularlyduring the rainy season onset (Sep-Nov)

World Climate Research Programme’sCoupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) Global Climate Model Multi-model Projectionsand Climate Systems Analysis Group(CSAG), University of Cape Town finerscale projections

SectionSector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts;Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities

3Climate change adaptation is of great importanceto Zimbabwe and other countries that areexperiencing the effects of this phenomenon.Zimbabwe’s contribution to GHG emissions isvery insignificant, yet the country has sufferedthe brunt of climate change in recent yearsespecially through the increased frequency ofdroughts, floods and epidemics. These makeclimate change adaptation a necessity forZimbabweans.

However, while the country’s focus is mainly onadaptation to climate change, this does not makemitigation irrelevant. Various activities are beingimplemented to reduce the amounts of GHGsemitted, and to promote a green economy.Whereas the definition of ‘green economy’ iswidely contested, it generally implies aneconomy that results in “improved human well-being and social equity, while significantlyreducing environmental risks and ecologicalscarcities”. The following issues are identified aspertinent for the development of Zimbabwe’sClimate Change Response Strategy.

3.1 Natural Systems

3.1.1 Climate Change Issues Associated with Air Pollution

The main causes of change in atmosphericcomposition in Zimbabwe are urbanization;motorization; economic activity and powergeneration using fossil fuels; use of biomass for

energy, especially for domestic cooking andheating; and open burning including vegetationfires and waste burning. These are drivers ofemissions of substances into the atmosphere.

Among these emissions are short-lived climatepollutants (SLCPs), the major ones beingmethane, black carbon and tropospheric ozonethat are responsible for a substantial fraction ofclimate change and have detrimental health andenvironmental impacts. Black carbon exists asparticles in the atmosphere and is a majorcomponent of soot. It has significant humanhealth and climate impacts. Black carbon is nota GHG but it warms the atmosphere byintercepting sunlight and absorbing it. It absorbsvisible light and this absorption leads to adisturbance of the planetary radiation balanceand eventually to warming. Black carbon canalso influence cloud formation and precipitationpatterns. It results from the incompletecombustion of fossil fuels, wood and otherbiomass. Black carbon is emitted from manycommon sources found in Zimbabwe, such ascars and trucks; biomass stoves, forest fires andsome industrial facilities.

Ozone is a reactive gas that exists in two layersof the atmosphere with the stratospheric (upperlayer) being considered beneficial as it protectslife on Earth from the sun’s harmful ultravioletradiation. By contrast the tropospheric ozone(ground level to about 15 km) is an air pollutantharmful to human health and ecosystems, and isa major component of urban smog. In Zimbabwe


there is increasing evidence of deteriorating airquality in the main cities, particularly over the drywinter months when thermal inversions prevail,trapping particulate pollutant gases, and causingsmog. Tropospheric ozone is a significant GHGand is the third most important contributor to theanthropogenic enhancement of global warmingafter CO2 and CH4.

Tropospheric ozone is formed by the action ofsunlight on ozone precursors that have naturaland anthropogenic sources. These are CH4,nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organiccompounds (VOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO).Studies by the Air Pollution Information Networkfor Africa (APINA) showed that CO constituted74 per cent of Zimbabwe’s total emissions using2000 as the base year and was mostly fromsavannah burning and vegetation and forestfires. The other pollutants such as NOxcontributed about five per cent. Methaneemissions were not included in the emissionsinventory but were reported under Zimbabwe’sFirst and Second National Communications tothe UNFCCC. Reductions in both CH4 and COemissions have the potential to substantiallyreduce ozone concentrations and reduce globalwarming. In contrast, reducing VOCs has a smallimpact on the global scale while reducing NOxhas minimal net impact on climate but reducingboth substances can have a beneficial effect onpeak ozone concentrations in cities andassociated rural areas.

The Air Pollution Information Network for Africahas also modelled tropospheric ozoneconcentrations over southern Africa and showeda band of high surface ozone values extendingover Botswana and Zimbabwe down into north-east of South Africa. However further modellingand ground-truthing is needed to moreaccurately define the geographical extent andrisks of these high levels of surface ozone andto explore their possible contribution to globalwarming and climate change.

Short-lived climate pollutants have a relativelyshort atmospheric lifetime; their concentrationsdecline fairly quickly in the atmosphere if theirprecursor emissions are drawn down. Hencereducing methane and black carbon emissionscan be an effective way to slow global warmingover the next two to four decades. With the CO2measures alone it is likely that global warmingwill exceed 20C before 2050. Fast action toreduce short-lived climate pollutants especiallymethane and black carbon, has the potential toslow down the warming expected by 2050 by asmuch as 0.5 0C. The combination of CO2, CH4,and black carbon measures can be projected tohold the temperature increase below 20C until2070 if the measures to reduce emissions of theSLCPs are fully implemented. Because theyhave a short atmospheric lifetime, the removal ofshort-lived climate pollutants also has a relativelysmall effect on long term global warming. Hencewhile reducing short-lived climate pollutantshelps to slow global warming and avoidingexceeding the 20C target; immediate reductionsof CO2 and other long-lived GHGs are neededto meet the target over the long term.

A small number of emission reduction measurestargeting black carbon and ozone precursorscould begin to immediately protect the climate,protect human health and crop yields. Theseinclude the recovery of methane from coal, oiland gas extraction and transport; methanecapture in waste management; use of clean-burning stoves for cooking; diesel particulatefilters for vehicles and the banning of fieldburning of agricultural waste and veldt fires.Immediate action on priority mitigation measuresto reduce short-lived climate pollutants can beimplemented through existing governmentprogrammes, new national initiatives andinternational action programmes. Many of themeasures are cost-neutral and lead to efficiencygains as well as other socio-economic benefits


SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities


and are good options for integrating with widerdevelopment goals; for example measures in thewaste management sector and domestic cookingand heating.

Recognizing that mitigation of the impacts ofthese short-lived climate pollutants is critical inthe near term, a number of countries have cometogether to address the issue in a coordinatedmanner and formed a Climate and Clean AirCoalition to Reduce Short-Lived ClimatePollutants (CCAC) whose secretariat is UNEPParis.

Strategiesa) Carry out an assessment to determine the

main sources and levels of short-lived climatepollutants in Zimbabwe.

b) Introduce measures to control and captureshort-lived climate pollutants.

c) Promote use of cleaner technologies.

d) Develop and implement policies andregulatory frameworks that restrict release of short-lived climate pollutants.

3.1.2 Climate Change Issues for the Water Sector

The hydrological cycle comprises of 1.3 x 109

cubic kilometres of water of which 2.8 percent isavailable as freshwater to satisfy all thecompeting uses (environment, agriculture, urbanand industrial, sanitation, energy generation,etc.). Thus, water management faces challengesin trying to satisfy increasing competing usesfrom this little finite resource against abackground of degrading water quality. This alsocreates potential for conflict among the differentsectors and water users.

Climate change is generally viewed from theperspective of global warming associated withdisturbances in global energy balances. Theseimbalances also affect the hydrological cycle as

rain formation is a direct function of atmosphericconditions. Global warming will result in sea levelrises as water held as snow and ice melts. Asnoted earlier, global climatic models predict thatextreme events (droughts and floods) willincrease as a result of climate change with sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, receiving lessrainfall and experiencing higher temperaturerises. This means that Zimbabwe has to prepareitself for less rainfall and, hence, less naturalaverage runoff in rivers as a result of climatechange.

3.1.2.1 Water Resources Availability Issues

Zimbabwe’s long term average annual surfacerun-off is estimated to be 23.7 x 106 megalitres.The distribution of average runoff varies from 21millimetres per year in the Gwayi Catchment to126 millimetres per year in the Mazowe and partsof the Save Catchment. Water can be accessedfrom direct river abstractions or through storageworks. The country also boasts of groundwaterreserves which have been grouped into 10hydro-geological units which yield approximately1.8 x 106 megalitres from registered andmonitored uses.

Additional water can be obtained throughrecycling. Most recycling takes place in urbancentres where, potentially, wastewater can betreated to sufficient standards for discharge intopublic river systems. Assuming pre-treatment toacceptable water quality levels, recycling addsmore water into the supply system.

Climate change will affect the water sector inZimbabwe in a number of areas (e.g. domesticsupplies, agriculture, industry, energy, etc.). Thisis because the IPCC (2007) predicts a 3.10Ctemperature increase in the 21st centurytogether with a reduction in precipitation insouthern Africa of about 15 per cent. It ispredicted that, in general, seasons will changewith hotter dry seasons and colder winters


anticipated. The traditional onset and cessationof rainfall seasons will shift with fears of shorterand more erratic rainfall seasons.

The reduction in precipitation means that theregion will receive less water for runoff, infiltrationand evaporation. In addition, projectedtemperature rises will cause an increase inevaporation which will result in reducedquantities of available water. The projectedreduction in rainfall has amplified impacts onchannel flow as natural runoff will reduce by largeproportions.

Reduced river flows will result in less inflow intoreservoirs and, hence, reduced storages. In thelong term, this means that yields from reservoirswill be reduced and there will be less quantitiesof water available for allocation across allsectors. This will have impacts on food security,urban water supplies, industrial production andthe environment. There will be less wateravailable for self-purification processes for bothsurface and ground water which will negativelyimpact on the quality of water. This, incombination with increased threats of siltationfrom uncoordinated land-use practices, willseverely deplete the quantity and quality of riverflow and storage capacities.

Groundwater will be affected by reducedrecharge resulting in the general lowering ofaquifer levels. This implies larger pumping headsand increased costs for abstracting groundwater.In addition, reduced water levels affect baseflows as less water becomes available tocontribute towards river flows in dry seasons.

The impacts of reduced available water willinclude lower carry-over storage capacities indams from year to year thus reducing reservoiryields; reduced river flow and groundwaterrecharge; longer walking distances to morereliable water sources; diminished water securityfor livestock and gardening; and increasedexposure to diseases such as malaria, typhoidand cholera. This emphasizes the importance ofwater as a key driver to national efficiency, as

any negative climatic impacts on water resourceswill have serious consequences across theboard, as water issues are cross-cutting andmulti-sectoral.

Zimbabwe, like many countries in the sub-Saharan region faces challenges of datageneration as the rainfall and runoff gaugingnetwork is inadequate with the existing stationsfacing reliability problems. A sound monitoringnetwork is central to understanding the extent ofclimate change in the country.

Strategies

a) Strengthen and intensify monitoring networksfor hydro-meteorological parameters.

b) Conduct more frequent yield assessments ofsurface and groundwater resources.

c) Promote water use efficiency in all sectors.

3.1.2.2 Water Development Issues

About a quarter of the potential storage of waterhas so far been developed country-wide inZimbabwe. Although this estimation is based onmean annual flows which are projected todecline as a result of climate change, there is stillroom to develop more storage within the countryto supply current and future requirements.

Hydraulic infrastructure (dams, culverts, canals,etc.) will need to incorporate the anticipatedincrease in the occurrence of extreme events.This means that future hydraulic infrastructuredesigns will need to factor in the anticipatedoccurrence and magnitude of extreme events,particularly floods. Already increased floods havebeen observed in some areas such as LowerSave, Lower Manyame, Tsholotsho andMuzarabani.

Water development will need to be broadened inscope to include ground water exploitation,construction of multi-purpose storage works andpromotion of rain water harvesting. Currently




inter-catchment water transfers are being mostlypracticed in the south-eastern Lowveldt, otherparts of the country may need to consider suchtransfers to move excess water from someregions to areas of scarcity.

Strategies

a) Develop, rehabilitate, maintain and protectsurface and groundwater resources.

b) Invest in management of effects of extremeevents.

3.1.2.3 Water Management Issues

Water management will face the biggestchallenge because of variations in wateravailability and quality. This will be exacerbatedby increased demand from competing and oftenconflicting uses. More efficiency in waterallocation and effective monitoring processes willneed to be applied.

Challenges in water supply and sanitation arealso anticipated as a result of climate change.Reduction of yields against rising water demandsin urban communities will compromise thequantity and quality of drinking water and thedisposal of wastewater. Communities may resortto unsafe sources of water supply which mightexpose them to water-borne diseases. Similarly,during extreme events (floods and droughts)water quality and sanitation facilities may behighly compromised thus causing both rural andurban communities to resort to unsafe watersources and inadequate disposal facilities.

Traditionally, rivers have been polluted by manyactivities which discharge effluent into the waterbodies. Where flows are substantial andrelatively unpolluted, rivers act as naturalpurification agents against such pollution.However, with the anticipated reduced riverflows, this self-purification mechanism maydiminish resulting in more polluted water bodies.

Strategies

a) Strengthen stakeholder institutions in waterresources management.

b) Promote more efficient water use practices.

c) Promote catchment protection.

d) Adopt data analysis and prediction tools thatincorporate climate change.

3.1.3 Land-use, Land-use-Change and Forestry (LULUCF)

3.1.3.1 Land-use and Land-use Change

Land-use and land-cover change have a directbearing on climate change and weather patternsin diverse and complex ways. These linksinclude the exchange of GHGs (such as watervapour, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrousoxide) between the land surface and theatmosphere; the radiation balance of the landsurface; the exchange of heat between the landsurface and the atmosphere, and the roughnessof the land surface and its uptake of momentumfrom the atmosphere.

The main land-use categories in Zimbabwe areagricultural land, rangelands, protected areas(mainly national parks, safari areas, sanctuariesand reserved forests), conservancies andsettlements (including rural, mining and urbanareas). Protected areas cover about 15 per centof the country’s total land area, however, asignificant proportion of these areas has beenencroached into and converted to other land-uses especially agriculture and rural settlements.

Land-use change is a driver of environmentaland climate change in Zimbabwe especiallythrough the expansion of agriculture; andeconomic and technological development.Increasing population pressure in the communalareas has led to the fragmentation anddegradation of forests as a result of theirclearance for agriculture and harvesting for


firewood, poles and other forest products. Anestimated 300,000 hectares are convertedannually to arable land and other land-uses.

Land reform has converted the formerly large-scale commercial farms and ranches intosmallholder plots and farms, which has resultedin increased clearance of land for agriculture. Itis estimated that part of the 8 million hectares ofland distributed in the post-2000 period, hasbeen cleared for cropping and other forms ofland-use. This has led to the reduction of forestsand woodlands that act as carbon sinks.

The land reform exercise has also seen changesin tenure arrangements that govern ownershipand hence management of rural land. Ownershipof all rural land is now vested in the State, withbeneficiaries being issued with instruments thatrange from “offer letters”, permits, to 99-yearleases. Lack of tenure was thought to be one ofthe major reasons why the resettled farmers didnot have stewardship of their land resulting inhigh levels of deforestation and land degradation.However, Government has made strides inissuance of 99 year leases and launched theissuance of A1 settlement permits in 2014 toaccord A1 farmers security of tenure. Farmershave to satisfy the Ministry responsible for Landand Resettlement on proper farm stewardshipincluding setting up of woodlots for fuelwoodenergy and other uses as well as fireguards.

With regards to land-use policies, the currentland-use policy in Zimbabwe does notincorporate climate change. Thus, although thereis designation of land into land-use categoriessuch as forests and woodlands, rangelands andagricultural land in the resettled and communalareas, there is limited implementation of thepolicy. This results in reduction in vegetationcover, increased emission of GHGs because ofdeforestation, increased land degradation as wellas changes in biodiversity and ecosystem

functions. These changes expose such areas tonew and different effects of climate change.Government is however drafting a new NationalLand Policy which should ensure that climatechange concerns are captured.

Zimbabwe’s various land categories fall underdifferent land administration authorities. Forexample resettlement land is administered by theMinistry responsible for Lands and RuralResettlement while communal and urban land isunder the Ministry responsible for LocalGovernment and the land under protected areassuch as parks and that managed asconservancies is under the Ministry responsiblefor Environment, Water and Climate. Thisscenario naturally causes a discord in thegeneral administration and management of landresources.

The continued expansion of mining especiallyfollowing the discovery of diamonds and otherminerals and the expanded exploitation ofgranite have also resulted in major land-usechanges mostly from forests and woodlands tomining areas. Even more significant land-usechanges have occurred in peri-urban areas as aresult of growing urban populations.

Strategies

a) Develop and enforce policies that regulatechange from one land-use to anotherespecially the clearance of forests andwoodlands to other land-uses.

3.1.3.2 Climate Change and the Forestry Sector

Zimbabwe is endowed with natural vegetationthat ranges from forests, woodlands, bushlands,to wooded grasslands, which all lend themselvesto various degrees of exploitation. About 40 percent (15.6 million ha) of Zimbabwe is covered by




woodlands and forests made up of indigenousmoist forest and plantations of exotic commercialspecies. The status of these resources varieswith land tenure category. Gazetted forest areascover 2.0 per cent of Zimbabwe, and serve toprotect some of the woodland and forest cover,though some of these areas are subject toperiodic harvesting for timber. Just under one-quarter (24 per cent) of the area under woodlandand forest is situated in National Parks, SafariAreas, Sanctuaries and Botanical Reserves, 43per cent is found in communal areas while theremainder occurs in commercial farming andresettlement areas.

Forests are at the centre of socio-economicdevelopment and environmental protection inZimbabwe. Forests, trees and woodlandsprovide the bulk of energy needs for ruralcommunities and the urban poor; support cropand livestock agriculture, wildlife and tourism;water resources and livelihoods. Thuslivelihoods, especially in rural areas, are shapedby the availability and quality of forest resourcesin many parts of the country.

The forestry industry is an important componentof the country’s economy and was estimated tocontribute 3 per cent to the GDP in the 1990s. It is dominated by the exotic plantation basedtimber industry. According to the TimberProducers Federation exotic plantations coverabout 82,000 hectares and are dominated byvarious pine species, followed by eucalyptus.The indigenous hardwood timber industry issmaller and is based primarily on the extractionof the Zambezi teak and mukwa which aremainly found on Kalahari sands in north westernZimbabwe. Other species used include podmahogany, large false mopane and mountainmahogany.

The productivity of the sector has declinedsignificantly in recent years because of pastover-exploitation and degradation of theindigenous forests. The rate of clearance of

woodland in both the commercial andresettlement areas has increased markedlyfollowing the changes in land tenure associatedwith the Land Reform Programme. The nationalannual rate of deforestation has accelerated from100,000 hectares per year in the 1990s to327,000 hectares or -1.9 per cent per annum (the highest in southern Africa) between 2000and 2010. These figures suggest that the rate of deforestation is now three times the estimatedaverage over the period 1985-1992.

Factors contributing to the high rate ofdeforestation and degradation across the countryinclude clearance for agriculture; over-exploitation for fuel wood; expansion of urbanand rural settlements; infrastructuredevelopment; inadequate land-use planning;elephant damage in some national parks andsafari areas and frequent late dry-season fires.The environmental impacts associated withdeforestation include loss of habitats andbiodiversity; less watershed protection (leadingto increased soil erosion, siltation of rivers, andthe disruption of hydrological systems); reducedavailability of important forest products andservices; and reduction in carbon sinks.

Fuel wood accounts for over 60 per cent of thetotal energy supply in Zimbabwe whilst nearly 96per cent of the rural poor rely on fuel wood forcooking and heating. The annual fuel woodconsumption of the country is estimated at 8.54million cubic metres.

The major environmental impacts from forestmanagement and utilization arise mainly from theuse of inappropriate harvesting techniques andpoor post-harvest management of slush andbranch wood that causes hot fires. Fire is one ofthe major causes of forest degradation in thecountry. Each year millions of hectares of forestsexperience hot dry-season fires that aredestructive to woody vegetation and contributeto high black carbon levels in the atmosphere (ashort-lived climate pollutant, See Section 3.1.1).


The relationship between forests and climatechange is intricate and complex because climateaffects forests whilst forests also affect climate.The potential impacts of climate change onforests include changes in species compositionof forest ecosystems; shifts in forest ecosystemsboundaries and species ranges; changes inspecies density; changes in growth rates;increased flora and fauna migration; loss ofvegetation cover; loss of biodiversity; increasedfrequency and intensity of forest fires andincreased reliance on trees and forests forsurvival leading to over-exploitation. On the otherhand forests influence the climate throughcarbon sequestration, emission of water vapourand control of wind speed.

Least developed countries, especially in Africaare considered to be the most vulnerable to theimpacts of climate change and bear the highestrisk to their socio-economic development.Southern Africa is expected to experienceheightened water stress from frequent droughtsand reduced and erratic rainfall. This is expectedto exacerbate existing vulnerabilities caused byfloods and droughts and will require Zimbabweto make changes to its production systems andto protect its forest and woodland resources,especially in its rural areas.

a) Adaptation in the Forestry Sector

Adaptation is “adjustment in natural or humansystems in response to actual or expectedclimatic changes or their effects, whichmoderates harm or exploits beneficialopportunities.” Uptake of adaptation measurescan considerably reduce the projected socio-economic impacts of climate change. However,these measures are not costless as most involvean initial investment with benefits being realizedover a longer period of time.

Some of the barriers which have been identifiedas affecting the uptake of adaptation

opportunities in the forestry sector include limitedeconomic resources and infrastructure; lowlevels of technology; inadequate funding andsupport for research and development intoalternative technologies; limited climate data andmonitoring; inefficient institutions; limitedempowerment of communities to accessresources; lack of cost-benefit analyses ofadaptation options and for institutional, financialand policy environments that support adaptationand manage the transition to new systems; non-availability of information relating to climatechange impacts and the benefits of adaptation;lack of potentially large upfront investment andfor supporting communities in adaptation as wellas the difficulty faced by relatively smallenterprises in dealing with uncertainty andmanagement of risk.

The knowledge base and capacity to respond toclimate change through the forestry sector inZimbabwe is currently limited. Furthermore, littleis known about the potential of trees and foreststo adapt to climate change especially in the dryforest zone. Understanding of the responses ofindividual species, especially the dominantspecies, is critical for the development ofappropriate forest-based climate changeresponse strategies and measures.

Both climate change response and mitigation bytrees and forests need to be carefully assessedso that informed strategies that take into accountsocio-economic and ecological concerns are putin place. Emphasis should be placed onpromoting the role of trees and forests in climatechange, given their unique ability to contribute toboth climate change adaptation and mitigation.Research and development need to beundertaken with stakeholders in a participatoryway, recognising their key concerns and drawingon their expertise. Successful adaptation toclimate change will require an active, strategicapproach operating at all levels of society.




Strategiesa) Promote establishment of land-use plans at

district, ward, village and farm managementlevels that clearly identify forestry as arecognized land-use.

b) Strengthen research, planning and financialsupport to forestry and natural resourcesmanagement to develop cost effectiveadaptation options.

c) Build capacity for forest management in achanging climate.

b) Mitigation Options in the Forestry SectorForests have attracted attention in the globalclimate change debates because of their role inthe carbon cycle as sinks of carbon and assources of carbon when they are cut down. Theforestry sector is a significant emitter of GHGcontributing about 17 per cent of global yearlyGHG emissions. Reducing emissions fromdeforestation and forest degradation (REDD)through sustainable forest management, forestconservation and enhancement of carbon stocksis seen as a major strategy for mitigating climatechange.

Mitigation through International CarbonFinance Payment for carbon sequestration to mitigateclimate change is one of the fastest growingenvironmental services markets. A range ofmarket and non-market measures have beenidentified at international level, to encouragemitigation in the forestry sector, including directliability or involvement in international emissionstrading schemes. International mitigation policiessuch as emissions trading provide opportunitiesfor the forestry sector which could contribute tooffsetting increased costs of energy and otherkey inputs. These include:

a) The production and supply of biomass forelectricity generation or bio-fuel production.

b) The creation of tradable offsets throughemissions reduction or carbon sinks especiallythrough avoided deforestation or reducedemissions from deforestation and forestdegradation (REDD+).

Three mechanisms were created under theKyoto Protocol, namely the Clean DevelopmentMechanism (CDM), joint implementation andemission trading. Carbon markets comprise themandatory or compliance markets under theKyoto Protocol and voluntary markets. The twomajor mandatory markets for carbon offsets arethe Kyoto Protocol’s CDM and the EuropeanUnion Emission Trading Scheme.

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

The CDM allows developed countries to fulfiltheir commitment to reduce emissions throughemission reduction or carbon fixation projects indeveloping countries. The main aim of CDMforest projects (restricted to afforestation/reforestation projects) is the capture of CO2 fromthe atmosphere by establishing forest plantationsor regenerating natural vegetation. However,natural forests are not yet included in thismechanism. The CDM regulations require a veryhigh performance level, the application ofsophisticated systems to measure and monitorthe carbon captured in plantations, thedemonstration of additionality and control ofpossible leaks. These are complicatedrequirements and procedures that are anobstacle particularly for small producers.

The level of accessing resources through theCDM is going to remain low, if the applicationprocedures are not simplified and if the capacityof African countries in how to make use of themechanism is not strengthened. For instance,out of the 13 afforestation and reforestation CDMprojects that have either been registered or are


in the pipeline, only two are based in Africa whileall others are located in Asia or Latin America.Zimbabwe has not accessed carbon financingunder the CDM to date.

Voluntary Carbon Markets

Parallel to the CDM, there is an open or voluntarycarbon market, which also responds tointernational agreements and markets, but is notgoverned by the Kyoto Protocol and itsregulations. In the voluntary market, forestprojects are introduced that focus on carboncapture and storage by establishing plantedforests; enriching and/or managing naturalforests and promoting conservation of naturalforests to avoid the CO2 emissions caused bydeforestation (avoided deforestation).

The voluntary over-the-counter (OTC) marketsare currently the main source of carbon financefor avoided deforestation, and they have a higherproportion of forestry-based credits out of totalmarket transactions than the CDM. However, thehigh cost of evaluation by certifying bodies andthe relatively low price of captured carbon oninternational markets mean that the possiblebenefit of these projects remains very low.

Various carbon fixation projects, especially forestplantations, are now being implemented in thevoluntary market. By using periodic directpayments, these arrangements work very similarto traditional incentives that subsidize theestablishment of plantations. One differencefrom subsidies lies in the requirement that theplantations be permanent and in the huge bodyof rules concerning project formulation andmonitoring.

The payment of carbon fixation certificates ismade after the fifth year, and every five yearsfrom then on, on the accumulated “stock” or theequivalent of metric tonnes of CO2. In generalthere are fewer forestry based carbon projects in

Africa than in the other developing regions of theworld. Even within Africa, the distribution ofcarbon sequestration projects is skewed, witheast Africa receiving the most carboninvestments.

Community development-oriented carbonsequestration projects can provide significanteconomic benefits to local communities in theform of cash incomes as well as through accessto non-timber forest products. There are very fewforestry based carbon projects in Zimbabwe.Thus the country has not benefited from thevoluntary carbon markets largely because ofpoor access to information and lack of capacityespecially within government to develop carbonprojects.

REDD+

In the last five years international discussionsunder the UNFCCC have focussed on thedevelopment of a climate change mitigationregime that will succeed the Kyoto Protocolwhich expired at the end of 2012. One of theproposed financial mechanisms tosimultaneously address forest conservation andmitigation, within the framework of sustainabledevelopment, that has emerged is the ReducedEmissions from Deforestation and ForestDegradation (REDD) Initiative.

REDD+ is an incentive based mechanism forpromoting and rewarding forest ecosystemconservation. Prospects for the economicviability of sustainable forest management innatural tropical forests are expected tosubstantially improve through carbon revenuefrom this mechanism. Zimbabwe has todetermine the policy, institutional and legalframeworks required to take advantage of thefinancial incentives from REDD+ whilemaintaining adequate safeguards such as rightsof communities to have livelihood activities thatare dependent on forests and maintenance of




ecosystem services especially biodiversity.These issues will need to be addressed eventhough the final architecture of the REDD+mechanism is still evolving as negotiationscontinue under the UNFCCC.

Mitigation through Local ProgrammesThe average tree biomass in miombowoodlands, which are the dominant vegetationtype in Zimbabwe, is estimated at 32 tC/ha withan additional 76 tC/ha of soil carbon.Deforestation and forest degradation aretherefore, important sources of GHG emissionsin the country.

Enhancing the contribution of forest resources inmitigating climate change can be achievedthrough such activities as afforestation andreforestation, agroforestry, and sustainablemanagement of natural forests to improvenatural regeneration. In addition, reducingdeforestation could bring other environmentalbenefits, for example the conservation ofbiodiversity and maintenance of soils and waterquality, as well as significant benefits for themillions of people who depend on forests for theirlivelihoods.

Strategies

a) Develop national capacity to design carbonprojects for accessing different carbonfinancing mechanisms and to implement andsupport the projects.

b) Maintain, account for, and expand carbonsinks.

3.1.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystems

Zimbabwe has a rich biological diversity, whichprovides ecosystem services such as food,medicine, energy sources, building and craftmaterials as well as spiritual, cultural and

aesthetic services. The biodiversity alsoregulates climate; soil fertility; outbreaks of pestsand diseases; and maintains functionalecosystems. Vegetation is mainly savannahwoodland interspersed with open grasseddrainage lines or dambos (wetlands).

Zimbabwe has abundant and diverse tropicalanimals including bird species, mammals,reptiles, amphibians and fish species. Thebiodiversity is found in gazetted forests areas,national parks, safari areas, sanctuaries,botanical reserves, recreational parks and non-protected areas such as conservancies andfarming lands. The main problem affectingbiodiversity conservation and managementrelates to loss of biodiversity particularly in non-protected areas, such as communal andresettlement areas. The recurrent droughtsaffecting Zimbabwe have also resulted in loss ofa number of plant and animal species.

Vulnerability assessments carried out forZimbabwe’s Second Communication to theUNFCCC (Figure 8) show that by 2080 underthe worst case scenario, plant diversity isprojected to decline throughout the country andthe areas that currently harbour high diversity willshrink. The pressure on plant diversity will behighest in the western regions, lowest in theeastern regions and moderate for the centralparts of the country. The pressure pattern for thebest scenario is similar except that pressure onplant diversity is expected to be lower.

The assessments also suggested that theprojected decreases in precipitation coupled withincreases in temperature will cause acorresponding decrease in Net PrimaryProductivity in most parts of the country and thatthe western and southern parts of the country willbe worst affected by climate change (Figure 9).The eastern highlands and the central parts ofthe country appear to have the greatest adaptivecapacity to climate change as the vegetation inthese regions is less sensitive to climatevariability because of high rainfall. Net Primary


Productivity provides an estimate of how muchbiomass and therefore forage is available in arangeland. Therefore the projected reduction inNet Primary Productivity will likely reduce thecarrying capacity of rangelands resulting in feweranimals being sustained within rangelands.

Zimbabwe is geographically divided into five agro-ecological regions on the basis of climaticconditions, farming potential and, to a certainextent, water resources (See Section 1.1.Figure2). Over 80 per cent of Zimbabwe falls in Agro-ecological Regions 3, 4 and 5 which are suitablefor livestock production, game ranching andwildlife, rather than rain-fed cropping.Rangelands, therefore, occupy a significant landarea in Zimbabwe and are characterized by anumber of habitat structures ranging from treesavannah, bush and grassland.

Rangelands provide livelihoods for a largeproportion of the population, mainly livestockfarmers and those individuals and communitiesengaged in enterprises based on wildlife. Wildlifeis also at the centre of Zimbabwe’s tourismindustry. Rangelands are already experiencingthe negative impacts of climate variability, andare vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate



Figure 8: A comparison of plant diversity under the current (2012) and worst case scenario of the year 2080.

Source: Zimbabwe’s Second Communication to the UNFCCC.

Areas with high plant diversity are expected to shrink by 2080

Figure 9: A comparison of net primary productivity under the current (2012)and worst case scenario of the year 2080.


NPP is expected to decrease by 2080


change such as decreased rainfall, highertemperatures, less water availability anddesertification. Desertification is landdegradation caused by overgrazing and soilerosion, resulting in bush encroachment anddeterioration of rangelands which will threatenlivestock and wildlife. Climate change will changepasture productivity, for example, the growth ofgrass is inhibited by erratic rainfall, and invasivespecies may proliferate under extreme climaticconditions.

Loss of biodiversity and degraded landscapeswill adversely affect the tourism industry.Furthermore, degraded rangelands willnegatively impact on the livelihoods of farmers,particularly small-scale, resource-poor farmersliving in marginal areas and is likely to increasetheir poverty.

Climate change can result in disruption of naturalecosystems and subsequent changes in species’ecological range; altering predator-preyinteractions; decoupling animals from foodsources and reducing habitat span. It is likely thatlivestock and wildlife will experience pressurefrom increased pests and diseases.

Livestock and wildlife have been previously lostin Zimbabwe, because of lack of water duringmajor droughts. Increased occurrence ofdroughts will cause massive livestock and wildlifedeaths and an increase in human-human andwildlife–human conflicts. There will beintensification of use of limited grazing and waterpoints, as well as increased incidents of wildlifedamage to livestock and crops.

Reduced rainfall, river flows and storages willpresent challenges to environmentalmanagement. Ecosystems will be affected byincreased frequencies of dry spells and extremeevents. The Zimbabwe Water Act acknowledgesthe environment as a legitimate user which isentitled to water allocations. However, withreduced water availability, the “silent” user mayexperience the biggest cuts with less water beingallocated to environmental flows from existingdams.

Water bodies are likely to be affected byrecurrent droughts, rising temperaturesbuttressed by high evaporation rates, andconditions that starve the water bodies ofinflowing water (See Section 3.1.2). This willhave consequences on fish stocks and reduceopportunities for fishing. The hydrologicalregimes of wetlands, some of which form nurserygrounds for fishery resources and which areused for arable agricultural activities during thedry season, will also be adversely affected byclimate change.

One of the most serious environmentalchallenges affecting rangelands is that of veldtfires resulting in massive losses of grasslandsand the lowering of the ability of ecosystems toprovide goods and services to society and theenvironment. Table 2 shows the trends of areaaffected by fires over the period 2001 to 2013.With the predicted drier climate under climatechange, fires are expected to increase inintensity. Therefore adaptation strategies shouldinclude reduction of non-climatic stresses suchas over-exploitation of biodiversity and fires.


Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

(ha) 407,950 444,037 500,312 921193 471,893 906,802 238,945

Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

(ha) 443,809 950,905 1,152,413 713,770 1,132,325 1,179,274

Table 3.1. National area affected by veldt fire 2001-2013Source: Environmental Management Agency (2010, 2013)

Currently, Zimbabwe is pursuing six Trans-frontier Conversation Area (TFCA) initiatives withits neighbours. Trans-boundary natural resourcemanagement is a process of cooperation acrossnational boundaries that aims to enhance themanagement of shared or adjacent naturalresources for the benefit of all parties in the area.These initiatives are important for opening upwildlife corridors, an important climate changeadaptation mechanism.

Strategies

a) Promote and strengthen biodiversityconservation management and the integrity ofnatural ecosystems by using an ecosystembased approach to adapt to climate change.

b) Promote appropriate climate smart land-useoptions for the drier natural regions wherecattle production and wildlife ranching are themost suitable land-use options.

c) Strengthen the effectiveness of Trans-frontierConservation Areas as a mechanism forsustainable biodiversity conservation andclimate adaptation.

3.2 Economic Sectors

3.2.1 Agriculture and Food Security

3.2.1.1. Overarching Issues in Agriculture and Food Security

Critical Role of Agriculture in SustainableDevelopment

Sustainable development for Zimbabwe willhinge on a robust agricultural sector thatsupports household and national food self-sufficiency, providing inputs for industry, andreducing negative pressure on the environment.

Over 70 per cent of Zimbabwe’s employment isdirectly or indirectly accounted for by agriculture.However, the national agricultural productionlargely relies on rain-fed agriculture, which is oneof the most vulnerable sectors to climate changeand variability. The pending negative impacts ofclimate change and variability call fortransformational changes in the country’sagricultural systems. Zimbabwe has notsufficiently harnessed available scientific andindigenous knowledge and technologies toincrease productivity; stimulate industrial growthand participate in regional and global marketsand to support diversified livelihood options forthe different categories of its people.

The anticipated increase in erratic rainfallseasons, characterized by unpredictable lengthsof seasons; high temperatures; alternating floodsand dry spells; and variable rainfall amounts, willpresent new challenges to the majority offarmers in the absence of appropriate responsemeasures. Integrated response strategies aretherefore required across the differentdevelopment sectors if the current and futureclimate threats are to be addressed. Overall, theemphasis for response to climate change inagriculture should be on adaptation but clearlyembracing mitigation, recognising that soundoptions for adaptation will translate to bettermitigation measures.

Emerging Evidence on Challenges andOpportunities for Adaptation

Research in Zimbabwe has revealed that themajority of rural Zimbabweans live in semi-aridzones, and will suffer disproportionately from theemerging impacts of climate change andvariability including disasters associated withextreme weather events such as droughts,periodic flooding, disease outbreaks for both




human and livestock and loss of crop lands. Intheir efforts to cope with negative climaticimpacts, farming communities have moveddeeper into marginal lands, unsustainablyextracting natural resources and usingunsuitable agricultural practices. The studieshave thus revealed evidence of a degradingnatural resource base and a narrowing of optionsfor communities to adapt to future climatechange.

There are also currently strong links between adeclining natural resource base and theweakening of local institutions that have beentraditionally the pillars for protection of naturalresources and vulnerable social groups withincommunities. Unless appropriate interventionsare made, the negative impacts of climatechange and variability on agricultural productivitywill heavily stress current institutional structures,particularly at the grassroots levels.

Formal institutional mechanisms are failing tobuild on known traditional social safety nets inways that ensure increased agriculturalproductivity, management of strategic foodreserves, and the efficient use and conservationof natural resources. Efforts to revitalize theZunde raMambo1 concept to enhance foodsecurity under changing climatic conditions haverevealed opportunities to build the adaptivecapacity of communities by focusing onimproving their timely access to climateinformation, sufficient quantities and diversity ofagricultural inputs, production technologies andtechnical know-how; strengthening of localinstitutions; and empowering farmers to co-learnand self-organize for effective participation in

markets. This should be complemented bybuilding capacity of the national extensionsystem to rise to new challenges associated withclimate change and variability. However, thecurrent state and nature of vulnerabilities for thedifferent socio-economic sectors and sections ofcommunities are still poorly understood to informdecision-making.

There is therefore need, to support research onhow indigenous knowledge can be integratedinto evidence-based planning frameworks,informed by good science, in order to enhancedecision making by communities, localauthorities and higher level policy makers.Flexible and highly responsive adaptationmeasures will be necessary for the agriculturalsector as climatic effects will vary significantlywith the ecological and socio-economiccircumstances of communities. No singleadaptation approach will fit all current and futurescenarios.

Food Security

Zimbabwe faces a dilemma on how to balancethe short-term food needs and long termproduction goals of the different farmercommunities because of climate-induced cropfailures. Food insecurity is a major source ofvulnerability for individual households andcommunities in the country. Food shortages havebecome a perennial feature resulting in a highprevalence of undernourishment estimated at 30to 54 per cent between 2006 and 2012. As aresult there is an exceptionally high dependenceon food handouts/aid particularly for the rural


1 Zunde raMambo is a Zimbabwean traditional concept where the chief designates common land for growing food crops as protection againstfood insecurity; members of the community take turns to participate in the entire production process; and the harvest is stored in the chief’sgranary as food reserves for distribution to the chief’s subjects in the event of critical food shortages.

FOOTNOTE

population, often undermining efforts to buildinternal mechanisms towards food self-sufficiency and better livelihoods by communitiesin the medium to long-term.

These trends imply that communities have verylimited choices to satisfy their food preferences,neither do they have a say about the quality offood they eat, raising critical concerns about foodsafety. During periods of climate-induceddisasters (e.g. droughts and floods), the basicsystems that ensure access, proper handling,preparation and storage of food are oftenseverely compromised, leading to frequentoutbreaks of food borne illnesses.

Increasing climate pressures will also inevitablylead to rising food prices weighing heavily onhousehold and national budgets. Disadvantagedsocial groups will therefore be condemneddeeper into hunger and malnutrition. Currently, itis estimated that food costs account forapproximately 60 per cent of household incomeexpenditures in Zimbabwe.

Zimbabwe’s recently concluded land reformprogramme has produced a new, and inevitablyheterogeneous generation of farmers who oughtto understand their production circumstances interms of agro-ecological zones, technical know-how and markets. This opens new opportunitiesfor farmers to employ new technologies toincrease productivity and effectively participatein market-oriented production systems. However,their sensitivity to risk and capacity to adapt islikely to be tested under the increasing climatevariability and change.

With adequate support for sustainable access toproduction resources, there is scope to maximizeproduction in the country’s high potential agro-ecological zones while creating appropriatemarket links with farmers in low potential zones.

However, there is currently lack of infrastructuraland logistical mechanisms for readyprocurement and transportation/transfer ofagricultural input supplies and food to needyareas within and across major agro-ecologicalzones.

The country therefore needs to initiate alivelihoods debate beyond aid/handouts andsubsistence. There is need to focus more oncommunity empowerment processes that enablefarmers to self-mobilize and self-organize forcollective action towards increased production,risk management and enhanced marketparticipation to improve their adaptation toclimate change. There is also need to re-designthe national social safety net systems at differentlevels in relation to agricultural production,development of markets and management offood security to enhance adaptation and reducerisks associated with poor rainfall distribution.One of the adaptation options is to enhance thecapacity of the farming communities to maximizeproduction during favourable cropping seasonsin order to fall back on such harvests during pooryears. Advances in post-harvest processing andstorage technologies are also required so thatharvests from good years can be stored forlonger periods to cater for the drought years.

Finally, Zimbabwe will need to take fulladvantage of its locally generated knowledgeproducts and technologies to adapt to climatechange. For example, there are opportunities topromote use of knowledge on integrated soilfertility management technologies, conservationagriculture approaches, as well as employavailable technological capabilities forconventional crop/livestock breeding,biotechnology and mechanization, to increaseproductivity without compromising diverseecosystems services that support livelihoods.




This will help to generate locally relevant andcontextualised ‘climate smart agriculturalsolutions’.

Overarching Strategies in Agriculture and FoodSecurity

a) Develop frameworks for sustainableintensification and commercialization ofagriculture at different scales across agro-ecologies.

b) Strengthen capacity to generate new forms ofempirical knowledge, technologies andagricultural support services that meetemerging development challenges arising fromincreased climate change and variability.

c) Strengthen early warning systems on croppingseason quality, rangelands conditions,droughts, floods, disease/pest outbreaks andwildlife movement in order to enhance farmerpreparedness.

3.2.1.2 Thematic Issues and Proposed Strategies for the Agricultural Sector

Climate change is a global phenomenon, butadaptation is a local phenomenon. This calls forstrengthening of information and knowledgesystems to enhance the capacity of communitiesto make timely decisions about appropriateaction(s) to take, and what tools and approachesto employ. Successful agricultural countries arecharacterized by the presence of vibrant anddynamic agricultural and environmental researchsystems.

Farming Systems

Zimbabwe is currently divided into five Agro-ecological Regions, based primarily on rainfalland type of soils (See Section 1.1). These twofactors also largely dictate the observedgeographical distribution of major vegetationtypes. The uneven distribution of the projected

impacts of climate change and variability willinevitably result in differential access patterns toagricultural services and bio-resources byhouseholds across different social gradients andagro-ecological zones.

There is increasing evidence that the boundariesof these agro-ecological zones are now changingand will require re-characterization and re-demarcation. There are currently no monitoringframeworks in Zimbabwe to benchmark thesechanges in agro-ecological zones with specificreference to existing and potential changes infarming systems, including shifts in prioritizationof crop and livestock types.

There are also no readily available forms ofnational statistics about the most vulnerablesocial groups within communities and acrossdifferent farming sectors. It is therefore difficult toproject the desired population structure anddynamics that can be potentially supported onthe nation’s resource base, and how these willbe affected by the changing circumstances as aresult of climate change.

Further, with soil fertility declining and yieldsfalling, farmers are reverting to extensiveproduction practices, especially in thesmallholder sector. This is resulting in mutuallyself-reinforcing mechanisms of increasing landdegradation and, in turn, accelerating povertyand food insecurity. Climate variability, poor soilfertility and market volatility are major sources ofvulnerability under these circumstances.Mechanisms are required to halt and/or reversethese trends and support transformativeprocesses into more competitiveness anddiversified farming systems.

Strategies

a) Develop frameworks for supporting agriculturalspecialization according to agro-ecologicalregions, including mechanisms for commodityexchange, trade and marketing.


Crop Productivity

Projections indicate increasing agricultural waterscarcity and declining productivity of cropsbecause of climate change and variability.Reports of the IPCC forecast a 20-50 per centreduction in yields of staple cereals for southernAfrica which include maize, the staple crop forthe majority of Zimbabweans. MostZimbabwean farmers, particularly in thesmallholder sector, practice maize mono-cropping. However, despite achievements incrop breeding of high yielding varieties (e.g.greater than 10 tonnes per hectare for maize) inthe country, average yields have remained atless than 0.8 tonnes per hectare on smallholderfarms and approximately 1.5 tonnes per hectareon commercial farms.

Vulnerability assessments carried out forZimbabwe’s Second Communication to theUNFCCC (Figure 10) show that areas regarded‘excellent’ for maize will decrease from thecurrent 75 per cent to 55 per cent by 2080 underthe worst case scenario.

Zimbabwe has over the years done very little todiversify its cropping systems beyond maizegrown under rain-fed systems. Farmers havefailed to diversify into alternative crops, evenwhen they experience recurrent failure of maize.A major challenge is therefore to get mostcommunities out of this ‘maize-poverty trap’.

Drought tolerant crop types such as millets andsorghum (small gains) and high proteinleguminous crops that include cowpea,groundnut and Bambara nut have over the yearsbeen largely ignored. Processing and marketingopportunities for these crops have not beengiven due attention at the research level, and thewealth of related indigenous knowledge withincommunities has not been harnessed. Even theinternational research and developmentinitiatives have, in recent years, come underscrutiny for failing to support a systematicdevelopment of these and other indigenouscrops. Zimbabwe will therefore need to put inplace frameworks for developing such knownstress tolerant and under-utilised crops. Farmersalso need to timely access climate information inorder to make decisions about crop types,varieties to plant and timing of operations.



Figure 10: A comparison of the maize production zones under the current and worst case scenariofor the year 2080.


Maize and climate change


The emerging changes in climate will forcefarmers to adopt new crop types and varietiesand forms of agricultural production technologiesthat can respond to the new and changing stressfactors. For example, there could be changes incrop pests and diseases; however, there iscurrently insufficient knowledge about theexpected changes in their distribution andpotential ecological responses to emergingtemperatures and weather scenarios, as well astheir impacts. Without such knowledge, thecountry has limited scope to develop appropriateresponse measures. There is also overwhelmingevidence that alternative (off-farm) livelihoodopportunities will remain limited andunsustainable in the absence of a robustagricultural base in the country.

Globally, agriculture has been identified as asignificant source of GHGs particularly carbondioxide, nitrous oxide and methane. However,amounts measured from African farmingsystems are insignificantly low, and this has beenattributed to low use of both organic and mineralfertilizer inputs. There is, however, need to putmonitoring mechanisms in place in response tothe inevitable increase in fertilizer usage asfarming systems are intensified. Use of mineralfertilizer in Africa has been considered as ‘amust’ if current levels of production have to takethe much needed quantum leap. This hasimplications on the emission trends.

Strategiesa) Strengthen the capacity of farmers, extension

agencies, and private agro-service providersto take advantage of current and emergingindigenous and scientific knowledge on stresstolerant crop types and varieties, includinglandraces that are adaptable to arising climaticscenarios.

b) Develop frameworks for promoting sciencebased crop production and post harvesttechnologies and management practices.

Livestock Production

Livestock have traditionally provided a majorsource of insurance against seasonal cropfailures for farmers as they can be sold topurchase food and other requirements duringdrought years. However, with increasingintensities of droughts this traditional copingstrategy may no longer suffice in future withoutmajor interventions.

One of the major threats to livestock productionis the continued expansion of cropping activitiesinto areas previously set aside for livestockgrazing. Lack of livestock feed resources duringthe dry season has been a traditional andperennial challenge for farmers in Zimbabwe.Recent studies in farming systems have alsodemonstrated increasing conflicts amonglivestock, wildlife and cropping systems, and thatoverally livestock are increasingly beingsqueezed out of the farming systems.

Informed actions are required to re-define thefuturistic role of livestock in supporting thelivelihoods of rural people as well as revitalizingand maintaining the commercial beef and dairyindustries. There are challenges associated withdiminishing annual yields in surface water andincreased periodic outbreaks of diseases. Thiswill most likely give rise to demands foralternative stress tolerant breeds or types,alternative feeding regimes and new diseasecontrol approaches.

Zimbabwe’s Second Communication to theUNFCCC carried out vulnerability studies in thelivestock sector. The assessments suggestedthat the projected decreases in precipitationcoupled with increases in temperature will causea corresponding decrease in Net PrimaryProductivity in most parts of the country (SeeSection 3.1.4, Figure 9). Net Primary Productivityprovides an estimate of how much biomass andtherefore forage is available in a rangeland.


Currently there is a high dependency onranching in livestock production, rendering thesector vulnerable to any climatic changes thatare likely to reduce biomass productivity in therangelands. The high costs of supplementaryfeed resources also present a major challengefor the industry to reduce the currentdependency on natural grazing.

A few assessments of possible future changes inanimal health arising from climate variability andchange have been undertaken. Thedemographic impacts on trypanosomiasis, forexample, can rise through modification of thehabitats suitable for tsetse-flies exacerbated byclimate change and variability. Climate changemay also affect the spatial extent of otherlivestock disease outbreaks such as anthrax.Generally changes in disease distribution, range,prevalence, incidence and seasonality can all beexpected. It is therefore important to improvedisease surveillance in ranching regions tocontrol outbreaks. Heat stress and drought arelikely to have further negative impacts on animalhealth and milk production of dairy cows.

Livestock manure is a significant source ofGHGs, particularly methane, and is influenced bythe chemical quality of feed resources. Methaneemissions from livestock can be controlledthrough on-farm anaerobic digestion of manureas a mitigation measure (See Section 3.1.1).

Strategies

a) Strengthen the capacity to identify andpromote adoption of indigenous and improvedlivestock breeds that are tolerant to climaterelated stresses.

b) Establish monitoring systems for greenhousegas emissions in agricultural systems andsupport mechanisms for their reduction.

Agriculture and Water

The largest proportion of Zimbabwe’s agriculturalland is located in marginal rainfall areas. As aresult farmers, particularly smallholders, have fordecades been struggling to develop copingmechanisms. The worsening rainfall distributionpatterns, and in some cases the reduction in totalrainfall amounts, call for a re-thinking of watermanagement in the agricultural sector as well asre-designing of the cropping and livestocksystems.

Key challenges in water availability for agricultureunder the changing climatic scenarios are relatedto three major elements; firstly, the developmentof irrigation systems and associated technicalcapacity. Secondly the development of droughtescaping, drought tolerant, high yield, highnutrient, water efficient crops and heat anddrought tolerant breeds of livestock. Thirdlymanaging episodic floods and excess rainfallusing infrastructure designed to adapt to frequentdroughts and decreasing rainfall.

Only 3.5 per cent of arable land in the SADCregion is under irrigation, and in Zimbabwe thisaccounts for less than 200,000 hectares.However, the major issues to consider inirrigation development are potential failures infilling up the water reservoirs because ofdroughts and low rainfall on one extreme and thewashing away of dam walls during extremeevents such as flooding on the other. Decliningwater tables and abandonment of dams havebeen common in arid and semi-arid zones.Globally there has been increasingly worry aboutthe future impacts of ground water pumping formega-scale irrigated systems as the impacts ofglobal warming continue to set in.

There are projections that net water requirementsfor some of the current crop cultivars mayincrease due to rising temperatures, withpotential negative implications on profitability of




irrigation systems. Designing of highly efficientirrigation systems is therefore a majorrequirement. Serious considerations should begiven to crop improvement programmes over thelong term. There could also be opportunities forharnessing more efficient carbon sinks inagricultural systems if crops that are moreadaptable to high CO2 intensities are developedand promoted.

Strategies

a) Strengthen national research and extensioncapacity for development and integratedmanagement of agricultural water resources.

3.2.2 Industry and Commerce

Zimbabwe’s industrial sector consists of a formalsector and a growing informal sector. It is highlydiversified comprising manufacturing, processingand the secondary production sector with strong

backward linkages. Manufacturing has stronglinkages with agriculture, mining, constructionand commerce.

The performance of agriculture, mining andmanufacturing are the main drivers of GDPgrowth contributing over 40 per cent of the GDPin any given year. Each time a drought occurs,the performance of the agriculture andmanufacturing sectors under-perform and dragthe GDP growth down (Figure 11). Thus anyreduction in agricultural production caused byfrequent droughts and more extreme eventssuch as floods resulting from climate change willhave a huge impact on Zimbabwe’s economy.

The industrial sector’s share of the GDP fell from25 per cent in the 1980s to around 15 per centfrom 2006-2008. The sector has been recoveringsince 2009 and is projected to grow if credit andbetter energy supply are availed. According tothe Zim Asset 2013-2015 mid-term plan theaverage capacity utilization was 57 per cent in2011and 44 per cent in 2012.


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Figure 11: key economic trends for zimbabwe 1980-2005.Source: Chimhowu et al, 2010.

Industrial activities have a number of adverseimpacts on the environment, that include theconsumption of both renewable and non-renewable resources and production ofpollutants such as emissions, effluents and solidwastes. The industries that produce GHGs areenergy production and manufacturing (includingbut not limited to cement production; fertilizerproduction; and processes in mining such as iron and steel manufacture and ferroalloyproduction). Industries’ main contribution toGHGs is through energy consumption. According to Zimbabwe’s Second NationalCommunication to the UNFCCC, industryaccounts for the largest consumption of bothelectricity and coal thereby contributing (directlyand indirectly) to at least 80 per cent of thecountry’s GHG emissions.

The major challenge for Zimbabwe’s industry hasbeen low investment in more resource efficientmachinery and equipment resulting in negativeenvironmental impacts especially with regards toemissions. There is potential for industry toreduce their contribution to global climate changethrough investment in cleaner energy as well asresource efficient production processes.

There is need for industry to look at alternativesources of energy like use of natural gas (thecleanest of all fossil fuels), solar lighting andother forms of renewable energy such as mini-hydro-electricity. There is general need to movefrom end of pipe technologies to technologiesthat enhance the efficiency and environmentalperformance of the full production process fromraw material to marketing of products. Industriesshould be encouraged to promote sourceseparation of waste and to apply the “cradle tograve” principle in their manufacturing practice(See Section 3.3.4).

The industrial sector is complimented by a largecommercial sector which ranges from provisionof services to retailing. Although the directcontribution of the commercial sector is limited,it has a large indirect impact on climate becauseof its energy consumption and waste production.Commerce is the third largest consumer ofelectrical power in Zimbabwe. The retail sectoris also dependant on imported products andhence it also contributes to climate changethrough transportation.

Strategies

a) Introduce policies that promote the use andadoption of clean and efficient energy inindustry.

b) Create a policy and regulatory framework thatpromotes resource use efficiency and cleanerproduction in industry and commerce.

c) Create an enabling policy and legal frameworkthat encourages the setting up and operationof climate resilient industries.

3.2.3. Mining

Zimbabwe is well endowed with minerals, withmining activities contributing significantly to theeconomy. The main minerals include gold,platinum, diamonds, coal, iron, chrome, nickel,phosphates, limestone, gypsum and graphite.

The mining sector accounts for about 44 per centof Zimbabwe’s GDP, at least 30 per cent offoreign exchange earnings and 5 per cent formalemployment. The country is among the low-costproducers of minerals because of abundantshallow deposits. Mining continues to play apivotal contribution to the economic wellbeing ofthe country despite the variability of thecommodity markets. During the period Januaryto November 2012 the mining sector produced




minerals worth US$1.6 billion, buoyed up by highlevels of gold and platinum production. Whereasthe agricultural and manufacturing sectors havebeen the main contributors to export earnings,these have been over-taken lately by the miningsector which now accounts for about 50 per centof the country’s total exports.

These mining activities, conducted in over 1, 000mines, have however, inherent destructiveelements to the environment and to climate inparticular. For instance open cast mining leadsto clearing of forests and woodlands which arecarbon sinks, whilst blasting leads to emission ofdust and gases which pollute the atmosphere.The health effects of emissions from miningactivities on workers and local residents are oftenunderplayed to the detriment of the communities,thus the reduction of emissions will have co-benefits.

Mining contributes to climate change throughGHG emissions and energy consumption. Themajor source of energy in the mining sector iscoal. Coal is converted to coke and used to smeltminerals inevitably leaving a negative carbonfootprint in terms of emissions. Electricity is alsoused in mines and mining is the fourth largestconsumer of electrical power. In Zimbabwe,electricity is generated from coal, a fossil fuel,and from Kariba dam (hydro-electricity).

The coal mines have stockpiles of high-sulphurcoal, which industry cannot use, that generatemethane and occasionally burn spontaneouslywhen the temperatures are high releasingGHGs. Projections of increased hot and dryclimate accompanying climate change willincrease the frequency of dump fires which willresult in increased emission of GHGs.

Climate change offers new opportunities for themining sector to reduce emissions and tradecarbon credits on the international carbonmarket. Mines can install clean technology such

as those for capturing and storing carbon andcan trade this on the international market underthe Clean Development Mechanism.

Climate change can affect mining operationsthrough extreme events such as excessive rainsand floods that may cause landslides.

There has recently been an upsurge of legal andillegal small-scale mining. The main challengesin the small scale/informal mining sector includelack of organizational capacity, capital equipmentand technical know-how to mine sustainably.These miners often cause veldt fires as a resultof methods used to detect minerals, resulting inGHG emissions and destruction of carbon sinks.

The recently promulgated Community ShareOwnership Trusts whereby the proceeds ofmineral exploitation by mining houses will includedividends to nearby and affected communitiesgives an opportunity for utilizing these resourcesfor climate change adaptation and mitigationactivities at the local level.

Strategies

a) Develop regulatory frameworks to encourageemissions reduction and invest in resourceefficient technologies.

b) Enforce and monitor the implementation ofmandatory and voluntary environmentalmanagement systems.

c) Adopt practices that reduce energyconsumption in the mining sector.

d) Develop a framework for enhancing thecapacity of small scale miners to improve theirenvironmental performance.

3.2.4 Tourism

The Government of Zimbabwe has earmarkedtourism as one of the country’s strategic sectorsfor economic growth and development, because


of its links with other industries and its positivecontribution to GDP, employment, foreigncurrency earnings and investment. The mainthrust is to have a sustainable tourism sector thatpromotes economic growth and improveslivelihoods.

Tourism in Zimbabwe is based on theenvironment, with the main attractions beingwildlife, wilderness areas, water bodies andlandscapes. Therefore, the quality of theenvironment and the experiences that peoplehave will be a major factor in the potential for thetourist market in Zimbabwe and its rate ofgrowth.

Vulnerability studies for the SecondCommunication to the UNFCCC predict adecrease in biodiversity in most parts of thecountry as a result of climate change, especiallythe western and southern regions where mostnational parks are located (See Section 3.1.4).This will have a negative effect on the tourismsector as most tourists visit the country to viewthe variety of game species and the uniquelandscapes the biodiversity offers. Thus,adaptation strategies for tourism may includeprotecting biodiversity both in and outside thepark estates.

Zimbabwe has a long tradition of progressivewildlife management and spearheaded thesustainable use of wildlife in the southern Africanregion. Wildlife-based tourism consists of bothconsumptive, mainly hunting, and non-consumptive, including photographic safaritourism. Zimbabwe is also in the forefront ofcommunity based natural resourcemanagement, such as the Communal AreasManagement Programme for IndigenousResources (CAMPFIRE) which is implementedin 59 of the 64 rural districts of Zimbabwe.CAMPFIRE provides opportunities in the tourismindustry for communities to generate income

through sustainable use of natural resources. Inaddition, Zimbabwe has pursued trans-boundaryinitiatives that promote regional tourismdevelopment.

There are two major threats to tourism thatZimbabwe may experience in the face of climatechange. One is that the changing climate willhave a detrimental impact on the quality ofZimbabwe’s tourism products, such as reducingbiodiversity and degrading the landscapes. Forexample: Mana Pools, a major tourist attractionand biodiversity hotspot, is prone to flooding; andtrout fishing, a niche tourist attraction in the coolstreams and dams of the Eastern Highlands, willbe adversely affected.

The second is the external threat from theinternational processes such as the introductionof mitigating measures in the aviation industrythat could result in potential tourists beingreluctant or desisting from travelling by planebecause of the carbon emissions associated withair travel. A fully ‘green’ tourism industry usingsustainable energy sources and otherenvironment-friendly practices would help tocounteract this perception and compensate forthe tourists’ carbon footprints.

Strategies

a) Mainstream climate change into policies andlegislation that guide the tourism sector.

b) Promote and strengthen Zimbabwe’s tourismsector’s resilience to climate change.

c) Build and strengthen the capacity of thetourism and wildlife sectors to adapt to thechallenges of climate change.

d) Promote mitigatory measures to ensure a lowcarbon footprint/emission and sustainablegrowth and development in Zimbabwe’stourism sector.




3.3 Physical and Social Infra-Structure

3.3.1. Energy

The energy sector stands at the centre of theclimate change discourse in Zimbabwe, becauseit is the major contributor of GHG emissions. Itcontributes the biggest share (60.7 per cent) ofthe country’s total GHG emissions, followed byagriculture 20.7 per cent, industrial processes16.6 per cent and waste 1.9 per cent. AlthoughZimbabwe contributes a mere 1.7 per cent to thetotal GHG emissions of the African continent, itis still important for future development planningto take cognisance of this low carbon footprintand to preserve it.

The relevance of energy in economicdevelopment is highlighted in key developmentpolicies, in particular, the Zim Asset. One of thedevelopment pillars of Zim Asset is Infrastructureand Utilities and this is the section that recognizesthe need for sustainable and adequate availableenergy as an enabler to the green growth of theeconomy that the country is pursuing.

Greenhouse gas emissions from the energysector emanate from combustion of carbon-based fuels as well as fugitive emissions duringcoal mining and handling processes. Carbon

dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the twomost important GHGs emitted by the energysector. Nitrogen oxides (NOX) and carbonmonoxide (CO) are also emitted fromcombustion of carbon-based fuels, especiallyfrom vehicles and stationary fuel poweredengines.

Zimbabwe’s commercial energy mix isdominated by conventional energy sources coal,hydropower, petroleum, ethanol and liquid gas.The energy resources of commercial significanceare coal, with total reserves of 10.6 billion tonnesof which half a billion are proven; petroleum, ofwhich about 40 petajoule (PJ) of finisheddistillates are imported every year; andhydroelectric power with a total potential of 4,200MW generated on the regionally shared Zambeziwatercourse. Fuel wood provides the bulk (60per cent) of the total energy supply.

There is heavy reliance on coal for electricitygeneration with over 46.4 per cent coming fromfour thermal power stations, namely Hwange,Munyati, Harare and Bulawayo. The other 53 percent energy is derived from non-carbonresources in the form of hydro-power from LakeKariba power station (Table 3). The balance isderived from renewable energy sources such assolar power.


Power StationGenerated Energy (GWh)

2010 2011 2012

Hydro generators (Kariba) 5,798.78 5,091.42 5,372.00

Coal generators (Hwange, Munyati, Bulawayo, Harare) 2,711.78 3,811.60 3,575.00

Other renewable generators (Border Timbers, Hippo Valley, Triangle) 167.23

Other generators (not included above) 2.60

Total Energy Generated 8,510.56 8,903.02 9,116.83

Table 3.2. Production of electricity in zimbabwe in GWh.Source: Source: Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority.

The power stations are currently performing at66 per cent of the generation design capacitybecause of lack of adequate financing foroperations; high transmission losses; old ageand poor maintenance of equipment; and issuesof climate change related water availability inLake Kariba. The electricity energy supply anddemand scenario including its future projectionis given in Figure 12.

The long term scenario predicts that theelectricity demand of the country will havedoubled by 2020 and to meet this demandenergy generation capacity should increase bymore than twice the current capacity. Theimmediate option at the disposal of Governmentto address the current power generation shortfallgap of between 600–1,600 MW at peak hours iscoal which is locally available in abundance.However, thermal power production is a majorsource of GHGs. Therefore government shouldconsider an integrated resource plan with a richshare of renewable energy to curb further GHGemissions in the long term.

Access to electricity in Zimbabwe remains lowwith a national average of 40 per cent and of only 19 per cent in rural areas. The energyconsumption pattern was transformed by theeconomic meltdown the country experiencedbetween 2006 and 2008. Since then there hasbeen a significant drop in the share of energyconsumption by industry, while on the other handthe increase in population and construction ofnew houses has seen a rise in domestic energyconsumption. The historical subsector energyconsumption is shown in Figure 13.



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Figure 13: Trends in sectoral electricity consumption.

Source: Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority.


Agriculture accounts for the next largest sourceof demand for coal after generation of electricity.A limited amount of this coal, probably no morethan several thousands of tonnes per year, isutilized on large farms for tobacco curing anddomestic use. Use of coal in households is verylimited.

Zimbabwe is also endowed with coal-bedmethane deposits that are estimated to be morethan 600 billion cubic metres that could alsogenerate electricity. These are found in theLupane-Hwange area as well as Beitbridge andChiredzi. Use of cleaner coal-bed methane togenerate electricity would be a good substitutefor highly polluting coal. Resource constraintshave limited independent verification andextraction of the resource.

Biomass constitutes a major source of energy,for heating and cooking especially for the ruraland low-income urban population. Since 2007,there has been an increase in the number of theurban households using fuel-wood because ofthe intermittent availability of electricity.Zimbabwe’s forest cover diminished from 20.9million hectares in 1990 to 15.6 million hectaresin 2010 with the main drivers being the continueddependence on biomass for heating andcooking; the opening up of land for agriculture;poor management of forests; and use of firewoodfor curing tobacco. With a forest regenerationrate as low as 0.94 tonnes/ha/year in thecommunal areas, this has not matched the rateof extraction. Biomass extraction and use havetwo fold negative impacts on climate change.The extraction of biomass removes GHG sinksand the burning of firewood for cooking andheating adds to carbon emissions.

Biomass utilisation at domestic level isunsustainable as the open fire mostly used ishighly inefficient and the smoke emitted ispolluting to the environment and has negativehealth impacts. Indoor air pollution is a major

cause of concern as it affects mostly women andchildren who are responsible for collecting andusing firewood.

The agricultural sector uses fuel wood for agro-processing of tobacco. Small-holder farmershave limited capital. This has led them to resortto ‘low cost’ fuel wood for curing tobaccoresulting in heavy depletion of forests. There aremore than 66,000 tobacco growers producingmore than 132 million kg of tobacco of which 62per cent is cured by fuel wood. A tonne oftobacco consumes almost three times the wooda person requires per year. It is estimated thatover 46,000 hectares of forests were destroyedwhile 1.38 million cubic metres of fuel wood wereburnt to cure part of the 127 million kilogrammesof tobacco delivered to the auction floors in 2011.Thus about 47 per cent of deforestation rateshave been attributed to biomass energyconsumption for curing tobacco. Themanagement of fuel wood resources anddemand are therefore a major issue in theenergy planning processes and GHG mitigationin Zimbabwe.

Zimbabwe imports all its liquid fuel requirementsand the estimated monthly demand when theeconomy was at its peak for diesel, petrol and jetfuel were 105; 90 and 15 million litres,respectively. The transport and agriculturalsectors consume 60 per cent and 13 per cent ofthe fuels, respectively. Other liquid fuels areconsumed by aircraft and households mainlyparaffin (<1 per cent). Diesel contributes 54,petrol 29 and paraffin 8 per cent of the total liquidfuel supply. The remainder is shared betweenliquefied petroleum gas (LPG), aviation gasoline(Avgas) and Jet A1.

The use of renewable energy is low (less than 1per cent). The major renewable energy resourcecurrently used is hydropower from Kariba. Thereare other known sites where electricity could beproduced on the Zambezi River Basin such as


the Batoka, Devil’s, Mupata and Katamboragorges as well as on perennial rivers in theeastern highlands and the large to medium scaleirrigation dams across the country. Independentpower producers are tapping on the relativelyhigh hydro potential in the Eastern Highlands.These systems are generating 6.75 MW using acombination of mini-hydro and micro-hydropower stations that are feeding mostly the HondeValley. The absence of an enabling policy andregulatory environment has been cited as a keyfactor in limited investment in renewable energy.

Zimbabwe has a long history of ethanolproduction for fuel blending at Triangle SugarEstates starting in the 1970’s. The use of biofuelssuch as ethanol offers an opportunity for climatechange mitigation because they are carbonneutral as they sequestrate carbon dioxideduring plant growth.

More recently, a national biofuels programmewas launched in 2005 to partially substituteimported fossil fuels with locally producedbiofuels. Two approaches have been used andinvolve the use of the Jatropha curcas plant andthe processing of its seed into biodiesel and theexpanding of sugarcane growing and theresuscitation of blending of petrol with ethanolbased on the involvement of Triangle SugarEstates and new entries that include HippoValley, Chiredzi and Chisumbanje Sugar Estates.A new plant was commissioned at Chisumbanjeand produces 200,000 litres of ethanol per day.All the sugar cane processing plants havecogeneration equipment that is generatingelectricity from bagasse helping to augment localpower production within the Chiredzi area. Withregards to Jatropha, this has not spread as muchas was initially projected, however communitiesare pressing the seeds for oil to use in householdlighting.

The government through the Zimbabwe EnergyRegulatory Authority introduced mandatoryblending of petrol with ethanol starting with 10

per cent (E10) in 2013 and expected to rise to 20per cent in 2014. The mandatory blending willhelp to mitigate GHG emissions from combustionfuels.

Solar power is available in abundance with thesolar radiation peaking 6 kW/m2/day in mostareas. Applications of solar technology havefocussed on solar photovoltaic (production ofelectricity) for pumping of water, refrigeration,lighting in households and institutions, poweringof radios and televisions as well as solar thermal(heat production) for cooking, water heating andcrop drying. Over 100,000 solar energy systemshave been installed country-wide; however, theiruse is limited mostly to rural schools andhomesteads. Mimosa mine has the country’slargest installed domestic water heaters with 360units. The estimated installed capacity for solarwater heaters is equivalent to 1.5 MW. Thisexample can be replicated across the country’surban households and institutions to bringsignificant environmental benefits and reducepressure on power generation.

Wind speeds over Zimbabwe are generally low,averaging 3.0 m/s. Wind energy has been usedfor the pumping of water. A project to determinewind profiles in various parts of the country wasconducted in the mid-1990s. It, however, did notgenerate sufficient data to produce a wind mapbut enabled the design and production of a windelectric machine able to operate on low windspeeds. These machines could be used toenhance irrigation particularly in the newlyresettled areas.

Biogas offers an additional source of householdenergy and its production should be used tomitigate emissions from farm and municipalwaste. There are more than 400 biogas digesterswhich range in capacity from 3-16 cubic metresin Zimbabwe. Unfortunately only two have beenknown to be functional. The Rural ElectrificationAgency and SNV a Dutch non-governmental




organization have resuscitated the NationalBiogas Programme aimed at promoting biogasutilisation at household and institutional levels tohelp address energy supply for cooking.

The National Energy Policy of 2012 stronglyadvocates for the promotion of renewable energyto address the energy supply gap. Theavailability of reliable, adequate and sustainableenergy will be a necessary condition for theattainment of the projected GDP growth rates.Zimbabwe should develop an Integrated EnergyResources Plan that will give an optimal mix ofenergy resources that will address the country’senergy needs at the lowest possible cost.Greening the Integrated Energy Resources Planusing as much renewable energy as caneconomically be viable, will in the long termachieve national development goals while usinglow carbon pathways and attaining a national lowGHG footprint.

Other measures to green the energy sectorinclude reducing energy demand and increasingthe efficiency of energy production and usewhich, when combined should lower Zimbabwe’sGHG emissions. There are opportunities toincreasing energy efficiency both on the supplyand demand side through improving equipmentfor power generation, transmission anddistribution on the supply side; and improving theenergy performance of cook-stoves, lamps,appliances, boilers, buildings, vehicles andprocesses in the energy-intensive industriessuch as iron and steel, cement and fertilizermanufacturing on the demand-side.

With regards to fuels there are opportunities toswitch to less carbon-intensive fuels includinguse of ethanol in vehicles and for electricitygeneration, developing bagasse/biomasscogeneration/bioenergy systems and usingmicro-hydropower, wind and off-grid solarphotovoltaics among other renewable sources.

Mitigation measures should in the short termfocus on thermal energy which is expected toprovide the bulk of energy in the short-term.There are opportunities through the use ofcleaner coal technologies and reduction oftransmission losses. Growth in hydropower,biofuels and solar energy should provideopportunities for climate mitigation in the long-term. This will however require the creation of anenabling environment for investment in therenewable energy sector and an enhancedunderstanding of the importance of renewableenergy. The measures should start with thepiloting of the technologies followed by the up-scaling of successful technologies throughoutthe country. The recently launched NationalEnergy Policy (2012) has strategies which ifimplemented within the stipulated timeframesshould be able to complement the strategiesidentified in this strategy document.

Strategies

a) Introduce policies and regulatory frameworksfor renewable energy, energy conservationand energy efficiency.

b) Strengthen energy planning, research anddevelopment.

c) Promote low carbon energy provision and use.

3.3.2. Transport

The transport sector is a vital part of Zimbabwe’sdevelopment as it impacts on trade, commerce,business and participation of the labour force inthese sectors. The transport sector consists ofroad, rail, air networks and a small ferry service.Zimbabwe occupies a strategic position withinthe Common Market for Eastern and SouthernAfrica (COMESA) and SADC and thereforeneeds an efficient transport system as any trafficbottlenecks on the regional trunk road networkhave a detrimental effect on these two regionalgroupings.


Zimbabwe’s road infrastructure consists of adiversified network of roads totalling 88,133 km.Over two thousand (2,307 km) of Zimbabwe’sroad infrastructure forms part of the RegionalTrunk Road Network linking SADC andCOMESA member states. There has been aboom in trade of between 10 and 90 per centwithin the region, resulting in an upsurge of trafficvolumes traversing Zimbabwe’s roads.

The National Railways of Zimbabwe operates2,400 km of rail. However, there has been a nearcollapse of the railway infrastructure in recentyears that has resulted in more abnormal loadshaving to be transported by road.

There are over 200 airports and aerodromesspread across the country. The original designcapacity of the various terminals was sufficientfor up to 3.8 million passengers a year withHarare International Airport as the main hub.

The major challenges for the road transportsector that relate to climate change in Zimbabweare the rate of motorization and the quality offuel. The traffic sector is increasing rapidly withthe vehicle fleet doubling every 10 years. Thecentral vehicle registry registered 15,723 newvehicles in 2000 and 31,440 in 2009 as shownin Figure 14. The total number of vehicles in

Zimbabwe was estimated by the ZimbabweNational Road Authority at 896,012 in 2012 ofwhich 828,395 were small motor vehicles,30,514 heavy vehicles, 9,399 convectional busesand 8,907 registered public buses, amongothers.

The majority of these vehicles are generallyreconditioned cars imported from industrializedcountries where they would have been discardedafter they reach their full economic life. There isneed to enforce emission standards for vehiclesand to use them to assess the emissions ofimported vehicles before they are allowed intothe country.

The current and projected growth in the transportsector will increase GHG emissions. Already thetransport sector is one of the major contributorsof GHG emissions as it is responsible for about12 per cent of Zimbabwe’s GHG emissions.Nearly 97 per cent of transportation GHGemissions come through direct combustion offossil fuels, with the remainder being carbondioxide (CO2) from hydro-fluorocarbons emittedfrom vehicle air conditioners and refrigeratedtransport. A move towards the use of blendedfuels will reduce the GHG emissions from vehiclefuel combustion.



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Current estimates suggest that Zimbabwe needsover 1 billion litres of diesel; over 730 million litresof petrol; and 180 million litres of jet fuel per yearfor transport (See Section 3.3.1). This equates to744,000 tonnes and 543,120 tonnes per yearCO2 emissions from diesel and petrolconsumption, respectively. In addition, vehiclesrelease nitrous oxide, methane and other organicpollutants, with the amounts emitted determinedby average speed and vehicle technology.

Introduction of an integrated transport system inZimbabwe would reduce the carbon footprintcaused by the road transport sector. Zimbabweneeds to develop an efficient public and masstransport system by introducing larger buses andtrains on urban commuter routes. This willreduce the number of people using private carsand reduce GHG emissions. There is also needfor promotion of use of non-motorized transportsuch as bicycles and walking to reduce carbonemissions. Such transportation has co-benefitsof improving health.

Climate change is expected to affect transportinfrastructure which is vulnerable to floods,storms, and extreme high temperatures. Forexample, bridge foundations are eroded byincreased run-off, and roads and small bridgesare often washed away by floods. Tarred roadsare also susceptible to extreme temperatures,which melt or soften the tar; while excessiverains cause the development of pot-holes andincreased erosion alongside the roads. There istherefore need to incorporate climate change inroad designs and transport related infrastructure.

The air, rail and ferry transport sector is relativelysmall but also contributes to GHG emissions.Coal is the main fuel used in rail traction.Zimbabwe’s air traffic currently consists mainlyof regional and domestic flights with a fewinternational flights. Of concern is that the carbonfootprint related to air travel is much higher than

any other mode of transport. It is estimated thatthe emissions in grams of carbon dioxide/perkilometre/per person transported by anaeroplane is about 322.8 g if the plane iscompletely full while that of a car is 204.2 g. A train is estimated to emit 60.2 g per passengerif the train is 70 per cent full and a public bus 81.8 g per passenger.

Given this scenario, the carbon footprint ofvisitors and tourists that come to Zimbabwe isincreased as a result of current internationaltravel arrangements where the majority ofvisitors have to fly to South Africa before they canfly to Zimbabwe, increasing their travel distance.Introducing direct international flights toZimbabwe will impact positively on the carbonfootprint of Zimbabwe’s air transport sector.There is also need to promote the use ofalternative modes of transport for visitors comingto Zimbabwe particularly regional tourists.

Strategiesa) Introduce a transport policy framework that

encourages use of transport with low carbonemissions.

b) Integrate climate resilience into transportplanning and infrastructural development.

3.3.3. Disaster Risk Management and Social Infrastructure (Human Settlements)

Zimbabwe has experienced an increasingnumber of weather-related hazards that includefloods, storms and droughts, among others.Climate change is predicted to further increaseand intensify these extreme events. Theseclimate induced disasters indiscriminately affectthe poor and marginalized people’s livelihoodsand health, and undermine the country’seconomic development.


The most affected people in Zimbabwe are ruralcommunities who are likely to have low adaptivecapacity to deal or cope with such disasters. Thatis why it is important to mainstream climatechange into disaster risk management. Disasterrisk management can be used to reduce theimpacts and losses from climate change and iscentral to adaptation. Therefore it should becomea central component in all of Zimbabwe’s climatechange adaptation strategies.

Zimbabwe has endorsed the Hyogo Frameworkfor Action 2005-2015 which was adopted by theWorld Conference on Disaster Reduction onBuilding the Resilience of Nations andCommunities to Disasters held in Hyogo, Japanin 2005. The Framework aims to reduce the risksof natural disasters and the effect they have onthe lives and livelihoods of the poor. Theimplementation of this framework requires thebuilding of climate and disaster resistant housingand implementing disaster preparednessthrough early warning systems. The Departmentof Civil Protection has developed a Draft DisasterRisk Management Policy, Bill and a DraftDisaster Risk Management Strategy aligned tointernational agreements and the HyogoFramework.

Local authorities are best placed to deal withdisasters but they lack adequate financialresources and capacity and are unable tomaintain sewers and drains meant to reducerisks associated with water-borne diseases; safedisposal of wastewater and to reduce floodingrisks and avoid blockages as part of disasterpreparedness. They are not able to deliveradequate healthcare systems in response toinjuries and illnesses which may arise fromclimate induced hazards. In addition, they are noteffectively enforcing building by-laws and land-use controls.

The laws, policies and by-laws on location ofsettlements, design, standards and quality ofbuildings are also fragmented. These should be

revised to mainstream climate change and toinclude disaster risk management. They shouldalso be aligned with the EnvironmentalManagement Act that requires mandatoryenvironmental impact assessments of projectssuch as housing developments and settlements.

Lack of enforcement of policy and by-laws hasresulted in some communities settling inendangered areas such as riverbanks, wetlands,gullies, sloppy areas, marginal lands as well asdisaster and flood prone areas which are notsuitable for human settlements. The vulnerabilityof communities is further increased by lack of co-ordination among infrastructure sectors; low levelof participation by the population in climatechange initiatives; lack of a culture of safetyamong the general population and of financialresources to construct flood and fire protectedinfrastructure.

In addition, the current infrastructure wasdesigned using historical climatic conditions andyet the climate is changing. The outdatedinfrastructure is not able to withstand extremeweather events. An effective and reliableinfrastructure is an important adaptationresponse to climate change. Therefore, one ofthe top priorities for climate change adaptationshould be the provision of a robust nationalinfrastructure. The design of climate proofedsettlements is an important imperative.

The generation and provision of reliable andappropriate information on present and futureclimate risks is a key component of disaster riskmanagement. Improved data sources andcapacity to model are required to create data onwhich adaptive strategies could be based.Understanding of climate change at local levelsin Zimbabwe is limited by the lack of data ofsufficiently high resolution and continuity. Low-resolution data has insufficient temporal andspatial coverage to detect crucial local climatechange trends or to validate projections fromregional climate models.




Zimbabwe needs to create a database for themanagement of disasters at all levels in thecountry. Lack of readily available nationaldisaster information and institutional memoryleads to poor planning, monitoring andevaluation of trend analysis and forecasts. Thereis also need for technical assistance to supportdisaster risk management education and trainingthrough formal education and public awarenessprogrammes.

The development of flood and drought earlywarning systems is also important forsettlements in drought and flood prone areas.The strengthening of Zimbabwe’s nationalinstitutions such as the Departments ofMeteorological and Hydrological Services shouldbe a top priority for climate change adaptation.These should be effective and reliableinstitutions with capacities to monitor, detect,forecast and give early warnings about disasterssuch as floods, droughts and emerging threats.

They should also have capacity to carry outclimatological analyses of atmospheric hazards,as well as forensic analyses and assessments ofvulnerabilities of critical infrastructure. Forexample, forensic analyses would reveal thestructural failures of infrastructure such ashouses, electrical power distributioninfrastructure, communication structures anddams as a result of extreme weather conditions.When infrastructure is destroyed, the costs ofrebuilding and rehabilitation must be borne byinsurance companies. Zimbabwe is, howeverrecovering from an economic melt-down; thismeans most of the infrastructure is either notinsured or underinsured.

The Department of Civil Protection hasincorporated decentralized arrangements for theco-ordination of national, provincial, district andcommunity-level disaster risk managementinitiatives in the Disaster Risk Management Billand Policy. Some of the structures that havebeen created include the National EmergencyServices Subcommittee; National Food and

Water Subcommittee; National Epidemics andZoonoses Crisis Subcommittee and NationalResource Mobilization Subcommittee. Thesestructural arrangements could be more beneficialto all stakeholders if they were also used forclimate change governance. Currently, there aredifferent organizations that promote disaster riskmanagement and climate change adaptation inZimbabwe, but the interventions are notcoordinated.

Strategies

a) Develop an integrated and co-ordinatedapproach to reducing disaster risk and toaddress impacts of climate change through amulti-stakeholder approach.

b) Enhance early warning systems and capacityof hydro-meteorological services to advise onweather related impacts on new infrastructureas well as mitigation of potential damage toexisting infrastructure.

c) Review and update policy and by-laws onbuilding standards and codes to make themadaptive to climate change.

d) Invest in climate resilient social infrastructure. e) Enhance community resilience to climate

change.

3.3.4. Waste Management

Solid waste management poses a majorchallenge for the majority of urban localauthorities in Zimbabwe. This is because theyare practicing the traditional solid wastemanagement system which involves generation,storage, collection, transportation and disposalof solid waste at dumpsites. The traditionalsystem focuses on the disposal of solid wastewithout controlling its generation and promotingwaste re-use and recycling. It is estimated thatabout 48 per cent of solid waste generated inZimbabwe is not collected and is either being


illegally dumped in open spaces and onroadsides or disposed of by open burning. Thelimited quantity of solid waste that is collected bylocal authorities is deposited at dumpsites whichdo not qualify as landfills because of their design.

The contribution of solid wastes to climatechange is through methane gas which isproduced by anaerobic respiration ofmicroorganisms when they decomposebiodegradable waste. This is a major issue asbiodegradable waste constitutes at least 50 percent of the overall waste generated inZimbabwe’s urban areas. In addition there areoften spontaneous or human caused fires atmost dumpsites fueled by the emitted methane,further releasing CO2.

When open burning of waste is practiced itcontributes to short-lived climate pollutants suchas black carbon (See Section 3.1.1).Incineration is mostly practiced as a way ofdisposing medical hazardous solid waste andemits CO2, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide(NOx) and non-methane volatile organiccompounds (NMVOCs). Further, combustion offuel used during collection, transportation andprocessing of wastes also contributes to CO2emissions. It is however, difficult to determine themagnitude of solid waste managementemissions because of limited data on wastegeneration, composition and management inZimbabwe, as well as inaccuracies in emissionsmodels.

Proper waste management practices can resultin climate benefits. These benefits can beachieved through adoption of the integrated solid waste management system whichprioritizes waste minimization, re-use, recyclingand waste-to-energy recovery. A largerstakeholder involvement in waste managementthat includes the informal waste sector is neededas it has potential to make a significantcontribution to resource recovery. There is needto increase the level of recycling in Zimbabwe.

Some industries have formed clusters wherethey are exchanging waste materials for use asraw materials thus reducing solid waste thatwould end up at the dumpsites.

According to global IPCC inventories,wastewater management is the second largestsource of GHG emissions from the waste sectoras a whole. In Zimbabwean urban centres, liquidwaste is either collected in septic tanks or isdirected to the municipal sewage treatmentworks where it is separated into liquidwastewater and sludge. Sludge digestion emitsmethane. Most urban authorities in Zimbabwe donot capture methane at their treatment workswith only the City of Harare flaring it at two of itssewage treatment works. A net benefit to climatecan be achieved through capturing methane gasproduced at landfills as well as by incineratorsand wastewater treatment plants. Use of theenergy recovered from waste managementprocesses also avoids the use of fossil fuelselsewhere in the energy system.

Zimbabwe has policies, legislation and statutoryinstruments that should help in reducing theamount of solid waste generated and themanagement of both solid and liquid waste.However, these are not fully implementedbecause of lack of resources for building therequisite infrastructure and for enforcinglegislation.

Strategies

a) Capacitate local authorities to deliver proper,effective and efficient waste managementservices in order to reduce GHG emissionsfrom waste management.

b) Create an enabling policy environment whichencourages investment into alternative energyproduction using waste.

c) Develop an enabling framework to promotewaste minimization through education andbehavioural change of waste generators.




3.3.5. Health

Climate change is likely to alter the ecology ofsome disease vectors in Africa. Consequentlythe spatial and temporal transmission of suchdiseases will also be altered. Most assessmentson health have concentrated on malaria andthere are still debates on the attribution ofmalaria resurgence in some African areas. Anestimated 700,000 to 2.7 million people die ofmalaria in sub-Saharan Africa each year and 75per cent of these are children. The economicburden of malaria is estimated as an averagereduction in economic growth of 1.3 per cent forthose African countries with the highest burden.The social and economic costs of malaria arehuge and include considerable costs toindividuals and households as well as high costsat community and national levels.

Results from the “Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa”project show a possible expansion andcontraction, depending on location of climaticallysuitable areas for malaria by 2020, 2050 and2080. Assessments using 16 climate changescenarios show that by 2100, changes intemperature and precipitation could alter thegeographical distribution of malaria in Zimbabwewith previous unsuitable areas of dense humanpopulation becoming suitable for transmission.

At a more local level, vulnerability assessmentscarried out for Zimbabwe’s SecondCommunication to the UNFCCC also usedmalaria as an indicator to assess the potentialimpact of climate change on the health sector asits distribution and seasonal transmissioncorrelates significantly with temperature andrainfall in the country. Further, understanding thechanges in malaria occurrence in a changingclimate is important since 75 per cent of thecountry is prone to malaria. A strong link wasdemonstrated among recorded malariaincidences, temperature and rainfall usingbioclimatic (BIOCLAM) GIS models. Resultsindicated that malaria incidences were lower in drought years and exceptionally wet years

but higher in average years. This indicates thatexcessive rainfall coupled with hightemperatures may negatively affect the breedingpattern of malaria carrying mosquitoes found inZimbabwe.

Other weather sensitive diseases are also likelyto spread faster with global warming. Intensifiedflooding will increase incidences of water borneor related diseases such as cholera, typhoid andbilharzia, while warmer temperatures willenhance the spread of meningitis. Reducedavailability of safe water because of climatechange may also increase the prevalence ofdiseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid,guinea worms and dysentery through use ofunsafe water. In some areas, warming is likely totranslate into reduced crop yields and livestockproductivity and water scarcity, which willconcomitantly negatively affect human healthand nutrition. During periods of climate-induceddisasters (e.g. droughts and floods), the basicsystems that ensure proper handling,preparation and storage of food are severelycompromised, leading to frequent outbreaks offood borne illnesses.

Climate variability may also interact with otherbackground stresses and additionalvulnerabilities such as immuno-compromisedpopulations affected by HIV and AIDS resultingin increased susceptibility and risk to otherinfectious diseases e.g. cholera. The potential ofclimate change to intensify or alter flood patternsmay become a major additional driver of futurehealth risks from flooding.

Another potential impact of increasing averagetemperatures and changing weather patterns isthe loss of biodiversity which might includemedicinal plants, making them less available tocommunities that depend on them for treatment.Effective early warning and disease surveillancesystems that alert populations to anticipateddisease outbreaks would reduce vulnerability toa number of climate-induced epidemics andfacilitate timely and decisive responses.


Strategiesa) Strengthen surveillance programmes for

monitoring human health under a changingclimate.

b) Build resilience against diseases that occurbecause of impacts of climate change.

3.3.6. Gender, People Living with HIV and AIDS and Other Vulnerable Groups

Zimbabwe’s demographic data published byZIMSTAT show that more women than men arepoor and live in the rural areas where livelihoodsare intimately linked with the exploitation ofnatural resources which are vulnerable to climatechange. They are further disadvantaged by oldage, disability and HIV status, among othervariables, which make them disproportionatelyvulnerable to the effects of climate change. Theyexperience the greatest impacts of climatechange because they are already vulnerable andmarginalized, while at the same time, they havethe least capacity or opportunity to prepare for itsnegative effects.

Moreover, because of gender differences inproperty rights, access to information, andcultural, social and economic roles, the effects ofclimate change are likely to affect men andwomen differently. For example, recurringdroughts and low rainfall patterns have impactson accessible water supplies and fuel wood,especially in the rural areas. This increases thedistances that women and girls have to walk tosecure these resources. Thus climate changeexacerbates existing inequalities in keydimensions that not only are the building blocksof livelihoods, but are also crucial for coping withchange.

Gender, HIV and AIDS, and other vulnerabilitiescoincide. Women are more vulnerable not onlyto climate change, but also to social problemsincluding poverty, unemployment and HIV andAIDS. Although Zimbabwe has made significantstrides towards the reduction of HIV prevalence,the levels remain significantly high at 15 per centin 2010/11, and the epidemic still bears awoman’s face, in terms of prevalence (women 18per cent and men 12 per cent prevalence).Furthermore, women care for the sick and theorphans, therefore their role as primarycaregivers in the HIV and AIDS pandemic placessevere strain on their resources, and this will beexacerbated by the increase in climate change-related diseases.

Unequal access, control and ownership ofnatural resources by women and men, youth, theelderly and other vulnerable groups extends theexclusion of the vulnerable groups fromimportant decision and policy-making institutionsthat govern the natural resources. Governanceand decision making structures at all levels arestill dominated by men. The impacts of climatechange will further widen the gaps and amplifythe inequities between women and men andother vulnerable groups.

Gender disaggregated data on climate change,its impacts and adaptation strategies are stilllimited in Zimbabwe. Anecdotal evidence showsthat climate change, as evidenced by frequentdroughts, floods, and erratic rainfall and hightemperatures, is negatively affecting smallholderfarmers who are mainly women, with little or noadaptation strategies. A study in the rural districtof Chiredzi, southeast of Zimbabwe, found thatthe most vulnerable households to climatechange included female-headed and child-headed households, those lacking access toirrigation and poor households.




According to the Disability Scoping Study carriedout by DFID in 2007 People Living With Disability(1.4 million) constitute approximately 10 per centof Zimbabwe’s total population. The studyshowed that households with disabled membershad lower mean income and fewer meanexpenses regardless of seasonal fluctuationsthan households without disabled members.People Living With Disability have also beenexcluded from the land reform programme withless than one per cent having benefited fromboth the land reform programme and theprovision of agricultural inputs because they arenot regarded as very productive members ofsociety. This makes them more vulnerable to theimpacts of climate change.

The 2012 National Census carried out byZIMSTAT revealed that elderly people (65 yearsand above) comprise about four per cent of thetotal population. Elderly people find it difficult toparticipate in development initiatives because oftheir advanced age and home confinement.Aged men and women, however, haveindigenous knowledge important for adapting toclimate change owing to their experience innatural resources management and agriculture.This knowledge includes rainfall predictionsusing behaviours of certain animals, birds, treeand plant species as well as coping strategies.

Various strategies are being used to address theeffects of climate change in Zimbabwe. Theseinclude afforestation projects, conservationagriculture, and the expansion of small grainproduction as well as rearing of small livestock.Conservation agriculture has been criticized forbeing too labour intensive for vulnerable groupsespecially women, the sick, the elderly and thedisabled. Small grain and small livestockproduction as well as afforestation projects haveall targeted women, but without the necessarysupporting technology. This has increased theburden on women.

Strategies

a) Mainstream climate change in policies for thevulnerable groups with their activeparticipation at every level.

b) Strengthen the adaptive capacity of thevulnerable groups.

c) Enhance provision of early warning systemson droughts, floods and disease outbreaks tovulnerable groups and ensure a coordinatedapproach in providing them with emergencyservices.

3.3.7. Children and Youth

Zimbabwe has a young growing population.According to the 2011 Child Labour SurveyReport, there are about 5.8 million children below18 years representing 48.8 per cent of the totalpopulation. Youth are defined as personsbetween 15 and 35 years of age and accordingto the 2012 National Census there are about 4.7million youth in Zimbabwe. Children and youthare at increased risk from disease, under-nutrition, water scarcity, disasters and thecollapse of public services and infrastructure thatwill be exacerbated by climate change.

Most children in Zimbabwe, 73.5 per cent, live inrural areas, and are directly affected by low foodcrop production and food insecurity which areexacerbated by more frequent droughts, floodingand unreliable rainfall patterns.

Children are often most vulnerable to adversehealth effects from environmental hazardsbecause they are not fully developed physicallyand psychologically. Preventable and treatablediseases such as diarrhoea and malaria arepredicted to worsen with climate change. Wateravailability is predicted to reduce with climatechange. Access to clean safe water is crucial forgood health and development of children.


Unsafe drinking water exposes them to the riskof contracting water borne diseases. Anotheradverse effect of water shortages is that asstreams and water sources dry up, children willhave to travel further to collect water.

Children may also face other growing difficultiessuch as lapses in education and insecuritycaused by climate-induced behavioural changesand livelihood choices of parents and otherfamily members, which may result in displace-ment, conflict, neglect and abandonment.Children may have to cope with higher levels ofpressures which keep them out of school andforce them into work too soon.

The effects of climate change will be particularlyhard on young people because they lacksupportive financial and natural capital to fallback on. Their condition has been worsened bythe effects of HIV and AIDS which has createdchild-headed households which are vulnerableto all shocks including climate change.

Zimbabwe has sound policy frameworks thatprovide for the protection and rights of childrenand youth. However, these existing policies donot sufficiently recognize or address children andyouth’s issues and unique vulnerabilities inrelation to the impacts of climate change. Thereis need to mainstream children’s issues and thevarious risks that climate change poses forchildren and to put children at the forefront ofnational climate change adaptation policies andprogrammes. Similarly, the policies and plans failto draw on the practical knowledge, insights andcapacity for meaningful change that children canand do offer, most notably at sub-national andcommunity levels. The views of young peopleare particularly important to ensure thatadaptation approaches take account of theneeds of different children and different stagesof child development.

Children exhibit relatively high levels ofawareness and concern about climate changewhich affects their visions of and anxieties about

the future. Children have a major stake in thefuture and have the right and responsibility toparticipate in decisions that affect them, and totake adaptive action on climate change.Therefore, children and youth should be actorsin the climate change agenda, rather than beingtreated as passive observers or victims. Childrenshould learn about climate change issues in away that does not make them feel threatened,but rather, that addressing it is something theycan be part of.

Inclusion of children and youth in climate changeadaptations and mitigations is not just aboutconsulting them or asking their views. It meansgiving them access to information that they needto comprehensively understand the dynamics ofclimate change and its impact on their rights,opportunities and responsibilities. It meansencouraging them to use that knowledge increative and innovative ways to safe guard theirfuture, to design and implement their own actionswith the support they need, and to take part ininterventions initiated by adults.

Children and young people have the energy andenthusiasm which climate change responsestrategies can capitalize on. Through fosteringthe spirit of voluntarism embraced by theNational Youth Policy and building on theirenthusiasm, young people and children can bea resource in climate change mitigation andadaptation activities.

Strategies

a) Understand the impacts of climate change onchildren and youth in Zimbabwe and create anenabling environment that prevents harm tothem emanating from pressures of theseimpacts.

b) Ensure the inclusion of children and youth inthe policy formulation process for climatechange, and in adaptation and mitigationactivities.



SectionStrategy Enablers

44.1 Capacity Building

4.1.1. Capacity Building for Climate Change

Capacity development and technology transferare some of the most important requirements tothe overall response to climate change impacts.Capacity development is required at community,district, provincial, national and regional levelsand across all sectors. However, inadequateresources are often devoted to capacitydevelopment initiatives in Zimbabwe limiting thecountry’s adaptive and mitigative capacity. Thereis therefore need to develop capacity toappropriately respond to climate change.

Capacity-building should focus on long termplanning of adaptation and mitigation actions. Itsimplementation requires cooperation across allscales from national, regional to internationallevels. There is need for capacity building inforecasting and in development and use ofclimate models. There is also need for training indifferent disciplines including climate relatedresearch and development of sustainable spatialdecision support systems. Linkages amongresearch institutions nationally, regionally andinternationally are required to tap intotechnologies and to increase their uptake.Exchange programmes should be encouraged toallow transfer of best practices and adoption ofbest methodologies.

It is important to establish public-private-community-partnerships with a special focus onfacilitating capacity development in climatechange, disaster risk management and socio-economic development.

Strategies

a) Build capacity to conduct comprehensivevulnerability assessments and developappropriate response models.

b) Develop mechanisms to mainstream climatechange adaptation and disaster riskmanagement into development programmes.

4.1.2. The Role of the Meteorological Services in Climate Change

The Meteorological Services Department ismandated to provide up-to-date information onclimate change issues in Zimbabwe. Theresponsibility also covers providing informationon Zimbabwe‘s emissions of greenhouse gases(GHGs) and information on interventionsrequired to react to the adverse impacts ofclimate change.

Zimbabwe is taking part in the Global ClimateObserving Systems (GCOS) activities of theWorld Meteorology Organization (WMO) and is monitoring climate by maintaining a


systematic observation network. Meteorologicaland atmospheric observations in Zimbabwecover two aspects of the GCOS; the GlobalSurface Observations (GSO) and the GlobalUpper Air Observations (GUAO). TheMeteorological Service Department ObservationNetwork comprises of 64 stations operating as abasic synoptic network. All stations providesurface data while 14 of the stations have beenequipped to provide surface and upper air dataand participate in GCOS activities.Dissemination of data, products and services toregional and international data centres for WMOis done through the Global TelecommunicationSystem (GTS). The Department heavily relies onGlobal Circulation Models for weather predictionand forecast verification.

The Meteorological Services Department hostsdata from 1890 which is relevant for detectingclimatic trends and risks. It is also a source ofdownscaled future climatic data. However, mostof the equipment at the Meteorological ServiceDepartment is old and now costly to maintain.The shortage of and lack of spare parts to repairfaulty equipment gravely affects operations of theDepartment. The constant breakdown ofequipment often results in research being carriedout using a course resolution and creates gapsin datasets. The department has also suffered amajor brain drain.

The role of the Meteorological ServicesDepartment in disaster risk management andclimate change response should not beunderestimated. Its strengthening shouldtherefore be a top priority for climate changeadaptation. The Department should be aneffective and reliable institution with capacities tomonitor, detect, forecast and give early warningsabout disasters such as floods, droughts andemerging threats. It should also have capacity to

carry out climatological analyses of atmospherichazards, forensic analyses and assessments ofvulnerabilities of critical infrastructure.

Strategies

a) Strengthen the capacity of the NationalMeteorological and Hydrological Services tocarry out research on climate change throughimproved data collection and management,and climate modelling.

b) Strengthen the documentation of and tappinginto indigenous knowledge systems tocomplement scientific knowledge for climatechange forecasting and early warningsystems.

c) Establish an enabling framework for sharingand disseminating information on climatechange (i.e. at provincial, district and wardlevels) in the country.

4.1.3. Technology transfer

The increased emmision of GHGs by humanactivity has significantly distabilized energybalances resulting in the general shift in globalclimatic conditions. Technological processes inindustry are responsible for these emmisions asthese have focused mainly on boostingeconomic development with very littleconsideration of the long term negative impactson the climate. Technological advancements insome parts of the world have resulted in thedevelopment of more efficient technologies withreduced impacts to the climate. Therefore effortstowards adoption of more efficient technologiesare required as without technology transfers, “itmay be difficult to achieve emission reduction ata significant scale” (IPCC, 2007).


SECTION 4: Strategy Enablers


Technology transfer is a key component inclimate change response strategies as there isneed for a serious shift in technologicalprocesses currently being applied. It requires aserious policy shift on the part of governments;education and awareness of communities andsignificant financial investments. Zimbabwe is asignatory of the Climate Change Conventionand, hence, is bound to “take steps to promote,facilitate, and finance environmentally soundtechnologies and know-how”. Such effortsshould not be restricted to high technologicalapplications only, as local communities will alsoneed to shift to more climate change resilienttechniques.

It is necessary to first identify critical sectorswhose activities contribute most to emissions atlocal, national and regional scales. Appropriateinterventions would then be identified togetherwith implementation mechanisms. It is alsoimportant to identify alternative technologicalapproaches that can be adopted at various levelsof society to enable communities to cope withthe challenge of climate change and to assessthe cost benefits of adopting such technologies.These activities would require attention as partof Zimbabwe’s contribution towards mitigatingglobal climate change.

Zimbabwe carried out a technological transferneeds assessment in 2008 to identify andprioritize the climate change initiatives it shouldundertake including areas of focus; capacityneeds; technology transfer needs; barriers toaccessing technologies and opportunities ofaccessing funds to undertake mitigation andadaptation activities.

The energy sector contributes most to climatechange (See Section 3.3.1.) as energy drivesthe economy through industrial and commercialactivities. Use of fuel wood for domestic energy

provision in rural areas and poor urban areas hasalso caused depletion of forest cover.Technological improvement in the energy sectorwill result in significant benefits in addressingclimate change. Other sectors of the nationaleconomy such as agriculture, rural and urbandevelopment and mining also need to adoptmore efficient technologies to enable the nationto cope with climate change.

Strategies

a) Create a policy framework that will improveaccess to and promote uptake of cleaner andmore efficient technologies across alleconomic sectors.

b) Support research and development oftechnologies in all relevant sectors to mitigateand adapt to climate change.

4.2 Climate Change Education,Communication and PublicAwareness

The countries that are parties to the UNFCCChave accepted certain responsibilities containedin Article 6 of the Convention which includeimplementing education, awareness and trainingon climate change at the national and sub-national levels. At the international level, eachmember of the Conference of Parties issupposed to cooperate and promote thedevelopment and exchange of educational andpublic awareness materials on climate changeand its effects. It is also tasked with thedevelopment and implementation of educationaland training programmes including thestrengthening of national institutions and theexchange or secondment of personnel to trainexperts in climate change.


Zimbabwe has started participating in UNFCCCArticle 6 activities. This is seen by its inclusion ofa chapter on climate change education, trainingand public awareness in its National SecondCommunication to the UNFCCC. Severalworkshops were organized, especially between2009 and 2012, aimed at addressing the issueof education, awareness and training. To further,these activities, Government has tasked theMinistry of Environment, Water and Climate withoverseeing most of the activities related toclimate change including the coordination ofeducation, awareness and training. This NationalResponse Strategy is therefore an important stepin fulfilling the aims and objectives of Article 6 ofthe UNFCCC.

4.2.1. Climate Change Education and Training

Education is a powerful vehicle for imparting newideas, especially to young people. The aim ofusing education to carry the climate changemessages is to create a new generation of youthwhose behaviour will be climate changecompliant. As stated in Section 1.2, Zimbabwehas almost achieved universal primary educationin line with Millennium Development Goal 2. Itsnetwork of schools is so extensive that mostyoung persons can be reached through theformal education system. Thus, all school goingchildren at primary level could receive climatechange education to create the sustainablebehavioural change needed to adapt to and tomitigate climate change.

There has been a general view that the contentof the curricula used in both primary andsecondary schools does not adequately addressclimate change. This is because climate changehas been taught as a small component of the

curriculum in such subjects as Social Studies,Environmental Studies and Agriculture atPrimary Level; and Geography, Agriculture andCivic Education at Secondary Level.

In response to this deficiency the Ministry ofEnvironment, Water and Climate has engagedthe Ministry of Primary and Secondary Educationto develop new curricula and materials forprimary and secondary schools that strengthenexisting teaching materials on climate change. Itis expected that when fully developed, thematerials in the new curricula can be used fromthe early childhood development level up to ‘A’-Level.

So far a new Early Childhood Developmentsyllabus has been developed and started to beimplemented in 2014. Climate change issues,such as weather are included under themathematics and science and social sciencessections. At Primary Level a new Agriculturesyllabus taught from Grade 4 to 7 has beendeveloped that includes climate change issues.The syllabus began being implemented in 2014.The Environmental Science syllabus that istaught at Grades 6 and 7 also includes someclimate change issues.

Syllabi at secondary level still need to bereviewed and revised to make climate changeissues more explicit. Even in those syllabi whereclimate change has been incorporated there isstill more to be done especially on adaptationissues and local impacts of climate change.Once all the new curricula are in place, theyshould be consistently monitored, evaluated andupdated to keep up with global trends.

The tertiary education sector is made up ofteacher training colleges, agricultural trainingcolleges, polytechnic colleges and universities.Currently, the teacher training colleges cover




climate change issues as part of the carriersubjects which their graduates then teach atprimary and secondary schools. As a result, thesame weaknesses pointed out under primaryand secondary school curricula also apply to theteacher training colleges in that the coursecontent on climate change is not broad enoughand will need enhancement. The colleges willneed to review the content of the carrier subjectssuch as Geography, Environmental Science,Physics and Civil Education and integrateclimate change. The syllabus for agriculturalcolleges will also need to be reviewed.

There will be need for in-service training forthose teachers already produced by thesecolleges so that their foundation on climatechange issues can be strengthened. This alsoapplies to national extension officers (e.g.Agricultural Extension, EnvironmentalManagement Agency), agro-service providers,and Civil Society Organizations personnel toenable them to implement action plans forclimate change adaptation with communities.

Regarding universities, each university has itsown policy on what subjects to offer. Climatechange is taught as part of Geography andEnvironmental Studies or of Atmospheric Studiesthat include Meteorology and Climatology or ismainstreamed into other courses in thedisciplines of Crop, Animal, Soil Sciences andAgricultural Economics at most Zimbabweanuniversities. Thus a situational analysis of whataspects of climate change are included in thesecurricula should be carried out as a starting point.

Currently there are no fora for informal teachingof climate change issues. The out-of-schoolyouths and vulnerable groups such as women,children and the disabled are not being reachedby the formal climate change education. There is

need to develop educational materials and tocreate fora where the material is delivered tothese groups. The materials should be based onindigenous knowledge infused with technicalinformation and should be translated into asmany local languages as possible. They shouldbe delivered using different modes ofcommunication including drama, road shows andmass media.

Strategies

a) Enhance the teaching and learning of climatechange at all levels of education (formal andinformal).

b) Provide relevant training on climate changeissues for educators and practitioners workingwith communities.

4.2.2. Public Awareness-raising and Communication

The Zimbabwean public is aware of climatechange and the need to adapt to it. There is needto turn this awareness and to translate it intoaction. The central pillar of raising publicawareness should be measured by behaviouralchange.

There is a need to develop climate changecommunication strategies based on or aroundthe following themes: the public’s understandingof and knowledge about climate change and itsperceived causes; access to climate changeinformation; the ability to develop and use localindicators to predict climate change as well ascurrent and projected coping strategies andadaptation measures to climate change.

Several communication strategies need to beused to raise public awareness on climatechange. These include use of posters and


pamphlets written in simple language that thepublic can understand and relate to. Use ofdrama on both radio and television as well as inroad shows should be encouraged.

Prominent public figures in both government andthe private sector should also be used at everyopportunity to address the climate changeissues. This should include role models for theyouth as well as musicians. This way the climatechange messages will reach a wide and variedaudience. Traditional and community opinionleaders should be used in promoting climatechange messages especially on issues ofmitigation and adaptation. Churches should bebrought on board as part of the communicationstrategy for raising public awareness on climatechange.

Programmes targeted at out-of-school youthsalso need to be developed. Other vulnerable

groups such as people with disabilities need tobe engaged through their representativeassociations. In all these actions sight must notbe lost of existing indigenous knowledgesystems. These should be incorporated as muchas possible when raising public awareness.

Strategies

a) Implement a communication strategy forraising awareness on climate change.

b) Promote and strengthen stakeholderawareness on adaptation to and mitigation ofclimate change.

c) Encourage sharing of information andnetworking on climate change issues at local,regional and international levels.

d) Communicate climate change messagesincorporating indigenous knowledge systems.



SectionClimate Change Governance

55.1 Climate Change

Governance andInstitutional Framework

Climate change is an issue that has impacts atglobal, regional, national and local levels (seeSection 2). Therefore its governance should beconsidered and mainstreamed at national,provincial, district and community levels in bothurban and rural settings. There are severalinstitutions that have different mandates that maydirectly or indirectly impact on climategovernance. In addition, there are sectoral lawsand policies that inform the climate changegovernance but they are not coordinated and attimes are in conflict.

5.1.1. Climate Change Governance

Climate change has created urgency in thepromotion of good governance at national levelespecially in the context of adaptation anddevelopment. Its governance is informed by theprinciples of decentralization and autonomy;accountability and transparency; responsivenessand flexibility; and participation and inclusion. It is important to include communities in decisionmaking as they are most vulnerable to climateshocks and extreme weather events and shouldbe involved in monitoring and evaluation of both

climate change and any interventions to mitigateor adapt to climate change.

At the heart of climate change governance arealso issues of equity, human rights, gender andpoverty reduction. Effective climate changegovernance takes into account risks andopportunities that are offered by climate change.There is however, need for a shift in approachwhen dealing with climate change becausealthough it is addressed in international andregional agreements it is both an environmentaland development issue. Parties to the UNFCCCare required to promote and cooperate inscientific, technological, technical and socio-economic research on climate change.

Climate change issues should generally bemainstreamed into all sectors; however, inZimbabwe, they have not yet beenmainstreamed into sectors that include land-useplanning, agriculture, natural resourcemanagement, industry, energy and transport.Thus, there is generally a limited supportiveenvironment to respond to climate change issuesat national level.

Climate change issues provide an opportunity forthe Government, local authorities, UN agenciesand development partners, civil societyorganizations and communities to work together.Currently there is limited coordination amongthese stakeholders.


Local authorities (urban and rural) are bestpositioned to implement disaster riskmanagement and to mainstream climate changeadaptation. This includes increasing the abilitiesof communities to cope with consequences ofextreme weather conditions such as flooding,storms, droughts, heat waves and cold spells.Local authorities are also supposed to enforceby-laws on siting, design, quality and buildingstandards which are climate proofed (SeeSection 3.3.3).

Urban local authorities with the support ofrelevant institutions should collect data on GHGemissions and the ambient concentration of airpollutants in areas under their jurisdiction.However, they do not have infrastructure andequipment to monitor the level of thesepollutants. This means the required data is notbeing captured. Additionally, urban localauthorities do not have the capacity to provideinfrastructure and services; for land-usemanagement and for enforcing building by-lawsand approved standards, and in landsubdivisions. This results in poor delivery ofservices such as sanitation and drainagesystems; adequate clean and safe water andsolid waste collection. There is also limitedaccess to health, education and emergencyservices.

Rural District Councils have limited capacity toreduce exposure and to cope with consequencesof extreme weather conditions such as flooding,storms, droughts, heat waves and cold spellsand their impacts on local communities.

Strategies

a) Mainstream climate change into urban andrural planning, infrastructure, investments andservice delivery.

5.1.2. Climate Change Institutional Framework

Climate change adaptation is intricately linkedwith disaster risk management. CurrentlyDisaster Risk Management and Rural and UrbanCouncils fall under the Ministry responsible forLocal Government, Public Works and NationalHousing, while climate change is the mandate ofthe Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate.However, they could both use the sameplatforms and coordination mechanisms. Forexample, the Department of Civil Protection(Disaster Risk Management) has decentralizedarrangements for coordinating National,Provincial, and Community-Level Disaster RiskManagement Initiatives. These structuralarrangements could be more beneficial to allstakeholders if they were also used by theclimate change governance institutions.

The Office of the President and Cabinet ispromoting the mainstreaming of climate changethrough the implementation of the ZimbabweAgenda for Sustainable Socio-EconomicTransformation (Zim Asset) economic blueprintwhile the Ministry of Finance is responsible fornational budgets.

There is need to instutionalize climate changeinto strategies, actions and budgets of climatesensitive sectors such as agriculture, forestry,water, environmental management, fisheries,settlements, infrastructure, health and foodsecurity.

Strategies

a) Institutionalize the climate change responsegovernance framework at national, provincial,district and ward levels.


SECTION 5: Climate Change Governance


5.2 Climate Change Policy andLegal Framework

Zimbabwe ratified the UNFCCC but has nostandalone climate change policy and legislation. It has also ratified multilateral environmentalagreements such as the Convention on theConservation of Biological Diversity and UnitedNations Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD) in Africa. At the regional level, theSADC has developed the Climate ChangeAdaptation Strategy for the Water Sector. Anaddendum to the SADC Protocol on Gender andDevelopment is being negotiated to take intoconsideration climate change and its genderedimpacts. The legal instruments are supposed tobe aligned with national laws and policies.

Climate change issues are covered by variousuncoordinated sectoral policies, strategies andaction plans. These policies include the NationalPolicy and Programme on Drought Mitigation;the Draft Disaster Risk Management Policy andStrategy; the Second Science, Technology andInnovation Policy 2012; the Water Policy, the

Agriculture Marketing and Pricing Policy and theSmall, Micro and Medium Enterprises Policy.

The ZIM Asset 2013-2018 recognises that theagro-economy in Zimbabwe is being affected byclimate change and has identified a ClimateChange Policy as a cluster output for the keyresult areas on policy and legislation andenvironmental management. There is need forZimbabwe to be prepared for climate changethrough adopting a policy framework that isaligned to international and regional agreementsand informed by local scenarios.

Strategies

a) Enact an enabling policy environment forclimate change response.

5.3 Framework for ClimateGovernance

The Framework for climate change governanceis given in Figure 15.




Department ofClimate ChangeManagement

Figure 15: Proposed Climate Change Governance Framework

SectionAction Plan, Implementation Framework andResource Mobilization

66.1 Action Plan

Action Plans for the strategies that include:actions, indicative time frame, lead agency,cooperating agencies, potential sources forresource mobilization and estimated costs aregiven in Annex 1. These were generated bystakeholders during several consultativeworkshops with representatives of governmentministries; private sector; academia; researchinstitutions; vulnerable groups and civil society.A summary of the estimated costs is given inTable 6.1 and amounts to almost 10 billion UnitedStates dollars. The Actions will be implementedover 10 years.

6.2 Resource Mobilization

Climate finance has been a key topic ininternational climate negotiations especiallyunder the UNFCCC, resulting in a significantcommitment by developed countries to increasethe flow of climate finance to developingcountries to US$100 billion per year by 2020.The major aim of climate financing is to advanceaction on low-carbon, climate-resilientdevelopment.

Significant financial resources will need to beallocated by the Zimbabwe Government treasuryand contributed by the private sector as well asbe mobilized from international climate funds;

bilateral donor and international agencies;carbon markets; foreign direct investment andloans from international, regional and local banksto implement the Action Plans proposed in thisNational Climate Change Response Strategy.

The most important multilateral sources ofclimate financing at the international level are theWorld Bank’s carbon funds, the GlobalEnvironment Facility (GEF), the AfricanDevelopment Bank (AfDB), African SustainableForestry Fund, the UNFCCC’s Adaptation Fund,and the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean DevelopmentMechanism. The Green Climate Fund, which isa financial mechanism of the UNFCCC, isexpected to be a major source of climate financeas it will support projects, programmes, policiesand other activities in developing country Parties.

Unfortunately, Zimbabwe has not been able totake full advantage of these funds in the past,due to several reasons that include lack ofcapacity and lack of accredited financialinstitutions. For example by June 2013, 10SADC countries had in total received US$964.19million from these climate funds but Zimbabwe’s share of the funds was only 0.7 per cent. It has received modest fundingfrom, for example, multilateral organizations(such as UNDP, UNICEF, UNEP; GEF; GEFSmall Grants Programme and FAO);international organizations (such as the GlobalWater Partnership); regional organizations (e.g.



SECTION 6: Action Plan, Implementation Framework and Resource Mobilization

Table 6.1. Summary of estimated costs to implement the Action Plans for zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategy.

No Sector Amount USD (million)

1. Air Pollution 134

2. Water Resources 3,158

3. Land Use and Land Use Change 91

4. Biodiversity 74

5. Agriculture 2,386

6. Industry and Commerce 528

7. Mining 312

8. Tourism 252

9. Energy 262

10. Transport 1,071

11. Disaster Risk Management and Human Settlements 519

12. Waste Management 231

13. Health 52

14. Gender; People Living With HIV and AIDS and other Vulnerable groups 25

15. Children and Youth 32

16. Capacity Building 45

17. Role of Meteorological Services 23

18. Technology Transfer 574

19. Climate Change Education 15

20. Public Awareness 15

21. Climate Change Governance 88

Overall Total 9,887


COMESA); private organizations (such as the Evangelischer Entwicklungsdienst); andresearch funding organizations (e.g. IDRC andDFID). However, most of the climate finance hascome from the Government Treasury through thepublic sector investment programme.

Another international funding programme thatcan provide significant climate financing is theUN Sustainable Energy for All that aims to attainuniversal access to energy for all by 2030. Thisis a window which Zimbabwe can utilize sincethe government has already endorsed theprocess.

Private sector carbon funding is also potentiallya major source of climate financing which has notbeen fully developed in Zimbabwe. There is needfor government to put in place polices andincentive mechanisms for attracting privatesector participation in carbon financing.

The recent advances in the development of thereduced emissions from deforestation and forestdegradation (REDD+) mechanism providesopportunities for Zimbabwe to mobilize financialresources for sustainable forest managementand conservation of its tree and forestresources. The country has the potential to setaside over 14 million hectares of forests forREDD+. The pilot Kariba REDD project currentlycovers over 700,000 hectares with more than 50million Certified Emission Reduction units. Thecountry needs to develop the appropriateinstitutional framework to be able to takeadvantage of these opportunities.

Foundations such as the World Wildlife Fund,Peace Parks Foundation, IUCN, KelloggFoundation, Ford Foundation, FrankfurtZoological Society, Bill and Melinda GatesFoundation are the larger among manyfoundations that support Sustainable ForestManagement in the region.

Thus there are sectors that are likely to beaffected by climate change and some whereopportunities for low carbon development maypresent themselves. Each sector will thereforehave specific and particular needs and will needto develop climate change related projects.There will be need for capacity building andestablishment of sector-by- sector guidance toenable them to develop viable projects that canattract finance from a diversity of sources. Therewill also be need to build capacity to considerZimbabwe’s options for raising the climatefinance necessary for realizing proposed actionsto respond to climate change and to turn ideasinto actions on the ground.

There are CDM mitigation opportunities inenergy, manufacturing, mining, agriculture,waste management and transport whichZimbabwe has not yet taken up. Zimbabweneeds to establish a designated nationalauthority (DNA), an organization grantedresponsibility by a UNFCCC Party to authorizeand approve participation in CDM projects. Thiscould be assigned to the Department of ClimateChange Management. The main task of the DNAis to assess potential CDM projects to determinewhether they will assist Zimbabwe in achievingits sustainable development goals and to providea letter of approval to project participants in CDMprojects. Zimbabwe will need to develop apractical CDM Implementation Strategy includinghuman and technical requirements.

The government has provided for theestablishment of an Environment Fund under theEnvironmental Management Act [Chapter 20:27]that is supposed to be capitalized throughbudgetary allocations, environmental levies,carbon tax and donations. The fund is expectedto provide support through grants and loans tolocal authorities; climate change adaptation andmitigation activities; environmental extension;


research, training and technology transfer;rehabilitation of degraded areas and environ-mental awareness programmes. Although thefund is not yet fully operational, it provides a legalinstitutional framework for mobilizing climatefinance for the country.

The Ministry of Environment, Water and Climatewill need to be accredited to be able to accessthe global Adaptation Fund. Such accreditationrequires the Ministry to meet fiduciary standardsfor accurate and regular recording of transactionand balances; efficient management anddisbursement of funds in a timely manner andforward looking plans and budgets. Thus therewill be need to strengthen the fiduciarymanagement capacity for climate finance morebroadly at sub-national level, includingbudgeting, accounting, internal controls, fundflow, financial reporting and external audits.

In addition the country also has other funds thatcontribute to climate financing. These include theWater Fund, the Rural Electrification Fund andthe Zimbabwe Energy Fund, a multi donor trustfund set up initially to support development ofenergy infrastructure in Zimbabwe, but is beingexpanded to include energy access for the poor.

6.3 Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitoring and evaluation of the Climate ChangeResponse Strategy is essential to:

l check if the implementation is proceeding asplanned;

l assess the impacts of implementing theResponse Strategy in the short, medium andlong term and to determine whether theactions are contributing to the objectives ofthe Strategy;

l if necessary to redirect actions to newsituations that have arisen duringimplementation;

l ensure visibility of technical and financialcontributions to climate change;

l ensure that when tackling adaptation andclimate risk management priority actions areimplemented; and

l take account of emerging issues, challengesand trends as well as results of globalnegotiations under the UNFCCC.

Monitoring will need to be done through periodicreports by the Department of Climate ChangeManagement in the Ministry responsible forEnvironment, Water and Climate. Each lineMinistry could also put in place a monitoring andevaluation system that tracks climate changeprojects. These could input into the Departmentof Climate Change Management’s report.ZIMSTAT could also play a role as a source ofinformation contributing to socio-economicanalysis and as a potential central repository ofclimate information in Zimbabwe.

There will be need to establish a TechnicalMonitoring Committee to follow up theimplementation of the Strategy. Zimbabwe’sClimate Change Response Strategy’s progressshould be reviewed after every 5 years.

There will be need for research to inform policyand action. The Technical Monitoring Committeecould set the research agenda and ensure thatthe research findings inform decision making andreach extension agents including civil societyorganizations.



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Don

or F

unds

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7.5

milli

on

A3R

ehab

ilitat

e an

d m

aint

ain

grou

ndw

ater

mon

itorin

gst

atio

ns.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MEW

C(Z

INW

A)D

DF;

Cat

chm

ent C

ounc

ils;

Sub-

catc

hmen

t Cou

ncils

; EM

A

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

l Coo

pera

ting

Agen

cies

; UN

Age

ncie

s; S

ADC

;M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

USD

10

milli

on

6Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


1.N

ATU

RA

L SY

STEM

S

1.2

Clim


ASP

ECT

CLI

MAT

E C

HA

NG

E IS

SUES

FO

R T

HE

WAT

ER S

ECTO

R

THEM

EW

ater

Res

ourc

es A

vaila

bilit

y

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Con

duct

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e fr

eque

nt y

ield

ass

essm

ents

of s

urfa

ce a

nd g

roun

dwat

er re

sour

ces.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

7 Indi

cativ

eTi

me

Fram

eLe

ad

Age

ncy

Co-

oper

atin

g A

genc

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Pote

ntia

l Sou

rce

for

Res

ourc

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obili

satio

n Es

timat

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osts

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ild c

apac

ity (e

quip

men

t, hu

man

reso

urce

s an

din

form

atio

n) fo

r car

ryin

g ou

t yie

ld a

sses

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ts o

f wat

erre

sour

ces.

Shor

t to

long

term

MEW

C(Z

INW

A)D

DF;

Cat

chm

ent C

ounc

ils;

Sub-

catc

hmen

t Cou

ncils

;Lo

cal A

utho

ritie

s; E

MA

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

l Coo

pera

ting

Agen

cies

; UN

Age

ncie

s; S

ADC

;M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

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1 m

illion

B2C

ondu

ct s

ilt s

urve

ys o

f dam

s an

d se

dim

ent

inve

stig

atio

ns.

Shor

t to

long

term

MEW

C(Z

INW

A)D

DF;

Cat

chm

ent C

ounc

ils;

Sub-

catc

hmen

t Cou

ncils

;Lo

cal A

utho

ritie

s; E

MA

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

l Coo

pera

ting

Agen

cies

; UN

Age

ncie

s; S

ADC

;M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

USD

5 m

illion

B3C

ondu

ct c

ompr

ehen

sive

yie

ld a

sses

smen

ts o

f sur

face

and

grou

ndw

ater

sou

rces

.M

ediu

m to

long

term

MEW

C(Z

INW

A)D

DF;

Cat

chm

ent C

ounc

ils;

Sub-

catc

hmen

t Cou

ncils

;Lo

cal A

utho

ritie

s; E

MA

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

l Coo

pera

ting

Agen

cies

; UN

Age

ncie

s; S

ADC

;M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

USD

5 m

illion

7Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


1.N

ATU

RA

L SY

STEM

S

1.2

Clim


ASP

ECT

CLI

MAT

E C

HA

NG

E IS

SUES

FO

R T

HE

WAT

ER S

ECTO

R

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EW

ater

Res

ourc

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vaila

bilit

y

STR

ATEG

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mot

e w

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use

effi

cien

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all

sect

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AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

8 Indi

cativ

eTi

me

Fram

eLe

ad

Age

ncy

Co-

oper

atin

g A

genc

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Pote

ntia

l Sou

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for

Res

ourc

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timat

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Inve

st in

mod

ern

and

effic

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wat

er u

se a

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butio

nte

chno

logi

es.

Med

ium

tolo

ng te

rmM

EWC

(ZIN

WA)

M

AMID

, Loc

al A

utho

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s;M

IC; M

F; S

ecto

rre

pres

enta

tives

; EM

A;C

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men

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Su

b-ca

tchm

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ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

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l Coo

pera

ting

Agen

cies

; UN

Age

ncie

s; S

ADC

;M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

; Loc

alFi

nanc

ial I

nstit

utio

ns

USD

50

milli

on

C2

Con

duct

edu

catio

n an

d aw

aren

ess

cam

paig

ns o

nbe

nefit

s of

mor

e ef

ficie

nt a

ppro

ache

s to

wat

er u

se,

incl

udin

g re

usin

g w

ater

.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

(ZIN

WA,

EMA)

MAM

ID; M

PSE,

MH

CC

, MF;

MIC

; MYI

EE; M

WAG

CD

;C

atch

men

t Cou

ncils

; Su

b-ca

tchm

ent C

ounc

ils;

Loca

l Aut

horit

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Sec

tor

repr

esen

tativ

es

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

l Coo

pera

ting

Agen

cies

; UN

Age

ncie

s; S

ADC

;M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

; Loc

alFi

nanc

ial I

nstit

utio

ns

USD

2.5

milli

on

8Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


1.N

ATU

RA

L SY

STEM

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1.2

Clim


Wat

er D

evel

opm

ent I

ssue

s

ASP

ECT

CLI

MAT

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HA

NG

E IS

SUES

FO

R T

HE

WAT

ER S

ECTO

R

THEM

EW

ater

Dev

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t Iss

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STR

ATEG

Y a)

Dev

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abili

tate

, mai

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n an

d pr

otec

t sur

face

and

gro

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ater

reso

urce

s.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

9 Indi

cativ

eTi

me

Fram

eLe

ad

Age

ncy

Co-

oper

atin

g A

genc

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Pote

ntia

l Sou

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Res

ourc

es M

obili

satio

n Es

timat

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osts

A1R

ehab

ilitat

e ex

istin

g st

orag

e an

d di

strib

utio

nin

frast

ruct

ure.

Shor

t ter

m to

long

term

M

EWC

(ZIN

WA)

Loca

l Aut

horit

ies;

DD

F;

MF;

Dev

elop

men

tal P

artn

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chm

ent C

ounc

ils;

Sub-

catc

hmen

t Cou

ncils

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

lC

oope

ratin

g Ag

enci

es;

UN

Agen

cies

; SAD

C; M

ulti-

Don

orFu

nds;

Loc

al F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns

USD

1 b

illion

A2C

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ete

dam

s un

der c

onst

ruct

ion

and

deve

lop

grou

ndw

ater

sou

rces

.Sh

ort t

o lo

ngte

rmM

EWC

(ZIN

WA)

Loca

l Aut

horit

ies;

DD

F;

MF;

Dev

elop

men

tal P

artn

ers;

Cat

chm

ent C

ounc

ils;

Sub-

catc

hmen

t Cou

ncils

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

lC

oope

ratin

g Ag

enci

es; U

NAg

enci

es; S

ADC

; Mul

ti-D

onor

Fund

s; L

ocal

Fin

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al In

stitu

tions

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ivat

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; PPP

s

Surf

ace

wat

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50 m

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inte

r-cat

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ent t

rans

fer i

nfra

stru

ctur

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Med

ium

tolo

ng te

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l Aut

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tal P

artn

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chm

ent C

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ernm

ent T

reas

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Inte

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iona

lC

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g Ag

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NAg

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ADC

; Mul

ti-D

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Fund

s; L

ocal

Fin

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al In

stitu

tions

;Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

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Ps

USD

500

milli

on

A4R

eviv

e th

e po

licy

of o

ne m

ediu

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am p

er P

rovi

nce

per

year

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ort-t

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C(Z

INW

A)Lo

cal A

utho

ritie

s; M

F;D

evel

opm

enta

l Par

tner

s;C

atch

men

t Cou

ncils

and

Su

b-ca

tchm

ent C

ounc

ils

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

lC

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g Ag

enci

es; U

NAg

enci

es; S

ADC

; Mul

ti-D

onor

Fund

s; L

ocal

Fin

anci

al In

stitu

tions

;Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

; PPP

s

USD

5 m

illion

9Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


1.N

ATU

RA

L SY

STEM

S

1.2

Clim


ASP

ECT

CLI

MAT

E C

HA

NG

E IS

SUES

FO

R T

HE

WAT

ER S

ECTO

R

THEM

EW

ater

Dev

elop

men

t Iss

ues

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Inve

st in

man

agem

ent o

f effe

cts

of e

xtre

me

even

ts.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

10In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

r R

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

B1R

evis

it en

gine

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idel

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on

optim

um d

esig

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of a

ntic

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ed in

crea

se in

ext

rem

e ev

ents

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ort t

om

ediu

m te

rmM

EWC

(ZIN

WA)

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eoro

logi

cal S

ervi

ces

Dep

artm

ent;

Zim

babw

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stitu

tion

of E

ngin

eers

;En

gine

erin

g C

ounc

il of

Zim

babw

e; M

IC; M

F; S

ADC

;C

atch

men

t Cou

ncils

and

Su

b-ca

tchm

ent C

ounc

ils

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury

USD

250

,000

B2C

onst

ruct

floo

d co

ntro

l stru

ctur

es s

uch

as d

ams,

dyk

es,

culv

erts

etc

.M

ediu

m to

long

term

MEW

C(Z

INW

A)M

eteo

rolo

gica

l Ser

vice

sD

epar

tmen

t; Zi

mba

bwe

Inst

itutio

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Eng

inee

rs,

Engi

neer

ing

Cou

ncil

ofZi

mba

bwe;

MF;

MTI

D; D

DF

SAD

C; C

atch

men

t Cou

ncils

and

Sub-

catc

hmen

t Cou

ncils

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

l Coo

pera

ting

Agen

cies

; UN

Age

ncie

s; S

ADC

;M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

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alFi

nanc

ial I

nstit

utio

ns; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

; PP

Ps

USD

250

milli

on

B3R

aise

aw

aren

ess

on e

xtre

me

even

ts.

Shor

t ter

mM

LGPW

NH

(Dep

artm

ent

of C

ivil

Prot

ectio

n)

MEW

C; M

F; M

TID

; MH

A;

MD

; Cat

chm

ent C

ounc

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nd

Sub-

catc

hmen

t Cou

ncils

;SA

DC

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

l Coo

pera

ting

Agen

cies

; U

N A

genc

ies;

SAD

C;

Mul

ti-D

onor

Fun

ds; L

ocal

Fina

ncia

l Ins

titut

ions

USD

2.5

milli

on

10Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


1.N

ATU

RA

L SY

STEM

S

1.2

Clim


Wat

er M

anag

emen

t Iss

ues

ASP

ECT

CLI

MAT

E C

HA

NG

E IS

SUES

FO

R T

HE

WAT

ER S

ECTO

R

THEM

EW

ater

Man

agem

ent I

ssue

s

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Str

engt

hen

stak

ehol

der i

nstit

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ns in

wat

er re

sour

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man

agem

ent.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

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11In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

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genc

yC

o-op

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Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

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ilisa

tion

Estim

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Cos

ts

A1St

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the

Wat

er N

atio

nal A

ctio

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and

its

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ort t

erm

MEW

C

Loca

l aut

horit

ies;

MAM

ID;

MF;

MM

MD

; MEP

D;

MW

AGC

D; M

HC

C; M

IC;

SAD

C;

WAC

DEP

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

C

oope

ratin

g Ag

enci

es; U

NAg

enci

es; M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

; Lo

cal F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns

USD

1 m

illion

A2St

reng

then

Cat

chm

ent a

nd S

ub-c

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men

t Cou

ncils

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ort t

erm

MEW

C

WAC

DEP

; Glo

bal W

ater

Partn

ersh

ip S

outh

ern

Afric

a;Zi

mba

bwe

Wat

er P

artn

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ip

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

C

oope

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g Ag

enci

es; U

NAg

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es; M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

; Lo

cal F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns

USD

5 m

illion

11Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


1.N

ATU

RA

L SY

STEM

S

1.2

Clim


ASP

ECT

CLI

MAT

E C

HA

NG

E IS

SUES

FO

R T

HE

WAT

ER S

ECTO

R

THEM

EW

ater

Man

agem

ent I

ssue

s

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Pro

mot

e m

ore

effic

ient

wat

er u

se p

ract

ices

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

12In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

r R

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

B1Pr

omot

e w

ater

dem

and

man

agem

ent.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MEW

C(Z

INW

A)C

atch

men

t Cou

ncils

; Sub

-ca

tchm

ent C

ounc

ils; L

ocal

Auth

oriti

es; D

DF;

MAM

ID

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

lC

oope

ratin

g Ag

enci

es; U

NAg

enci

es; M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

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cal f

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns

USD

1 m

illion

B2Pr

omot

e ra

inw

ater

har

vest

ing.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MEW

C

ZIN

WA;

Cat

chm

ent C

ounc

ils;

Sub-

catc

hmen

t Cou

ncils

;Lo

cal A

utho

ritie

s; M

AMID

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

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oope

ratin

g Ag

enci

es; U

NAg

enci

es; M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

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cal F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns

USD

500

,000

B3Id

entif

y an

d su

ppor

t dem

onst

ratio

n pr

ojec

ts.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

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C(Z

INW

A)C

atch

men

t Cou

ncils

; Su

b-ca

tchm

ent C

ounc

ils;

UN

ICEF

; UN

DP;

WAC

DEP

;W

ater

and

Pow

er C

oope

ratio

n

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

lC

oope

ratin

g Ag

enci

es; U

NAg

enci

es; M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

; Lo

cal F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns

USD

7 m

illion

12Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


1.N

ATU

RA

L SY

STEM

S

1.2

Clim


ASP

ECT

CLI

MAT

E C

HA

NG

E IS

SUES

FO

R T

HE

WAT

ER S

ECTO

R

THEM

EW

ater

Man

agem

ent I

ssue

s

STR

ATEG

Y c)

Pro

mot

e ca

tchm

ent p

rote

ctio

n.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

13In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

r R

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

C1

Enfo

rce

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ting

legi

slat

ion.

Ong

oing

MEW

C(E

MA)

ZIN

WA;

Cat

chm

ent C

ounc

ils;

Sub-

catc

hmen

t Cou

ncils

;Lo

cal A

utho

ritie

s; M

AMID

;M

MM

D; M

HA

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

lC

oope

ratin

g Ag

enci

es,;

UN

Agen

cies

; Mul

ti-D

onor

Fun

ds;

Loca

l Fin

anci

al In

stitu

tions

USD

100

,000

C2

Impl

emen

t cat

chm

ent p

rote

ctio

n m

easu

res

(e.g

. silt

traps

, ver

tiver

gra

ss, c

onto

ur ri

dges

, sus

tain

able

tilla

gete

chni

ques

).

Ong

oing

MEW

C(E

MA)

Cat

chm

ent C

ounc

ils;

Sub-

catc

hmen

t Cou

ncils

;M

AMID

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

lC

oope

ratin

g Ag

enci

es; U

NAg

enci

es; M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

; Lo

cal F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns

USD

20

milli

on

C3

Dis

cour

age

unco

ntro

lled

allu

vial

min

ing

alon

g riv

ers.

Ong

oing

MEW

C(E

MA)

Loca

l Aut

horit

ies;

MM

MD

;M

HA,

Cat

chm

ent C

ounc

ils;

Sub-

catc

hmen

t Cou

ncils

;ZI

NW

A

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

lC

oope

ratin

g Ag

enci

es;

UN

Agen

cies

; Mul

ti-D

onor

Fun

ds;

Loca

l Fin

anci

al In

stitu

tions

USD

3.5

milli

on

C4

Con

trol d

isch

arge

of w

aste

s an

d se

dim

ents

into

sur

face

and

grou

ndw

ater

sys

tem

s.O

ngoi

ngM

EWC

(EM

A)Lo

cal A

utho

ritie

s; Z

INW

A;C

atch

men

t Cou

ncils

; Su

b-ca

tchm

ent C

ounc

ils;

MAM

ID; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

; MIC

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

l Coo

pera

ting

Agen

cies

;U

N A

genc

ies;

Mul

ti-D

onor

Fun

ds;

Loca

l Fin

anci

al In

stitu

tions

USD

5 m

illion

13Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


1.N

ATU

RA

L SY

STEM

S

1.2

Clim


ASP

ECT

CLI

MAT

E C

HA

NG

E IS

SUES

FO

R T

HE

WAT

ER S

ECTO

R

THEM

EW

ater

Man

agem

ent I

ssue

s

STR

ATEG

Y d)

Ado

pt d

ata

anal

ysis

and

pre

dict

ion

tool

s th

at in

corp

orat

e cl

imat

e ch

ange

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

14In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

D1

Prom

ote

rese

arch

on

the

impa

cts

of c

limat

e ch

ange

inth

e w

ater

sec

tor.

Shor

t to

long

term

M

EWC

(ZIN

WA,

Met

eoro

logi

cal

Serv

ices

Dep

artm

ent)

Cat

chm

ent C

ounc

ils;

Sub-

catc

hmen

t Cou

ncils

;R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; R

iver

Basi

n O

rgan

isat

ions

;W

ACD

EP; S

ADC

; EM

A;R

CZ

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

l Coo

pera

ting

Agen

cies

; UN

Age

ncie

s; M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

; Loc

al F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns

USD

10

milli

on

D2

Prom

ote

rese

arch

and

adv

ance

men

t of a

ppro

pria

te to

ols

to fa

cilit

ate

effic

ient

wat

er m

anag

emen

t.Sh

ort t

o lo

ngte

rmM

EWC

(ZIN

WA,

Met

eoro

logi

cal

Serv

ices

Dep

artm

ent)

Cat

chm

ent C

ounc

ils;

Sub-

catc

hmen

t Cou

ncils

;R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; R

iver

Basi

n O

rgan

isat

ions

;W

ACD

EP; S

ADC

; EM

A; R

CZ

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

l Coo

pera

ting

Agen

cies

; UN

Age

ncie

s; M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

; Loc

al F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns

USD

10

milli

on

D3

Set u

p m

echa

nism

s to

inco

rpor

ate

Indi

geno

usKn

owle

dge

Syst

ems

in p

redi

ctio

n of

clim

ate

chan

geim

pact

s.

Shor

t to

long

term

MEW

C(M

eteo

rolo

gica

lSe

rvic

esD

epar

tmen

t)

Cat

chm

ent C

ounc

ils;

Sub-

catc

hmen

t Cou

ncils

;R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; R

iver

Basi

n O

rgan

isat

ions

;W

ACD

EP; S

ADC

; EM

A

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

l Coo

pera

ting

Agen

cies

; UN

Age

ncie

s; M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

; Loc

al F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns

USD

500

,000

D4

Dev

elop

dat

a sh

arin

g an

d in

form

atio

n ex

chan

gest

rate

gies

at a

ll le

vels

.Sh

ort t

o lo

ngte

rmM

EWC

ZI

NW

A; M

eteo

rolo

gica

lSe

rvic

es D

epar

tmen

t; EM

A;C

atch

men

t Cou

ncils

and

Su

b-ca

tchm

ent C

ounc

ils

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

l Coo

pera

ting

Agen

cies

; UN

Age

ncie

s; M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

; Loc

al F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns

USD

500

,000

14Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


1.N

ATU

RA

L SY

STEM

S

1.3

Land-use and Land-use-change and Forestry (LULUCF)

ASP

ECT

LAN

D-U

SE A

ND

LA

ND

-USE

-CH

AN

GE

AN

D F

OR

ESTR

Y

THEM

ELa

nd-u

se a

nd L

and-

use-

chan

ge

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Dev

elop

and

enf

orce

pol

icie

s th

at re

gula

te c

hang

e fr

om o

ne la

nd-u

se to

ano

ther

, esp

ecia

lly c

lear

ance

of f

ores

ts a

nd w

oodl

ands

to o

ther

land

-use

s.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

15In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

r R

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

A1R

evie

w a

nd h

arm

onis

e th

e ex

istin

g la

ws

and

regu

latio

nson

land

-use

.Sh

ort t

erm

MEW

C

MLR

R;

MLG

PWN

H; M

AMID

;M

JLPA

; EM

A; F

C; T

imbe

rPr

oduc

ers

Fede

ratio

n

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

U

ND

P; F

AOU

SD 2

50,0

00

A2R

evie

w n

atio

nal l

and-

use

cate

gorie

s to

take

in to

acco

unt f

ores

try a

s a

viab

le la

nd-u

se.

Shor

t ter

mM

LGPW

NH

MAM

ID; M

EWC

; Uni

vers

ities

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

U

ND

P; F

AOU

SD 1

50,0

00

A3D

evel

op a

nd im

plem

ent a

land

and

land

-use

info

rmat

ion

man

agem

ent s

yste

m to

cap

ture

and

mon

itor l

and-

use

chan

ges.

Shor

t ter

mM

LGPW

NH

(Dep

artm

ent

of S

urve

yor

Gen

eral

)

MAM

ID ;

MEW

C (F

ores

tryC

omm

issi

on, E

MA)

Tim

ber

Prod

ucer

s Fe

dera

tion;

MIC

TPC

S, U

nive

rsiti

es

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Wor

ldBa

nk; F

AO; U

NEP

; Wor

ld B

ank;

AfD

B

USD

13

milli

on

A4R

evis

e th

e Fo

rest

-bas

ed L

and

Ref

orm

Pol

icy

toin

corp

orat

e cl

imat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

and

miti

gatio

nst

rate

gies

.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

(EM

Aan

d FC

)M

LRR

; M

LGPW

NH

(R

ural

Dis

trict

Cou

ncils

); M

JLPA

;Ti

mbe

r Pro

duce

rs F

eder

atio

n

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

U

ND

P; F

AOU

SD 1

50,0

00

15Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


1.N

ATU

RA

L SY

STEM

S

1.3


Ada

ptat

ion

Opt

ions

in th

e Fo

rest

ry S

ecto

r

ASP

ECT

LAN

D-U

SE A

ND

LA

ND

-USE

-CH

AN

GE

AN

D F

OR

ESTR

Y

THEM

EA

dapt

atio

n O

ptio

ns in

the

Fore

stry

Sec

tor

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Pro

mot

e es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f lan

d-us

e pl

ans

at d

istr

ict,

war

d, v

illag

e an

d fa

rm m

anag

emen

t lev

els

that

cle

arly

iden

tify

fore

stry

as

a re

cogn

ized

land

-use

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

16In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

r R

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

A1D

esig

n la

nd-u

se p

lans

that

inco

rpor

ate

fore

stry

.Sh

ort t

erm

MLR

RM

LGPW

NH

; MAM

ID; F

ores

tryC

omm

issi

on; E

MA

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

FAO

;W

orld

Ban

k; A

fDB;

SAD

CU

SD 2

milli

on

A2C

reat

e aw

aren

ess

amon

g th

e st

akeh

olde

rs o

n th

e ro

leof

fore

sts

and

woo

dlan

ds in

clim

ate

chan

ge a

dapt

atio

nan

d m

itiga

tion.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

(For

estry

Com

mis

sion

,Ti

mbe

rPr

oduc

ers

Fede

ratio

n)

MAM

ID; M

PSE;

MIC

TPC

S; M

MIB

S;EM

A;C

SOs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

ICEF

;C

arbo

n of

f set

ting

proj

ects

; GEF

;G

loba

l Clim

ate

Fund

s

USD

500

,000

A3Pr

omot

e liv

elih

ood

enha

ncem

ent a

ctiv

ities

that

redu

ceru

ral p

eopl

e’s

relia

nce

on fo

rest

s an

d fo

rest

pro

duct

s.M

ediu

m te

rmFC

; MAM

IDM

WAG

CD

; MYI

EE;

MLG

PWN

H (

RD

Cs)

;M

SMEC

D; C

SOs;

UN

Agen

cies

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; P

PPs;

Wor

ld B

ank;

AfD

B;C

arbo

n of

f set

ting

proj

ects

; GEF

;G

loba

l Clim

ate

Fund

s

USD

10

milli

on

16Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


1.N

ATU

RA

L SY

STEM

S

1.3


ASP

ECT

LAN

D-U

SE A

ND

LA

ND

-USE

-CH

AN

GE

AN

D F

OR

ESTR

Y

THEM

EA

dapt

atio

n O

ptio

ns in

the

Fore

stry

Sec

tor

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Str

engt

hen

rese

arch

, pla

nnin

g an

d fin

anci

al s

uppo

rt to

fore

stry

and

nat

ural

reso

urce

s m

anag

emen

t, to

dev

elop

cos

t effe

ctiv

e ad

apta

tion

optio

ns.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

17In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

B1Es

tabl

ish

ecol

ogic

al m

onito

ring

site

s to

pro

vide

info

rmat

ion

for a

dapt

ive

tree

and

fore

st m

anag

emen

t. M

ediu

m te

rmFo

rest

ryC

omm

issi

onM

EWC

; MAM

ID (

DR

&SS)

;M

LGPW

NH

(RD

Cs)

; EM

A;Ti

mbe

r Pro

duce

rs F

eder

atio

n;U

nive

rsiti

es; C

SOs;

UN

Agen

cies

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

EP;

CIF

OR

; Car

bon

off s

ettin

gpr

ojec

ts; G

EF; G

loba

l Clim

ate

Fund

s

USD

2.5

milli

on

B2Pr

omot

e br

eedi

ng o

f tre

es th

at a

re a

dapt

ed to

the

chan

ged

clim

ate.

Long

term

Fore

stry

Com

mis

sion

MAM

ID (D

R&S

S); I

CR

AF;

Uni

vers

ities

; Tim

ber P

rodu

cers

Fede

ratio

n; C

IFO

R

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

CIF

OR

;C

arbo

n of

f set

ting

proj

ects

; GEF

;G

loba

l Clim

ate

Fund

s

USD

10

milli

on

B3Pr

ovid

e gu

idel

ines

for s

ite-s

peci

es m

atch

ing

espe

cial

lyfo

r pla

ntat

ion

spec

ies

in re

latio

n to

gro

und

wat

er u

se.

Shor

t ter

mFo

rest

ryC

omm

issi

onM

AMID

(DR

&SS)

; Uni

vers

ities

;EM

A; T

imbe

r Pro

duce

rsFe

dera

tion

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury

USD

250

,000

B4Pr

omot

e ch

ange

s in

fore

st a

nd m

anag

emen

t/si

lvic

ultu

ral p

ract

ices

suc

h as

the

time

and

patte

rn o

fpl

antin

g, w

ater

ing

and

the

appl

icat

ion

of fe

rtiliz

er in

resp

onse

to th

e ch

ange

d cl

imat

e.

Med

ium

term

Fore

stry

Com

mis

sion

MAM

ID (A

GR

ITEX

);U

nive

rsiti

es; T

imbe

r Pro

duce

rsFe

dera

tion

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury

USD

1 m

illion

17Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


1.N

ATU

RA

L SY

STEM

S

1.3


ASP

ECT

LAN

D-U

SE A

ND

LA

ND

-USE

-CH

AN

GE

AN

D F

OR

ESTR

Y

THEM

EA

dapt

atio

n O

ptio

ns in

the

Fore

stry

Sec

tor

STR

ATEG

Y c)

Bui

ld c

apac

ity fo

r for

est m

anag

emen

t in

a ch

angi

ng c

limat

e.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

18In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

C1

Stre

ngth

en e

duca

tion,

trai

ning

and

ext

ensi

on in

fore

stry

and

clim

ate

chan

ge a

dapt

atio

n an

d m

itiga

tion.

Shor

t ter

mFo

rest

ryC

omm

issi

onEM

A, M

LGPW

NH

; Tim

ber

Indu

stry

; Zi

mpa

rks;

Far

mer

s;M

PSE

and

MH

TEST

D

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

CO

MES

A; F

AO; U

NES

CO

USD

10

milli

on

C2

Build

the

capa

city

of e

xten

sion

age

ncie

s to

pro

mot

etre

es a

nd fo

rest

man

agem

ent f

or c

limat

e ch

ange

adap

tatio

n an

d m

itiga

tion.

Shor

t ter

mFo

rest

ryC

omm

issi

onM

AMID

, Uni

vers

ities

; IC

RAF

;Ag

ricul

tura

l Col

lege

sG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y; C

IFO

R;

GIZ

; FAO

USD

3 m

illion

C3

Prom

ote

use

of in

dige

nous

kno

wle

dge

in fo

rest

rym

anag

emen

t.Sh

ort t

erm

Fore

stry

Com

mis

sion

RD

Cs;

MAM

ID; T

radi

tiona

lLe

ader

sG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y; C

SOs

USD

500

,000

C4

Impr

ove

fire

man

agem

ent t

hrou

gh la

ndsc

ape

chan

gean

d pr

escr

ibed

bur

ning

.M

ediu

m te

rmEM

AFC

; Tim

ber P

rodu

cers

Fede

ratio

n; R

DC

s; M

AMID

;Zi

mpa

rks

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

U

N A

genc

ies;

CSO

sU

SD 5

milli

on

18Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


1.N

ATU

RA

L SY

STEM

S

1.3


Miti

gatio

n O

ptio

ns in

the

Fore

stry

Sec

tor

ASP

ECT

LAN

D-U

SE A

ND

LA

ND

-USE

-CH

AN

GE

AN

D F

OR

ESTR

Y

THEM

EM

itiga

tion

thro

ugh

Inte

rnat

iona

l Car

bon

Enha

nce

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Dev

elop

nat

iona

l cap

acity

to d

esig

n, c

arbo

n pr

ojec

ts fo

r acc

essi

ng d

iffer

ent c

arbo

n fin

anci

ng m

echa

nism

s an

d to

impl

emen

t and

sup

port

the

proj

ects

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

19In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

A1Id

entif

y, m

ap a

nd s

et a

side

fore

st a

reas

and

oth

er la

nds

that

can

be

man

aged

for c

arbo

n m

itiga

tion

unde

rdi

ffere

nt s

chem

es.

Shor

t ter

mFo

rest

ryC

omm

issi

onW

WF;

CIF

OR

; Tim

ber

Prod

ucer

s Fe

dera

tion;

MLR

R(D

epar

tmen

t of S

urve

yor

Gen

eral

); M

LGPW

NH

; MAM

ID

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Car

bon

Offs

ettin

g Pr

ojec

ts; G

EF; G

loba

lC

limat

e Fu

nds

USD

800

,000

A2D

evel

op c

apac

ities

for m

easu

rem

ent,

repo

rting

and

verif

icat

ion

of (M

RV)

of c

arbo

n st

ocks

in fo

rest

s an

dot

her t

ree

land

scap

es.

Med

ium

term

Fore

stry

Com

mis

sion

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

-CIF

OR

,IC

RAF

; WW

F; U

nive

rsiti

es;

MAM

ID (D

R&S

S); T

imbe

rPr

oduc

ers

Fede

ratio

n

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

EP;

UN

DP;

Car

bon

Offs

ettin

gPr

ojec

ts; G

EF; G

loba

l Clim

ate

Fund

s

USD

5 m

illion

A3Tr

ain

loca

l com

mun

ities

and

oth

er fo

rest

ow

ners

and

user

s in

mea

sure

men

t, re

porti

ng a

nd v

erifi

catio

n of

carb

on s

tock

s.

Shor

t ter

mFo

rest

ryC

omm

issi

onTi

mbe

r Pro

duce

rs F

eder

atio

n;W

WF;

EM

A; M

LGPW

NH

;M

AMID

; CSO

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

Agen

cies

; Car

bon

Offs

ettin

gPr

ojec

ts; G

EF; G

loba

l Clim

ate

Fund

s; C

SOs

USD

2 m

illion

A4Bu

ild th

e ca

paci

ty o

f loc

al fi

nanc

ial i

nstit

utio

ns to

sup

port

and

man

age

carb

on fi

nanc

e tra

nsac

tions

.Sh

ort t

erm

MF

MEW

C (F

ores

try C

omm

issi

on)

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Af

DB-

Clim

ate

Inve

stm

ent F

und

USD

200

,000

A5D

evel

op c

apac

ity to

form

ulat

e an

d m

anag

e pr

ojec

ts th

atca

n ta

ke a

dvan

tage

of I

nter

natio

nal C

arbo

n Fi

nanc

e.Sh

ort t

erm

MEW

C

Fore

st C

omm

issi

on; E

MA;

MAM

ID; C

SOs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

EP;

Glo

bal E

nviro

nmen

t Fun

d; F

AO;

UN

DP

USD

5 m

illion

19Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


1.N

ATU

RA

L SY

STEM

S

1.3


ASP

ECT

LAN

D-U

SE A

ND

LA

ND

-USE

-CH

AN

GE

AN

D F

OR

ESTR

Y

THEM

EM

itiga

tion

in F

ores

try

thro

ugh

Loca

l Pro

gram

mes

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Mai

ntai

n, a

ccou

nt fo

r, an

d ex

pand

car

bon

sink

s.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

20In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

B1Pr

otec

t for

ests

and

pra

ctic

e af

fore

stat

ion,

agr

ofor

estry

and

othe

r pra

ctic

es th

at in

crea

se tr

ee a

nd fo

rest

cov

er.

Long

term

Fore

stry

Com

mis

sion

EMA;

MAM

ID; M

LGPW

NH

;Ti

mbe

r Pro

duce

rs F

eder

atio

n;Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

; IC

RAF

; WW

F;C

omm

uniti

es

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

FAO

;C

arbo

n O

ffset

ting

Proj

ects

; GEF

;G

loba

l Clim

ate

Fund

s

USD

10

milli

on

B2Pr

omot

e re

stor

atio

n an

d re

habi

litat

ion

of d

egra

ded

fore

stla

nds

to a

ddre

ss im

pact

s of

clim

ate

chan

ge a

ndde

serti

ficat

ion.

Long

term

Fore

stry

Com

mis

sion

EMA;

Tim

ber P

rodu

cers

Fede

ratio

n; M

AMID

;M

LGPW

NH

; Res

earc

hIn

stitu

tions

; FAO

; CSO

s;C

omm

uniti

es

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Car

bon

Offs

ettin

g Pr

ojec

ts; G

EF; G

loba

lC

limat

e Fu

nds;

Pay

men

t for

Envi

ronm

enta

l Ser

vice

s; U

NAg

enci

es

USD

10

milli

on

20Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


1.N

ATU

RA

L SY

STEM

S

1.4

Biodiversity and Ecosystem

s

ASP

ECT

BIO

DIV

ERSI

TY A

ND

EC

OSY

STEM

S

THEM

EB

iodi

vers

ity a

nd E

cosy

stem

s

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Pro

mot

e an

d st

reng

then

bio

dive

rsity

con

serv

atio

n m

anag

emen

t and

the

inte

grity

of n

atur

al e

cosy

stem

s by

usi

ng a

n ec

osys

tem

bas

ed

appr

oach

to a

dapt

to c

limat

e ch

ange

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

21In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

A1Pr

ovid

e an

ena

blin

g en

viro

nmen

t for

impl

emen

tatio

n of

inte

rnat

iona

l mul

tilat

eral

env

ironm

enta

l agr

eem

ents

,su

ch a

s th

e C

onve

ntio

n on

Bio

logi

cal D

iver

sity

to w

hich

Zim

babw

e is

a s

igna

tory

, by

stre

ngth

enin

g th

e le

gal a

ndin

stitu

tiona

l fra

mew

ork

for c

onse

rvin

g bi

odiv

ersi

ty a

ndpr

otec

ting

ecos

yste

ms.

Med

ium

term

MEW

C(D

epar

tmen

t of En

viro

nmen

tan

d N

atur

alR

esou

rces

)

Zim

park

s; F

C; E

MA;

MLG

PWN

H; Z

INW

A; A

ttorn

eyG

ener

al O

ffice

; M

MM

D; M

AMID

; MFA

; MTI

D;

MEP

D; C

SOs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

Agen

cies

; Oth

er In

tern

atio

nal

Don

ors

USD

500

,000

A2D

evel

op c

ompr

ehen

sive

bio

dive

rsity

inve

ntor

y, a

ndm

onito

ring

and

eval

uatio

n pr

ogra

mm

es to

det

erm

ine

the

stat

us o

f bio

dive

rsity

and

to a

sses

s th

e ad

aptiv

e ca

rryin

gca

paci

ty o

f lan

dsca

pes.

Long

term

MEW

C(Z

impa

rks,

FC

and

EM

A)

ZIN

WA;

MLG

PWN

H; M

AMID

;R

esea

rch

inst

itutio

ns; C

SOs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

Agen

cies

; Oth

er In

tern

atio

nal

Don

ors

USD

5 m

illion

A3Pr

omot

e th

e su

stai

nabl

e us

e of

wet

land

s to

pre

serv

eth

eir e

colo

gica

l int

egrit

y.M

ediu

m te

rm

Med

ium

term

M

EWC

(E

MA)

Cat

chm

ent C

ounc

ils; S

ub-

catc

hmen

t Cou

ncils

; MJL

PA;

MLG

PWN

H; M

AMID

; ZR

P;C

SOs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

Agen

cies

; Mul

ti-D

onor

Fun

ds;

Oth

er In

tern

atio

nal D

onor

s

USD

5 m

illion

21Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


1.N

ATU

RA

L SY

STEM

S

1.4


s

ASP

ECT

BIO

DIV

ERSI

TY A

ND

EC

OSY

STEM

S

THEM

EB

iodi

vers

ity a

nd E

cosy

stem

s

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Pro

mot

e ap

prop

riate

clim

ate

smar

t lan

d-us

e op

tions

for t

he d

rier n

atur

al re

gion

s w

here

cat

tle p

rodu

ctio

n an

d w

ildlif

e ra

nchi

ng a

re

the

mos

t sui

tabl

e la

nd-u

se o

ptio

ns

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

22In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

B1Pr

omot

e w

ildlif

e m

anag

emen

t in

com

mun

al,

rese

ttlem

ent a

nd c

omm

erci

al fa

rms.

M

ediu

m te

rmM

EWC

(Zim

park

s)FC

; EM

A; M

LRR

;M

LGPW

NH

; MAM

ID; P

rivat

ese

ctor

; Res

earc

h in

stitu

tions

;Fa

rmer

s; C

omm

uniti

es

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

Agen

cies

; Oth

er D

onor

sU

SD 2

milli

on

B2Im

prov

e th

e ad

aptiv

e ca

rryin

g ca

paci

ty o

f ran

gela

nds.

Med

ium

term

MAM

IDM

EWC

, Zim

park

s; E

MA;

Com

mun

ities

; CSO

s; O

ther

rele

vant

aut

horit

ies

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

Agen

cies

; Car

bon

Offs

ettin

gPr

ojec

ts; G

EF; G

loba

l Clim

ate

Fund

s; O

ther

Inte

rnat

iona

lD

onor

s

USD

30

milli

on

B3St

reng

then

the

capa

city

of c

omm

uniti

es w

hose

livel

ihoo

ds d

epen

d on

bio

dive

rsity

in v

ario

us a

dapt

atio

nte

chni

ques

.

Long

term

MEW

C(D

epar

tmen

t of

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

Man

agem

ent)

MAM

ID; D

epar

tmen

t of

Met

eoro

logi

cal S

ervi

ces;

EM

A; M

LGPW

NH

; CSO

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

Agen

cies

; Oth

er In

tern

atio

nal

Don

ors

USD

10

milli

on

22Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


1.N

ATU

RA

L SY

STEM

S

1.4


s

ASP

ECT

BIO

DIV

ERSI

TY A

ND

EC

OSY

STEM

S

THEM

EB

iodi

vers

ity a

nd E

cosy

stem

s

STR

ATEG

Y c)

Str

engt

hen

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

Tra

ns-fr

ontie

r Con

serv

atio

n A

reas

as

a m

echa

nism

for s

usta

inab

le b

iodi

vers

ity c

onse

rvat

ion

and

clim

ate

adap

tatio

n.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

23In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

C1

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t a m

onito

ring

and

eval

uatio

nsy

stem

to a

sses

s th

e ro

le a

nd e

ffect

iven

ess

of T

rans

-fro

ntie

r Con

serv

atio

n Ar

eas.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

(Zim

park

s)

FC; E

MA;

Priv

ate

Sect

or;

Res

earc

h in

stitu

tions

; CSO

sG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y; U

NAg

enci

es; O

ther

Don

ors

USD

500

,000

C2

Prom

ote

larg

e sc

ale

man

agem

ent o

f bio

dive

rsity

as

anad

apta

tion

mea

sure

to m

itiga

te th

e im

pact

s of

clim

ate

chan

ge.

Med

ium

tolo

ng te

rmM

EWC

,(Z

impa

rks-

Tran

sfro

ntie

rM

anag

emen

tAr

eas

Man

agem

ent

Uni

t)

FC; E

MA;

Priv

ate

Sect

or;

Res

earc

h in

stitu

tions

;C

AMPF

IRE

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

Agen

cies

; GEF

; Glo

bal C

limat

eFu

nds;

Oth

er D

onor

s

USD

1 m

illion

C3

Prom

ote

ente

rpris

e an

d ot

her o

ppor

tuni

ties

that

enh

ance

the

capa

city

of T

FCAs

as

a m

echa

nism

for c

limat

ead

apta

tion.

Long

term

MEW

C(Z

impa

rks

-Tr

ansf

ront

ier

Man

agem

ent

Area

sM

anag

emen

tU

nit

MTH

I; M

HA

(Imm

igra

tion)

;M

LGPW

NH

; Sec

urity

Sec

tors

;C

AMPF

IRE;

Priv

ate

Sect

or

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Car

bon

offs

ettin

g Pr

ojec

ts; G

EF; G

loba

lC

limat

e Fu

nds;

UN

Age

ncie

s;SA

DC

USD

20

milli

on

23Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.1

Agriculture and Food Security

Ove

rarc

hing

Issu

es in

Agr

icul

ture

and

Foo

d Se

curit

y

ASP

ECT

AG

RIC

ULT

UR

E A

ND

FO

OD

SEC

UR

ITY

THEM

EO

vera

rchi

ng Is

sues

in A

gric

ultu

re a

nd F

ood

Secu

rity

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Dev

elop

fram

ewor

ks fo

r sus

tain

able

inte

nsifi

catio

n an

d co

mm

erci

aliz

atio

n of

agr

icul

ture

at d

iffer

ent s

cale

s ac

ross

agr

o-ec

olog

ies.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

24In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

A1M

echa

nize

agr

icul

ture

acr

oss

all f

arm

ing

syst

ems

and

prod

uctio

n sc

ales

to e

nabl

e as

sim

ilatio

n of

impr

oved

prod

uctio

n an

d pr

oces

sing

tech

nolo

gies

(e.g

.ap

prop

riate

form

s of

Con

serv

atio

n Ag

ricul

ture

and

Inte

grat

ed S

oil F

ertil

ity M

anag

emen

t) fo

r sus

tain

able

inte

nsifi

catio

n of

farm

ing

syst

ems.

Med

ium

tolo

ng te

rmM

AMID

MEW

C; U

nive

rsiti

es; P

rivat

eSe

ed a

nd F

ertil

izer

Com

pani

es; F

arm

erO

rgan

izat

ions

; CSO

s;Ba

nks/

Fina

ncia

l Ins

titut

ions

;R

egio

nal O

rgan

izat

ions

;D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

FAO

; EU

; Oth

er D

evel

opm

ent

Partn

ers;

Loc

al, r

egio

nal a

ndIn

tern

atio

nal F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns; C

OM

ESA

USD

1.2

billi

on(re

volv

ing

fund

)

A2St

reng

then

cap

acity

of l

ocal

, pro

vinc

ial a

nd n

atio

nal

inst

itutio

ns to

wor

k w

ith c

omm

uniti

es in

dev

elop

ing

mec

hani

sms

for e

nhan

cing

loca

l soc

ial s

afet

y ne

tsar

ound

food

sec

urity

and

nat

ural

reso

urce

sm

anag

emen

t in

resp

onse

to c

hang

es in

maj

or c

limat

icfa

ctor

s.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MAM

IDM

EWC

; CSO

s; P

rivat

e Ag

ro-

Com

pani

es; I

nsur

ance

and

Fina

ncia

l Ins

titut

ions

; Loc

alAu

thor

ities

; Far

mer

s’ U

nion

san

d As

soci

atio

ns; U

nive

rsiti

es;

Inte

rnat

iona

l Res

earc

hO

rgan

izat

ions

; SAD

C;

CO

MES

A

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

FAO

; EU

; Oth

er d

onor

age

ncie

s; L

ocal

Fina

ncia

l Ins

titut

ions

; Reg

iona

lan

d In

tern

atio

nal D

evel

opm

ent

Org

aniz

atio

ns

USD

5 m

illion

A3D

evel

op m

echa

nism

s fo

r red

irect

ing

and

coor

dina

ting

hum

anita

rian

assi

stan

ce to

war

ds d

evel

opin

g m

ediu

m to

long

term

ada

ptiv

e ca

paci

ty a

nd s

treng

then

ing

self-

relia

nce

of c

omm

uniti

es.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MAM

IDC

SOs;

Priv

ate

com

pani

es;

Farm

er O

rgan

izat

ions

; MEW

C;

MSM

ECD

; MW

AGC

D; M

YIEE

;M

LGPW

NH

; M

PSLS

W

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

WFP

;O

ther

Rel

evan

t Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Agen

cies

; Oth

er D

onor

Agen

cies

; Fin

anci

al In

stitu

tions

USD

2 m

illion

24Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.1


ASP

ECT

AG

RIC

ULT

UR

E A

ND

FO

OD

SEC

UR

ITY

THEM

EO

vera

rchi

ng Is

sues

in A

gric

ultu

re a

nd F

ood

Secu

rity

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Str

engt

hen

capa

city

to g

ener

ate

new

form

s of

em

piric

al k

now

ledg

e, te

chno

logi

es a

nd a

gric

ultu

ral s

uppo

rt s

ervi

ces

that

mee

t em

ergi

ng d

evel

opm

ent

chal

leng

es a

risin

g fr

om in

crea

sed

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd v

aria

bilit

y.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

25In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

B1D

evel

op fr

amew

orks

for p

rom

otin

g lo

ng-te

rmre

sear

ch a

nd d

evel

opm

ent i

nitia

tives

on

dive

rsifi

catio

n an

d im

prov

emen

t of

stre

ss to

lera

nce

agai

nst c

limat

ic a

nd e

nviro

nmen

tal f

acto

rs in

cro

psan

d liv

esto

ck.

Shor

t to

long

term

MAM

IDPr

ivat

e se

ed a

nd fe

rtiliz

er c

ompa

nies

;Fa

rmer

Org

aniz

atio

ns, C

SOs;

AR

C;

RC

Z; R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; M

HTE

STD

;SI

RD

C; R

egio

nal R

esea

rch

Org

aniz

atio

ns; C

IMM

YT; I

CR

ISAT

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

FAO

;Ba

nks/

Fina

ncia

l Ins

titut

ions

;Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

; RC

Z

USD

10

milli

on

B2Id

entif

y an

d pr

omot

e fa

rmer

prio

ritiz

ed c

rop

type

san

d va

rietie

s an

d liv

esto

ck b

reed

s kn

own

to b

eto

lera

nt to

clim

atic

stre

ss b

ased

on

indi

geno

uskn

owle

dge

syst

ems

and/

or s

cien

tific

rese

arch

.

Shor

t ter

mM

AMID

Uni

vers

ities

; CSO

s; C

BOs;

Priv

ate

Agro

-C

ompa

nies

; Ins

uran

ce a

nd F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns; M

SMEC

D; M

WAG

CD

;M

YIEE

; Loc

al A

utho

ritie

s; F

arm

ers’

Uni

ons

and

Ass

ocia

tions

; Int

erna

tiona

lR

esea

rch

Org

aniz

atio

ns

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; I

nter

natio

nal

Foun

datio

ns: F

AO; D

onor

Agen

cies

; Int

erna

tiona

l and

Loca

l Fin

anci

al In

stitu

tions

USD

10

milli

on

B3In

trodu

ce c

ompe

titiv

e na

tiona

l res

earc

h fu

ndin

gsc

hem

es a

nd s

treng

then

rese

arch

cap

acity

tost

imul

ate

inno

vativ

e so

lutio

ns a

nd g

ener

atio

n of

empi

rical

evi

denc

e in

clim

ate

chan

ge a

dapt

atio

nan

d m

itiga

tion

in a

gric

ultu

re.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MH

TEST

D;

Agric

ultu

ral

Res

earc

hC

ounc

il

Uni

vers

ities

; CSO

s; C

BOs;

Priv

ate

Agro

-C

ompa

nies

; Ins

uran

ce a

nd F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns; M

F; M

EWC

; MYI

EE;

Farm

ers’

Uni

ons

and

Ass

ocia

tions

; RC

Z;In

tern

atio

nal R

esea

rch

Org

aniz

atio

ns;

SAD

C; C

OM

ESA

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; I

nter

natio

nal

Foun

datio

ns; F

AO; E

U; O

ther

Don

or A

genc

ies;

Inte

rnat

iona

lFi

nanc

ial I

nstit

utio

ns

USD

15

milli

on

B4Pr

omot

e cl

imat

e sm

art a

gric

ultu

re.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MAM

IDM

EWC

; ZIN

WA;

Loc

al A

utho

ritie

s;Tr

aditi

onal

Lea

ders

hip

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Inte

rnat

iona

l Coo

pera

ting

Agen

cies

; UN

Age

ncie

s; M

ulti-

Don

or F

unds

; C

OM

ESA;

Loca

l fin

anci

al in

stitu

tions

USD

1 m

illion

25Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.1


ASP

ECT

AG

RIC

ULT

UR

E A

ND

FO

OD

SEC

UR

ITY

THEM

EO

vera

rchi

ng Is

sues

in A

gric

ultu

re a

nd F

ood

Secu

rity

STR

ATEG

Y c)

Str

engt

hen

early

war

ning

sys

tem

s on

cro

ppin

g se

ason

qua

lity,

rang

elan

ds c

ondi

tions

, dro

ught

s, fl

oods

, dis

ease

/pes

t out

brea

ks a

nd w

ildlif

e m

ovem

ent i

n or

der

to e

nhan

ce fa

rmer

pre

pare

dnes

s.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

26In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

C1

Con

duct

ass

essm

ents

of v

ulne

rabi

lity

and

adap

tive

capa

city

of c

omm

uniti

es, a

nd th

eir r

elat

ive

dyna

mic

s ac

ross

the

rura

l-urb

an d

ivid

e,

agro

-eco

logi

cal z

ones

and

soc

ial g

roup

s.

Shor

t ter

mM

AMID

MEW

C; U

nive

rsiti

es; M

PSE;

MH

CC

;M

LGPW

NH

(Dep

artm

ent o

f Civ

ilPr

otec

tion)

; Reg

iona

l and

Inte

rnat

iona

lR

esea

rch

Org

aniz

atio

ns; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

;FA

O

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

;U

ND

P; U

NEP

; UN

ICEF

; Oth

erU

N A

genc

ies;

Oth

er D

onor

Agen

cies

USD

2 m

illion

C2

Esta

blis

h su

rvei

llanc

e sy

stem

s fo

r int

ra- a

nd in

ter-

seas

onal

vul

nera

bilit

ies

of c

omm

uniti

es, a

gric

ultu

ral

inpu

t sup

ply

patte

rns

and

mov

emen

t of s

urpl

uses

.

Med

ium

term

MAM

IDU

nive

rsiti

es; F

ood

and

Nut

ritio

n C

ounc

il of

Zim

babw

e; S

IRD

C; M

PSE;

MH

CC

;R

egio

nal a

nd In

tern

atio

nal R

esea

rch

Org

aniz

atio

ns;

Priv

ate

Sect

or;

Rel

evan

tU

N a

genc

ies

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

;U

ND

P; U

NEP

; UN

ICEF

; Oth

erU

N A

genc

ies;

Oth

er D

onor

Agen

cies

USD

2.5

milli

on

C3

Dev

elop

fram

ewor

ks fo

r int

egra

tion

of in

dige

nous

know

ledg

e in

to s

cien

ce-b

ased

ear

ly w

arni

ngsy

stem

s to

enh

ance

dec

isio

n m

akin

g on

agr

icul

tura

lm

anag

emen

t and

dis

aste

r ris

k m

anag

emen

t.

Shor

t ter

mM

AMID

Uni

vers

ities

; MPS

E; M

EWC

; Reg

iona

l an

d In

tern

atio

nal R

esea

rch

Org

aniz

atio

n;Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

; Rel

evan

t UN

age

ncie

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

;U

ND

P; U

NEP

; UN

ICEF

; FAO

;O

ther

UN

Age

ncie

s; O

ther

Don

or A

genc

ies

USD

500

,000

C4

Rev

iew

and

est

ablis

h ef

fect

ive

com

mun

icat

ion

path

way

s fo

r clim

ate

info

rmat

ion

flow

s an

dkn

owle

dge

diss

emin

atio

n.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MAM

ID;

MEW

C

Uni

vers

ities

; MPS

E; M

MIB

S; M

ICTP

CS;

Farm

ers’

Uni

ons

and

Asso

ciat

ions

; Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

;U

ND

P; U

NEP

; UN

ICEF

; FAO

;O

ther

UN

Age

ncie

s; O

ther

Don

or A

genc

ies

USD

2 m

illion

26Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.1


Them

atic

Issu

es a

nd P

ropo

sed

Stra

tegi

es fo

r the

Agr

icul

tura

l Sec

tor

ASP

ECT

AG

RIC

ULT

UR

E A

ND

FO

OD

SEC

UR

ITY

THEM

EFa

rmin

g Sy

stem

s

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Dev

elop

fram

ewor

ks fo

r sup

port

ing

agric

ultu

ral s

peci

aliz

atio

n ac

cord

ing

to a

gro-

ecol

ogic

al re

gion

s, in

clud

ing

mec

hani

sms

for c

omm

odity

exc

hang

e, tr

ade

and

mar

ketin

g.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

27In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

A1St

reng

then

cap

acity

to re

view

the

delin

eatio

n of

Zim

babw

e’s

agro

-eco

logi

cal z

ones

and

the

mat

chin

g fa

rmin

g sy

stem

s to

enh

ance

dyn

amic

resp

onse

s to

em

ergi

ng c

limat

ic s

cena

rios.

On

goin

gM

AMID

,M

EWC

Uni

vers

ities

; Priv

ate

Sect

or; R

elev

ant U

NAg

enci

esG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y; U

ND

P;FA

O; O

ther

UN

Age

ncie

s; E

U;

Oth

er D

onor

Age

ncie

s;Fi

nanc

ial I

nstit

utio

ns

USD

2.5

milli

on

A2Es

tabl

ish

surv

eilla

nce

sche

mes

on

how

pro

duct

ion

and

mar

ketin

g sy

stem

s re

spon

d to

clim

atic

pres

sure

s w

ithin

and

acr

oss

agro

-eco

logi

cal z

ones

.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MAM

IDM

PSLS

W; M

IC; M

SMEC

D; R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; F

arm

ers’

Uni

ons

and

Asso

ciat

ions

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

DP;

FAO

; Oth

er U

N A

genc

ies;

Oth

er D

onor

Age

ncie

s;Fi

nanc

ial I

nstit

utio

ns

USD

2 m

illion

A3St

reng

then

inst

itutio

nal m

echa

nism

s fo

r mar

ket-

orie

nted

agr

icul

tura

l pro

duct

ion

and

dive

rsifi

edliv

elih

ood

oppo

rtuni

ties

for f

arm

ing

com

mun

ities

toen

hanc

e th

eir a

dapt

ive

capa

city

and

fost

er s

ocio

-ec

olog

ical

resi

lienc

e.

Med

ium

tolo

ng te

rmM

AMID

Priv

ate

Seed

and

Fer

tiliz

er C

ompa

nies

;Fa

rmer

s’ O

rgan

izat

ions

; Mar

ketin

gBo

ards

; CSO

s; B

anks

/Fin

anci

alIn

stitu

tions

; MPS

LSW

; M

SMEC

D;

MYI

EE; M

WAG

CD

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

DP;

FAO

; GEF

; Oth

er U

NAg

enci

es; O

ther

Don

orAg

enci

es; F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

USD

20

milli

on

27Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.1


ASP

ECT

AG

RIC

ULT

UR

E A

ND

FO

OD

SEC

UR

ITY

THEM

EC

rop

Prod

uctiv

ity

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Str

engt

hen

the

capa

city

of f

arm

ers,

ext

ensi

on a

genc

ies,

and

priv

ate

agro

-ser

vice

pro

vide

rs to

take

adv

anta

ge o

f cur

rent

and

em

ergi

ng in

dige

nous

and

sci

entif

ic

know

ledg

e on

str

ess

tole

rant

cro

p ty

pes

and

varie

ties,

incl

udin

g la

ndra

ces,

that

are

ada

ptab

le to

aris

ing

clim

atic

sce

nario

s.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

28In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

A1Es

tabl

ish

ince

ntiv

e st

ruct

ures

for p

rodu

ctio

n of

stre

ss to

lera

nt c

rop

type

s an

d va

rietie

s by

com

mun

ities

in m

argi

nal a

gro-

regi

ons.

Shor

t to

long

term

MAM

IDM

F; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

; Fa

rmer

s’O

rgan

izat

ions

; C

SOs;

MH

TEST

D;

Uni

vers

ities

; M

WAG

CD

; MYI

EE;

Rel

evan

t Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Age

ncie

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; D

onor

Age

ncie

s an

dFi

nanc

ial I

nstit

utio

ns

USD

200

milli

on(R

evol

ving

Fund

)

A2Pr

omot

e co

mm

unity

see

d pr

oduc

tion

sche

mes

that

harn

ess

crop

div

ersi

ty.

Shor

t ter

mM

AMID

CSO

s; F

arm

ers’

Org

aniz

atio

ns;

Trad

ition

al L

eade

rs; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

;R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; M

HTE

STD

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

FAO

;G

EF; E

U; O

ther

Don

orAg

enci

es; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

USD

5 m

illion

A3D

evel

op tr

aini

ng p

rogr

amm

es fo

r pro

mot

ing

proc

essi

ng a

nd c

onsu

mpt

ion

of n

egle

cted

but

stre

ss to

lera

nt a

nd n

utrit

ious

cro

ps.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MAM

IDU

nive

rsiti

es; C

SOs;

Priv

ate

Sect

or;

Farm

ers’

Org

aniz

atio

ns; M

SMEC

D;

MW

AGC

D; M

YIEE

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; D

onor

Age

ncie

s;Fi

nanc

ial I

nstit

utio

ns

USD

2.5

milli

on

A4St

reng

then

cap

acity

for d

evel

opm

ent o

f new

food

reci

pes

and

indu

stria

l pro

duct

s us

ing

stre

ss to

lera

ntan

d tra

ditio

nal c

rops

.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MAM

ID;

MH

TEST

DR

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns;

MTH

I; M

SMEC

D;

MW

AGC

D; M

YIEE

CSO

s; F

ood

and

Nut

ritio

n C

ounc

il; F

arm

ers’

Org

aniz

atio

n;U

nive

rsiti

es, T

echn

ical

Col

lege

s,H

ospi

talit

y an

d Fo

od In

dust

ries

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; D

onor

Age

ncie

s;Fi

nanc

ial I

nstit

utio

ns

USD

5 m

illion

28Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.1


ASP

ECT

AG

RIC

ULT

UR

E A

ND

FO

OD

SEC

UR

ITY

THEM

EC

rop

Prod

uctiv

ity

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Dev

elop

fram

ewor

ks fo

r pro

mot

ing

scie

nce-

base

d cr

op p

rodu

ctio

n an

d po

st h

arve

st te

chno

logi

es a

nd m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

29In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

B1St

reng

then

rese

arch

cap

acity

tow

ards

dev

elop

men

tof

sol

utio

ns a

nd in

nova

tions

in c

rop

impr

ovem

ent

and

ferti

lizer

dev

elop

men

t to

incr

ease

pro

duct

ivity

with

min

imal

GH

Gs

emis

sion

s.

Med

ium

term

MAM

IDAR

C; R

CZ;

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

; Priv

ate

Seed

and

Fer

tiliz

er C

ompa

nies

; Far

mer

s’O

rgan

izat

ions

; C

SOs;

Insu

ranc

eC

ompa

nies

; Reg

iona

l Org

aniz

atio

ns

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

;FA

O; E

U; O

ther

Don

ors;

Priv

ate

Sect

or

USD

5 m

illion

B2D

esig

n an

d ev

alua

te a

ltern

ativ

e cr

oppi

ng s

yste

ms

that

per

form

und

er d

iffer

ent a

gron

omic

regi

mes

and

clim

atic

sce

nario

s an

d tra

nsfe

r to

farm

ers.

Long

term

MAM

IDR

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; M

HTE

STD

; CSO

s;C

BOs;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; F

arm

ers’

Org

aniz

atio

ns; M

WAG

CD

; MYI

EE

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

FAO

;EU

; D

onor

Age

ncie

s; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

; Fin

anci

al In

stitu

tions

USD

50

milli

on

29Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.1


Live

stoc

k Pr

oduc

tion

ASP

ECT

AG

RIC

ULT

UR

E A

ND

FO

OD

SEC

UR

ITY

THEM

ELi

vest

ock

Prod

uctio

n

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Str

engt

hen

the

capa

city

to id

entif

y an

d pr

omot

e ad

optio

n of

indi

geno

us a

nd im

prov

ed li

vest

ock

bree

ds th

at a

re to

lera

nt to

clim

ate

rela

ted

stre

sses

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

30In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

A1St

reng

then

sur

veilla

nce

syst

ems

for l

ives

tock

dise

ases

and

pro

duct

ion

perfo

rman

ce in

dica

tors

agai

nst c

hang

ing

clim

atic

and

eco

logi

cal v

aria

bles

.

Shor

t ter

mM

AMID

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

; Priv

ate

Sect

or;

Farm

ers’

Org

aniz

atio

ns; M

EWC

; CSO

s;Ba

nks/

Fina

ncia

l Ins

titut

ions

; Ins

uran

ceC

ompa

nies

; Reg

iona

l Org

aniz

atio

ns

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

FAO

;EU

; D

onor

Age

ncie

s; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

; Fin

anci

al In

stitu

tions

USD

2 m

illion

A2D

evel

op fr

amew

orks

for p

rom

otin

g ef

fect

ive

rang

elan

d m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

s to

enh

ance

sust

aina

ble

prod

uctio

n an

d st

orag

e of

live

stoc

kfe

ed re

sour

ces.

Shor

t ter

mM

AMID

ARC

; C

SC; R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

; Far

mer

s’ O

rgan

izat

ions

; MEW

C;

CSO

; Ban

ks/F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns;

Insu

ranc

e C

ompa

nies

; Reg

iona

lO

rgan

izat

ions

.

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

FAO

;EU

; D

onor

Age

ncie

s; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

; Fin

anci

al In

stitu

tions

USD

500

,000

A3St

reng

then

nat

iona

l res

earc

h an

d ex

tens

ion

capa

city

for l

ives

tock

impr

ovem

ent a

nd p

rodu

ctio

nin

resp

onse

to fa

rmer

s’ m

ediu

m to

long

-term

dem

ands

for a

dapt

atio

n.

Med

ium

-long

term

MAM

IDAR

C;

CSC

; RC

Z; R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; F

arm

ers’

Org

aniz

atio

ns;

MEW

C; C

SOs;

Ban

ks/F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns; I

nsur

ance

Com

pani

es;

Reg

iona

l Org

aniz

atio

ns

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

FAO

;EU

; D

onor

Age

ncie

s; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

; Fin

anci

al In

stitu

tions

USD

500

milli

on

30Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.1


ASP

ECT

AG

RIC

ULT

UR

E A

ND

FO

OD

SEC

UR

ITY

THEM

ELi

vest

ock

Prod

uctio

n

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Est

ablis

h m

onito

ring

syst

ems

for g

reen

hous

e ga

s em

issi

ons

in a

gric

ultu

ral s

yste

ms

and

supp

ort m

echa

nism

s fo

r the

ir re

duct

ion.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

31In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

B1R

evie

w a

nd d

ocum

ent c

urre

nt le

vels

of g

aseo

usem

issi

ons

unde

r diff

eren

t liv

esto

ck m

anag

emen

tsy

stem

s in

the

coun

try.

Shor

t ter

mM

AMID

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

; Priv

ate

Sect

or;

Farm

ers’

Org

aniz

atio

ns; M

EWC

; CSO

s;Ba

nks/

Fina

ncia

l Ins

titut

ions

; Ins

uran

ceC

ompa

nies

; Reg

iona

l Org

aniz

atio

ns

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

FAO

;G

EF;

Don

or A

genc

ies;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns

USD

1 m

illion

B2Eq

uip

exte

nsio

n an

d re

sear

ch in

stitu

tions

with

tech

nolo

gies

and

ski

lls fo

r mon

itorin

g an

d an

alys

isof

gre

enho

use

gase

ous

emis

sion

s.

Med

ium

term

MAM

IDM

HTE

STD

; MEW

C; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

;R

egio

nal R

esea

rch

Org

aniz

atio

nsG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y; F

AO;

GEF

; U

NEP

; Don

or A

genc

ies;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns

USD

10

milli

on

B3Pr

omot

e lin

kage

s fo

r coo

rdin

atio

n of

info

rmat

ion

and

know

ledg

e sh

arin

g on

clim

ate

chan

gem

itiga

tion

in a

gric

ultu

re.

Shor

t ter

mM

AMID

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

; Priv

ate

Sect

or;

Farm

ers’

Org

aniz

atio

ns; M

EWC

; CSO

s;Ba

nks/

Fina

ncia

l Ins

titut

ions

; Ins

uran

ceC

ompa

nies

; Reg

iona

l Org

aniz

atio

ns

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

FAO

;G

EF;

Don

or A

genc

ies;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; F

inan

cial

Inst

itutio

ns

USD

1 m

illion

31Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.1


ASP

ECT

AG

RIC

ULT

UR

E A

ND

FO

OD

SEC

UR

ITY

THEM

EA

gric

ultu

re a

nd W

ater

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Str

engt

hen

natio

nal r

esea

rch

and

exte

nsio

n ca

paci

ty fo

r dev

elop

men

t and

inte

grat

ed m

anag

emen

t of a

gric

ultu

ral w

ater

reso

urce

s.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

32In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

Cos

ts

A1St

reng

then

cap

acity

for s

urve

illanc

e an

d pr

edic

tive

anal

ysis

of a

gric

ultu

ral w

ater

use

pat

tern

s ac

ross

tem

pora

l and

spa

tial s

cale

s.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MAM

ID;

MEW

CZI

NW

A; E

MA;

Cat

chm

ent

Cou

ncils

; Sub

-C

atch

men

t Cou

ncils

; MLG

PWN

H (

DD

F;R

ural

and

Urb

an C

ounc

ils);

Res

earc

hIn

stitu

tions

; Priv

ate

Sect

or; F

arm

ers’

Org

aniz

atio

ns; R

CZ

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

FAO

;W

orld

Ban

k; O

ther

Don

orAg

enci

es; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

USD

2 m

illion

A2D

evel

op in

frast

ruct

ure

and

asso

ciat

ed te

chno

logi

esfo

r irri

gatio

n, b

ut in

tegr

atin

g m

echa

nism

s fo

rha

ndlin

g ex

cess

wat

er a

nd fl

oodi

ng.

Long

term

MEW

C;

MAM

IDZI

NW

A; E

MA;

Cat

chm

ent

Cou

ncils

; Sub

-C

atch

men

t Cou

ncils

; MLG

PWN

H (D

DF;

Rur

al a

nd U

rban

Cou

ncils

); R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

; Far

mer

s’O

rgan

izat

ions

; RC

Z

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

FAO

;W

orld

Ban

k; O

ther

Don

orAg

enci

es; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

USD

500

milli

on

A3Es

tabl

ish

early

war

ning

sys

tem

s at

loca

l lev

els

tofa

cilit

ate

info

rmed

dec

isio

n-m

akin

g pr

oces

ses

atfa

rm a

nd c

omm

unity

sca

les

in re

spon

se to

clim

atic

risks

.

Shor

t to

long

term

MEW

C;

MAM

IDZI

NW

A; E

MA;

Cat

chm

ent

Cou

ncils

; Sub

-C

atch

men

t Cou

ncils

; MLG

PWN

H (D

DF;

Rur

al a

nd U

rban

Cou

ncils

); R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

; Far

mer

s’O

rgan

izat

ions

; RC

Z

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

FAO

;W

orld

Ban

k; O

ther

Don

orAg

enci

es; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

USD

2.5

milli

on

A4D

evel

op re

sear

ch a

nd d

evel

opm

ent f

ram

ewor

ks to

gene

rate

and

pro

mot

e te

chni

cal a

nd in

stitu

tiona

lin

nova

tions

for w

ater

har

vest

ing

and

man

agem

ent

in c

rop

and

lives

tock

pro

duct

ion

syst

ems.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MAM

IDM

EWC

; MLG

PWN

H (D

DF;

Rur

al a

ndU

rban

Cou

ncils

); R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; F

arm

ers’

Org

aniz

atio

ns;

RC

Z

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

FAO

;W

orld

Ban

k; O

ther

Don

orAg

enci

es; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

USD

5 m

illion

32Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.2

Industry and Com

merce

ASP

ECT

IND

UST

RY A

ND

CO

MM

ERC

E

THEM

EIn

dust

ry a

nd C

omm

erce

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Intr

oduc

e po

licie

s th

at p

rom

ote

the

use

and

adop

tion

of c

lean

and

effi

cien

t ene

rgy

in in

dust

ry.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

33In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1R

evie

w, im

plem

ent a

nd m

onito

r em

issi

ons

and

efflu

ent s

tand

ards

for i

ndus

tries

.Sh

ort t

erm

MEW

C(E

MA)

MIC

; Loc

al A

utho

ritie

s; S

AZ; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

; BC

SDZ;

Aca

dem

ic In

stitu

tions

;C

SOs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Envi

ronm

ent F

und

USD

1 m

illion

A2Es

tabl

ish

Asso

ciat

ions

/sub

com

mitt

ees

to re

view

and

impl

emen

t the

regu

latio

ns o

n em

issi

ons

and

tom

onito

r thr

ough

con

duct

ing

audi

ts.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

(EM

A)M

IC; C

ZI; Z

NC

C; M

SMEC

D; S

AZ;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; D

evel

opm

ent p

artn

ers

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Envi

ronm

ent F

und

USD

250

000

A3C

ontin

ue to

intro

duce

pre

-pai

d m

eter

s fo

r ele

ctric

itysu

pply

in in

dust

ry.

Shor

t ter

mZE

SAM

IC; M

EPD

; ZES

A; M

EWC

; EM

A;SI

RD

C; U

nive

rsiti

es; N

SSA

ZESA

; PPP

sU

SD 2

milli

on

A4Pr

ovid

e in

cent

ives

suc

h as

tax

relie

f and

fina

ncin

gfo

r com

pani

es th

at in

vest

in te

chno

logi

es th

atre

duce

GH

G e

mis

sion

s fro

m th

eir p

rodu

ctio

npr

oces

ses.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MF

MIC

; M

SMEC

D; M

HTE

STD

; M

MM

D;

MEW

C;

EMA;

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Glo

bal

Clim

ate

Fund

s; C

DM

; Ban

ks;

Priv

ate

Sect

or

USD

100

milli

on

A5Es

tabl

ish

a re

volv

ing

fund

to a

cqui

re m

oder

nte

chno

logi

es th

at u

se c

lean

er e

nerg

y su

ch a

s so

lar

and

natu

ral g

as to

redu

ce e

mis

sion

s.

On-

goin

gM

ICM

F; M

EPD

; Priv

ate

Sect

orG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y;Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

; Glo

bal C

limat

eFu

nds;

CD

M

USD

50

milli

on

33Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.2

Industry and Com

merce

ASP

ECT

IND

UST

RY A

ND

CO

MM

ERC

E

THEM

EIn

dust

ry a

nd C

omm

erce

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Cre

ate

a po

licy

and

regu

lato

ry fr

amew

ork

that

pro

mot

es re

sour

ce u

se e

ffici

ency

and

cle

aner

pro

duct

ion

in in

dust

ry a

nd c

omm

erce

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

34In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

B1Pr

ovid

e in

cent

ives

for i

ndus

tries

that

ado

ptre

sour

ce u

se e

ffici

ency

esp

ecia

lly o

f wat

er a

nden

ergy

and

cle

aner

pro

duct

ion.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MIC

MF;

MSM

ECD

; MEW

C; C

lean

erPr

oduc

tion

Cen

treG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

; Ind

ustri

alO

rgan

izat

ions

; UN

IDO

USD

100

milli

on(re

volv

ing

fund

)

B2En

cour

age

com

pani

es to

app

ly fo

r cer

tific

atio

n fo

rvo

lunt

ary

envi

ronm

enta

l man

agem

ent s

yste

ms

whi

ch re

quire

them

to c

ontin

uous

ly im

prov

e th

eir

envi

ronm

enta

l per

form

ance

.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MIC

MEW

C; M

SMEC

D; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

;BC

SDZ;

SAZ

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Ban

ks;

CD

MU

SD 2

0 m

illion

B3Pr

omot

e th

e co

ncep

ts o

f rec

ycle

, red

uce

and

re-u

se o

f res

ourc

es.

On-

goin

gEM

A; M

ICBC

SDZ;

CZI

; ZN

CC

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Priv

ate

Sect

orU

SD 5

milli

on

34Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.2

Industry and Com

merce

ASP

ECT

IND

UST

RY A

ND

CO

MM

ERC

E

THEM

EIn

dust

ry a

nd C

omm

erce

STR

ATEG

Y c)

Cre

ate

an e

nabl

ing

polic

y an

d le

gal f

ram

ewor

k th

at e

ncou

rage

s th

e se

tting

up

and

oper

atio

ns o

f clim

ate

resi

lient

indu

strie

s.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

35In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

C1

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t pol

icie

s th

at e

ncou

rage

inve

stm

ent i

n cl

imat

e re

silie

nt in

dust

ries.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MIC

MEW

C; M

F; L

ocal

Aut

horit

ies;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; C

ZI; B

CSD

Z; Z

NC

CG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

USD

250

milli

on

35Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.3

Mining

ASP

ECT

MIN

ING

THEM

EM

inin

g

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Dev

elop

regu

lato

ry fr

amew

orks

to e

ncou

rage

em

issi

ons

redu

ctio

n an

d in

vest

in re

sour

ce e

ffici

ent t

echn

olog

ies.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

36In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1D

evel

op re

gula

tory

fram

ewor

ks to

ste

er th

e m

inin

gse

ctor

tow

ards

low

-car

bon

prod

uctio

n an

dpr

oces

sing

.

Shor

t to

long

term

M

MM

DC

ham

ber o

f Min

es; M

inin

g C

ompa

nies

;EM

A; M

F; M

HTE

STD

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

CD

M;

Min

ing

Com

pani

esU

SD 5

00,0

00

A2En

forc

e m

anda

tory

low

car

bon

min

ing

regu

latio

ns.

On-

goin

gM

MM

DEM

A; B

CSD

Z; C

ham

ber o

f Min

es;

Min

ing

Com

pani

esG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y; M

inin

gC

ompa

nies

USD

1 m

illion

A3En

cour

age

com

pani

es to

mov

e to

war

ds lo

w c

arbo

npr

oduc

tion

and

proc

essi

ng th

roug

h pr

ovis

ion

ofm

eani

ngfu

l inc

entiv

es.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

M

MM

DM

F; E

MA;

CZI

; C

ham

ber o

f Min

esG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y;

Min

ing

Com

pani

es;

AfD

B;Lo

cal B

anks

; CD

M

USD

200

milli

on

36Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.3

Mining

ASP

ECT

MIN

ING

THEM

EM

inin

g

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Enf

orce

and

mon

itor t

he im

plem

enta

tion

of m

anda

tory

and

vol

unta

ry e

nviro

nmen

tal m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

s.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

37In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

B1En

forc

e co

mpl

ianc

e w

ith a

ll m

inin

g an

d re

late

den

viro

nmen

tal l

egis

latio

n su

ch a

s En

viro

nmen

tal

Impa

ct A

sses

smen

ts, M

ine

Clo

sure

Pla

ns, D

isas

ter

Ris

k M

anag

emen

t.

Shor

t ter

m

MM

MD

;EM

AC

ham

ber o

f Min

es;

Loca

l Aut

horit

ies;

MLG

PWN

HEM

A; M

inin

g C

ompa

nies

USD

2.5

milli

on

B2Pr

omot

e th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of v

olun

tary

envi

ronm

enta

l man

agem

ent s

yste

ms

whi

ch a

ssis

tin

redu

cing

the

envi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

s of

min

ing

onen

viro

nmen

tal r

esou

rces

.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MM

MD

SAZ;

EM

A; M

F;C

ham

ber o

f Min

es;

Acad

emic

Inst

itutio

ns;

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

Cen

tre

Min

ing

Com

pani

esU

SD 5

0 m

illion

(revo

lvin

g fu

nd)

37Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.3

Mining

ASP

ECT

MIN

ING

THEM

EM

inin

g

STR

ATEG

Y c)

Ado

pt p

ract

ices

that

redu

ce e

nerg

y co

nsum

ptio

n in

the

min

ing

sect

or.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

38In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

C1

Inve

st in

cle

aner

ene

rgy

and

reso

urce

effi

cien

tte

chno

logi

es.

Shor

t to

long

term

M

MM

D;

MEP

D

MF;

Cha

mbe

r of M

ines

; Min

ing

Sect

orG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y;C

DM

; Priv

ate

Sect

orU

SD 1

00 m

illion

C2

Stre

ngth

en re

sear

ch a

nd b

uild

ski

lls to

dev

elop

min

ing

tech

nolo

gies

with

a lo

w c

arbo

n fo

ot p

rint.

On-

goin

gM

MM

DSc

hool

of M

ines

; MH

TEST

D;

Acad

emic

Ins

titut

ions

; SIR

DC

;Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

Min

ing

Com

pani

es;

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Ban

ks;

CD

M; U

NID

O

USD

5 m

illion

C3

Build

cap

acity

in th

e m

inin

g se

ctor

to e

xplo

itop

portu

nitie

s fo

r acc

essi

ng in

tern

atio

nal c

limat

ech

ange

miti

gatio

n fin

ance

.

On-

goin

gM

MM

DM

EWC

; Aca

dem

ic I

nstit

utio

ns; M

inin

gSe

ctor

; Cha

mbe

r of M

ines

CD

M; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

; UN

DP;

UN

IDO

USD

500

000

38Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.3

Mining

ASP

ECT

MIN

ING

THEM

EM

inin

g

STR

ATEG

Y d)

Dev

elop

a fr

amew

ork

for e

nhan

cing

the

capa

city

of s

mal

l-sca

le m

iner

s to

impr

ove

thei

r env

ironm

enta

l per

form

ance

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

39In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

D1

Enfo

rce

legi

slat

ion

for s

mal

l-sca

le m

iner

s to

prac

tice

mor

e en

viro

nmen

tally

frie

ndly

min

ing

met

hods

.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MM

MD

EMA;

Cha

mbe

r of M

ines

; Min

ing

Com

pani

es; M

F; M

JLPA

; MH

TEST

DG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y;

CD

M; M

inin

g C

ompa

nies

USD

2 m

illion

D2

Build

cap

acity

of s

mal

l-sca

le m

iner

s in

cle

aner

tech

nolo

gies

with

low

er c

arbo

n fo

otpr

ints

and

redu

ced

cont

amin

atio

n of

wat

er re

sour

ces.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MM

MD

MH

TEST

D; U

nive

rsiti

es; S

choo

l of

Min

es; S

IRD

C; E

MA;

Priv

ate

Sect

orG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y;

Min

ing

Com

pani

es; B

anks

;C

DM

; UN

IDO

; Wor

ld B

ank

USD

20

milli

on

D3

Prov

ide

ince

ntiv

es fo

r sm

all-s

cale

min

ers

to in

vest

in c

lean

er te

chno

logi

es.

On-

goin

gM

MM

D; M

FM

EPD

; MIC

; Cha

mbe

r of M

ines

;M

inin

g Se

ctor

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

U

NID

O; C

DM

USD

20

milli

on

39Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.4

Tourism

ASP

ECT

TOU

RIS

M

THEM

ETo

uris

m

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Mai

nstr

eam

clim

ate

chan

ge in

to p

olic

ies

and

legi

slat

ion

that

gui

de th

e to

uris

m s

ecto

r.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

40In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1R

evie

w p

olic

ies

and

legi

slat

ion

that

are

rele

vant

toto

uris

m a

nd m

ains

tream

/inte

grat

e cl

imat

e ch

ange

.Sh

ort t

erm

MTH

IPr

ivat

e Se

ctor

; ZTA

; ZC

T; Z

impa

rks;

HAZ

; MJL

PAG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y;U

NW

TOU

SD 3

00,0

00

A2In

corp

orat

e cl

imat

e ch

ange

in th

e To

uris

m P

olic

yan

d To

uris

m M

aste

r Pla

n w

hich

gui

de th

e gr

owth

of

the

tour

ism

sec

tor.

Shor

t ter

mM

THI

Priv

ate

Sect

or; Z

TA; Z

CT;

Zim

park

s;H

AZG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y; G

EFU

SD 2

00,0

00

40Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.4

Tourism

ASP

ECT

TOU

RIS

M

THEM

ETo

uris

m

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Pro

mot

e an

d st

reng

then

zim

babw

e’s

tour

ism

sec

tor’s

resi

lienc

e to

clim

ate

chan

ge.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

41In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

B1C

arry

out

rese

arch

and

doc

umen

tatio

n on

ext

rem

eev

ents

suc

h as

floo

ds a

nd d

roug

hts

that

thre

aten

tour

ism

pro

duct

s, in

clud

ing

wild

life,

esp

ecia

lly th

ela

rge

char

ism

atic

mam

mal

s; w

ater

bod

ies

for

fishi

ng a

nd o

ther

aqu

atic

recr

eatio

ns;

and

maj

orto

uris

t attr

actio

ns fo

r exa

mpl

e, th

e Ea

ster

nH

ighl

ands

and

the

Vict

oria

Fal

ls.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

MTH

I; Z

impa

rks;

ZIN

WA;

EM

A;Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

; Res

earc

h in

stitu

tions

;N

MM

Z; R

CZ

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

U

N A

genc

ies

USD

500

,000

B2C

ontin

ue to

pro

mot

e ec

otou

rism

thro

ugh

crea

ting

com

mun

ity w

ildlif

e co

nser

vanc

ies

and

byst

reng

then

ing

the

tour

ism

and

wild

life

proj

ects

inth

e C

AMPF

IRE

area

s an

d en

sure

that

vul

nera

ble

com

mun

ity-b

ased

tour

ism

ent

erpr

ises

are

robu

sten

ough

to c

ope

with

the

adve

rse

effe

cts

of c

limat

ech

ange

.

Shor

t to

long

term

MTH

IM

EWC

; Zim

park

s; C

AMPF

IRE;

ZT

A; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

; MLG

PWN

H;

Res

earc

h in

stitu

tions

; CSO

s; C

BOs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

Age

ncie

s; O

ther

inte

rnat

iona

l don

ors;

Priv

ate

Sect

or

USD

100

milli

on

B3D

iver

sify

Zim

babw

e’s

tour

ism

pro

duct

s th

roug

hla

unch

ing

new

act

iviti

es, a

nd e

nhan

ce th

ose

that

are

ther

e, to

mak

e th

e to

uris

m e

xper

ienc

e in

Zim

babw

e m

ore

enjo

yabl

e, in

clud

ing

spor

ts,

busi

ness

, adv

entu

re, a

gric

ultu

ral,

cultu

ral t

ouris

m,

eco-

tour

ism

and

hos

ting

of m

ega-

even

ts.

Med

ium

term

MTH

IZT

A; Z

CT;

Zim

park

s; M

SAC

; M

IC;

MAM

ID; M

MIB

S; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

;R

esea

rch

inst

itutio

ns

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

SA

DC

; UN

Age

ncie

s;Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

; PPP

s

USD

100

milli

on

41Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.4

Tourism

ASP

ECT

TOU

RIS

M

THEM

ETo

uris

m

STR

ATEG

Y c)

Bui

ld a

nd s

tren

gthe

n th

e ca

paci

ty o

f the

tour

ism

and

wild

life

sect

ors

to a

dapt

to th

e ch

alle

nges

of c

limat

e ch

ange

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

42In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

C1

Stre

ngth

en th

e ca

paci

ty o

f the

Zim

babw

e Pa

rks

and

Wild

life

Man

agem

ent A

utho

rity

to im

prov

ew

ildlif

e m

anag

emen

t and

con

serv

atio

n in

ach

angi

ng c

limat

e.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

M

EWC

(Zim

park

s)M

THI;

Res

earc

h in

stitu

tions

; Priv

ate

Sect

or; P

SCG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y;Zi

mpa

rks;

GEF

; UN

Age

ncie

s;Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

USD

30

milli

on

C2

Inve

st in

tour

ism

rese

arch

and

dev

elop

men

t on

futu

ristic

tour

ism

pro

duct

s su

ch a

s vi

rtual

tour

ism

as a

n ad

apta

tion

to c

limat

e ch

ange

.

Med

ium

tolo

ng te

rm

MTH

IM

ICTP

CS;

ZTA

; M

HTE

STD

; Priv

ate

Sect

or; R

CZ

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

U

N A

genc

ies;

Glo

bal C

limat

eFu

nds;

Priv

ate

Sect

or

USD

5 m

illion

42Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


2.EC

ON

OM

IC S

ECTO

RS

2.4

Tourism

ASP

ECT

TOU

RIS

M

THEM

ETo

uris

m

STR

ATEG

Y d)

Pro

mot

e m

itiga

tory

mea

sure

s to

ens

ure

a lo

w c

arbo

n fo

otpr

int/e

mis

sion

and

sus

tain

able

gro

wth

and

dev

elop

men

t in

zim

babw

e’s

tour

ism

sec

tor.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

43In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

D1

Car

ry o

ut s

trate

gic

rese

arch

on

GH

G e

mis

sion

sas

soci

ated

with

tour

ism

act

iviti

es (e

.g. i

n tra

nspo

rtan

d ac

com

mod

atio

n).

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

M

EWC

,(D

epar

tmen

ts

of C

limat

eC

hang

eM

anag

emen

tan

dM

eteo

rolo

gica

lSe

rvic

es)

MTH

I; M

TID

; MEP

D; E

MA;

Res

earc

h in

stitu

tions

; RC

Z;Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

; U

NEP

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Glo

bal

Clim

ate

Fund

s; U

N A

genc

ies

USD

2 m

illion

D2

Dev

elop

app

ropr

iate

stra

tegi

es a

gain

st th

e sp

ill-ov

er e

ffect

s of

pos

sibl

e m

itiga

tion

mea

sure

s in

the

inte

rnat

iona

l avi

atio

n in

dust

ry b

y pr

omot

ing

dom

estic

and

regi

onal

tour

ism

.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

M

THI (

ZTA)

ZCT;

MFA

; MIC

; Priv

ate

Sect

orG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y; G

loba

lC

limat

e Fu

nds;

UN

Age

ncie

s;Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

USD

3.6

milli

on

D3

Enga

ge in

‘Gre

en T

ouris

m’ a

nd c

reat

e in

cent

ives

that

will

enco

urag

e st

akeh

olde

rs in

the

tour

ism

indu

stry

to a

dopt

cle

an e

nerg

y so

urce

s an

d to

max

imiz

e re

cycl

ing

and

reus

e of

was

te a

ndpr

omot

e Zi

mba

bwe

as a

gre

en d

estin

atio

n.

Med

ium

tolo

ng te

rm

MTH

I (ZT

A)M

EPD

; MEW

C; E

MA;

Loc

alAu

thor

ities

; ZC

T; Z

impa

rks;

CSO

sG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y; G

loba

lC

limat

e Fu

nds;

UN

Age

ncie

s;Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

USD

10

milli

on

43Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.1

Energy

ASP

ECT

PHYS

ICA

L A

ND

SO

CIA

L IN

FRA

-STR

UC

TUR

E

THEM

EEn

ergy

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Intr

oduc

e po

licie

s an

d re

gula

tory

fram

ewor

ks fo

r ren

ewab

le e

nerg

y, e

nerg

y co

nser

vatio

n an

d en

ergy

effi

cien

cy.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

44In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1In

trodu

ce a

Ren

ewab

le E

nerg

y, E

nerg

yC

onse

rvat

ion

and

Ener

gy E

ffici

ency

Pol

icy

with

time-

defin

ed ta

rget

s fo

r ren

ewab

le e

nerg

y m

ix a

ndca

rbon

inte

nsiti

es fo

r the

ene

rgy

sect

or.

Shor

t ter

m

MEP

DZE

SA; M

LGPW

NH

; MF;

MAM

ID;

MEW

C; M

HTE

STD

; MTI

D; C

SOs

EU; D

FID

; Hiv

os; E

lect

ricity

Levy

USD

20

milli

on

A2D

evel

op a

nd im

plem

ent i

ncen

tives

aim

ed a

tpr

omot

ing

and

redu

cing

cos

ts o

f Ren

ewab

leEn

ergy

suc

h as

rene

wab

le e

nerg

y fe

ed-in

tarif

fs,

net m

eter

ing,

sub

sidi

es a

nd ta

x re

dem

ptio

ns to

mak

e re

new

able

ene

rgy

tech

nolo

gies

affo

rdab

le.

Shor

t ter

m

MEP

DZE

SA; I

ndep

ende

nt P

ower

Prod

ucer

s; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

;M

LGPW

NH

; MF;

CSO

s

ZER

A; W

orld

Ban

k; G

EF;

Rur

al E

lect

rific

atio

n Fu

ndU

SD 5

0 m

illion

A3En

act t

he R

ural

and

Ren

ewab

le E

nerg

y Ac

t as

pres

crib

ed b

y th

e En

ergy

Pol

icy

of 2

012.

Shor

t ter

m

MEP

DZE

SA; M

LGPW

NH

; MF;

MAM

ID;

MEW

C; M

JLPA

Rur

al E

lect

rific

atio

n Fu

nd;

CO

MES

A; U

NID

O; U

ND

PU

SD 2

00 0

00

A4In

trodu

ce re

gula

tions

that

enf

orce

the

use

of s

olar

wat

er g

eyse

rs a

nd u

se o

f pas

sive

hea

ting

on a

llne

w h

ousi

ng d

evel

opm

ents

.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

M

EPD

MLG

PWN

H; L

ocal

Aut

horit

ies;

MF;

MAM

ID; M

EWC

; MH

TEST

D;

MJL

PA

UN

IDO

; UN

DP;

UN

Hab

itat;

GEF

; DFI

D; E

U; W

orld

Ban

k;Af

DB

USD

10

milli

on

44Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.1

Energy

ASP

ECT

PHYS

ICA

L A

ND

SO

CIA

L IN

FRA

-STR

UC

TUR

E

THEM

EEn

ergy

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Str

engt

hen

ener

gy p

lann

ing,

rese

arch

and

dev

elop

men

t.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

45In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

B1Es

tabl

ish

a N

atio

nal I

nteg

rate

d R

esou

rce

Plan

that

show

s th

e re

new

able

ene

rgy

and

conv

entio

nal

ener

gy m

ix to

mee

t the

cou

ntry

’s e

nerg

y ne

eds.

Shor

t ter

m

MEP

DM

LGPW

NH

; MF;

MAM

ID;

MEW

C; M

HTE

STD

; CSO

sU

NID

O; U

ND

P; C

OM

ESA;

EU

;D

FID

USD

500

,000

B2Es

tabl

ish

an in

form

atio

n sy

stem

with

in th

e M

inis

tryof

Ene

rgy

and

Pow

er D

evel

opm

ent t

hat i

s a

stra

tegi

c to

ol fo

r inv

estm

ent d

ecis

ion

mak

ing

and

optim

al e

nerg

y re

sour

ce m

ix a

t lea

st c

ost.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MEP

D a

ndZI

MST

ATZE

SA; M

LGPW

NH

; MF;

MAM

ID;

MEW

C; M

ICTP

CS;

CSO

sU

NID

O; O

ther

UN

Age

ncie

s;C

OM

ESA;

EU

, DFI

DU

SD 1

milli

on

B3Pr

omot

e re

sear

ch a

nd d

evel

opm

ent i

n th

ere

new

able

ene

rgy

sect

or.

On-

goin

gM

EPD

;M

HTE

STD

MLG

PWN

H; M

F; M

AMID

;M

EWC

; CSO

s; R

CZ

UN

IDO

; Oth

er U

N A

genc

ies;

CO

MES

A; E

U; D

FID

USD

10

milli

on

B4Es

tabl

ish

an E

nerg

y R

esea

rch

Cou

ncil

and

anEn

ergy

Res

earc

h Fu

nd.

Shor

t ter

m

MH

TEST

DM

EPD

; R

CZ

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Rur

alEl

ectri

ficat

ion

Fund

USD

20

milli

on

45Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.1

Energy

ASP

ECT

PHYS

ICA

L A

ND

SO

CIA

L IN

FRA

-STR

UC

TUR

E

THEM

EEn

ergy

STR

ATEG

Y c)

Pro

mot

e lo

w c

arbo

n en

ergy

pro

visi

on a

nd u

se.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

46In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

C1

Red

uce

trans

mis

sion

line

loss

es a

nd p

rom

ote

dem

and

side

man

agem

ent a

nd e

nerg

y sa

ving

tech

nolo

gies

at p

ower

sta

tions

.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

M

EPD

ZESA

; MF;

MEW

C; R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; M

HTE

STD

; SIR

DC

Wor

ld B

ank;

GEF

; UN

IDO

;U

ND

P; A

fDB

USD

20

milli

on

C2

Enco

urag

e th

e us

e of

bio

fuel

s fo

r hou

seho

lddo

mes

tic u

se to

add

ress

ene

rgy

for c

ooki

ng n

eeds

.Sh

ort t

om

ediu

m te

rm

MEP

D;

MH

TEST

DC

SO; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

; MLG

PWN

H;

MF;

MAM

ID;

MEW

C

EU; W

orld

Ban

k; U

ND

P; G

EF;

UN

Hab

itat;

GIZ

; Oth

erD

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

USD

5 m

illion

C3

Rai

se a

war

enes

s th

roug

h de

mon

stra

tion

ofap

prop

riate

tech

nolo

gy fo

r hou

seho

ld c

ooki

ng.

Shor

t ter

m

MEP

DPr

ivat

e Se

ctor

; Loc

al A

utho

ritie

s;

MF;

MAM

ID; M

EWC

; MH

TEST

D;

Med

ia; P

arlia

men

t; C

SOs

GEF

, UN

IDO

; UN

DP;

Priv

ate

Inve

stor

sU

SD 5

milli

on

C4

Prom

ote

and

impl

emen

t ene

rgy

cons

erva

tion,

ener

gy e

ffici

ent t

echn

olog

ies,

incl

udin

g im

prov

edco

ok s

tove

s fo

r hou

seho

ld u

se a

nd e

ffici

ent

toba

cco

curin

g ba

rns.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

M

EPD

FC; E

MA;

MAM

ID; M

HC

C; C

SOs;

GIZ

; UN

ICEF

CD

M; U

NEP

; GIZ

; UN

ICEF

USD

10

milli

on

C5

Red

uce

gree

nhou

se g

as e

mis

sion

s in

indu

stry

, and

at h

ouse

hold

leve

l thr

ough

dem

and

side

man

agem

ent a

nd e

nerg

y sa

ving

tech

niqu

es.

Med

ium

term

M

EPD

FC; E

MA;

Loc

al A

utho

ritie

s; B

CSD

Z;C

ZI;

ZNC

C; M

SMEC

D; T

obac

coIn

dust

ries

and

Mar

ketin

g Bo

ard;

Farm

ers

Uni

ons;

CSO

s

EU; D

FID

; UN

IDO

; UN

Hab

itat;

UN

EP; W

orld

Ban

k;To

bacc

o In

dust

ry a

ndM

arke

ting

Boar

d

USD

30

milli

on

C6

Prom

ote

prod

uctio

n of

rene

wab

le e

nerg

yeq

uipm

ent t

hat u

ses

bio-

fuel

, sol

ar a

nd b

ioga

sSh

ort t

erm

M

EPD

ZESA

; C

ZI; Z

NC

C; M

SMEC

D;

MYI

EE; M

WAG

CD

; BC

SDZ;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; C

SOs;

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

EU; D

FID

; Priv

ate

Sect

or;

GEF

; GIZ

; SN

VU

SD 8

0 m

illion

46Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.2

Transport

ASP

ECT

TRA

NSP

OR

T

THEM

ETr

ansp

ort

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Intr

oduc

e a

tran

spor

t pol

icy

fram

ewor

k th

at e

ncou

rage

s us

e of

tran

spor

t with

low

car

bon

emis

sion

s.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

47In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1D

evel

op a

pol

icy

fram

ewor

k th

at p

rom

otes

use

of

clea

ner f

uels

in th

e tra

nspo

rt se

ctor

.Sh

ort t

erm

M

EPD

and

MTI

DSA

Z; E

MA;

MF;

BC

SDZ;

CZI

; ZN

CC

; R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; Z

ESA;

CSO

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

In

dust

ry; G

EF; U

NEP

; UN

IDO

;W

orld

Ban

k; D

FID

; EU

USD

500

,000

A2D

evel

op le

gal p

rovi

sion

s th

at u

se e

cono

mic

inst

rum

ents

to p

rom

ote

use

of tr

ansp

ort w

ith lo

wca

rbon

em

issi

ons.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MTI

DM

F; M

EWC

; MJL

PA; M

EPD

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Ban

ks;

Priv

ate

Sect

orU

SD 2

50,0

00

A3St

reng

then

cap

acity

to m

easu

re a

nd m

onito

rve

hicl

e em

issi

ons

and

enfo

rce

emis

sion

sst

anda

rds.

Shor

t ter

m

MTI

D;

MEW

CM

HA;

Mot

or In

dust

ry (M

anuf

actu

rers

,As

sem

bler

s, T

rade

rs, R

etai

lers

); SA

Z; M

HTE

STD

; CSO

s; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

; Fue

l Com

pani

es; T

rans

port

Ope

rato

rs A

ssoc

iatio

ns

Car

bon

Tax;

Tol

lgat

e Fe

es;

Fine

s an

d Pe

nalti

es;

Cor

pora

te S

ocia

lR

espo

nsib

ility;

Mot

or In

dust

ry

USD

5 m

illion

A4In

trodu

ce re

gula

tions

that

pro

mot

e us

e of

non

-m

otor

ized

tran

spor

t to

redu

ce c

arbo

n em

issi

ons

and

mak

e pr

ovis

ions

for n

on-m

otor

ized

tran

spor

ton

exi

stin

g an

d ne

w ro

ad n

etw

orks

.

Shor

t ter

m

MTI

DM

F; M

HA;

MLG

PWN

H; M

JLPA

;C

SOs;

Med

ia; L

ocal

Aut

horit

ies;

Zim

babw

e Sa

fety

Cou

ncil

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Ban

ks;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; C

oope

rate

Soci

al R

espo

nsib

ility

USD

50

milli

on

A5In

trodu

ce a

n ef

fect

ive

mas

s pu

blic

tran

spor

t sys

tem

that

incl

udes

use

of b

ig b

uses

and

rail

trans

port.

Med

ium

term

MTI

DM

F; M

EWC

; MH

A; M

LGPW

NH

;M

JLPA

; CSO

s; M

edia

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

;U

NEP

; EU

; DFI

D; U

NID

O;

AfD

B; W

orld

Ban

k; L

ocal

Bank

s; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

USD

500

milli

on

47Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.2

Transport

ASP

ECT

TRA

NSP

OR

T

THEM

ETr

ansp

ort

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Inte

grat

e cl

imat

e re

silie

nce

into

tran

spor

t pla

nnin

g an

d in

fras

truc

tura

l dev

elop

men

t.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

48In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

B1C

ondu

ct b

asel

ine

asse

ssm

ents

and

use

resu

lts to

deve

lop

clim

ate

resi

lient

tran

spor

t inf

rast

ruct

ure.

Shor

t ter

m

MTI

DM

EWC

; MF;

BC

SDZ;

Priv

ate

Sect

or;

MH

TEST

DG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y; W

orld

Bank

; AfD

B; B

anks

; GEF

;G

loba

l Clim

ate

Fund

s; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

USD

5 m

illion

(Ass

essm

ent)

USD

500

milli

on(In

frast

ruct

ure)

B2Bu

ild c

apac

ity o

n cl

imat

e re

silie

nt tr

ansp

ort

plan

ning

and

infra

stru

ctur

e de

velo

pmen

t in

inst

itutio

ns re

spon

sibl

e fo

r tra

nspo

rt pl

anni

ng.

Shor

t ter

mM

TID

and

MLG

PWN

HM

EWC

; MF;

BC

SDZ;

MH

TEST

D;

MIC

TPC

S Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

; CSO

sG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y;

Glo

bal E

nviro

nmen

t Fun

d;

EU; D

FID

; UN

Hab

itat;

Dev

elop

men

t Par

tner

s

USD

500

,000

B3Pr

omot

e re

sear

ch a

nd d

evel

opm

ent o

f app

ropr

iate

tech

nolo

gy (i

nclu

ding

tech

nolo

gy tr

ansf

er) f

orcl

imat

e re

silie

nce

in th

e tra

nspo

rt se

ctor

.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MTI

DPr

ivat

e Se

ctor

; Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

;M

HTE

STD

; MF;

RC

Z

UN

IDO

; UN

EP; U

ND

P; G

loba

lEn

viro

nmen

t Fun

d; E

urop

ean

Uni

on; D

FID

USD

10

milli

on

48Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.3

Disaster Risk Managem

ent and Social Infrastructure (Hum

an Settlements)

ASP

ECT

DIS

AST

ER R

ISk

MA

NA

GEM

ENT

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

AST

RU

CTU

RE

(HU

MA

N S

ETTL

EMEN

TS)

THEM

ED

isas

ter R

isk

Man

agem

ent a

nd S

ocia

l Inf

rast

ruct

ure

(Hum

an S

ettle

men

ts)

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Dev

elop

an

inte

grat

ed a

nd c

o-or

dina

ted

appr

oach

to re

duci

ng d

isas

ter r

isk

and

to a

ddre

ss im

pact

s of

clim

ate

chan

ge th

roug

h a

mul

ti-st

akeh

olde

r app

roac

h.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

49In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1Es

tabl

ish

an in

clus

ive

plat

form

on

clim

ate

chan

ge.

Shor

t ter

m

MEW

CM

LGPW

NH

; MH

A; M

D; M

HC

C;

MPS

LSW

; All

Oth

er R

elev

ant

Min

istri

es; C

SOs;

Priv

ate

Sect

or;

Com

mun

ities

; UN

Dev

elop

men

tAg

enci

es; O

ther

Dev

elop

men

tPa

rtner

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

;U

NEP

; W

orld

Ban

k; P

PPs;

Oth

er D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

USD

100

,000

A2D

evel

op m

echa

nism

for s

ecto

ral m

ains

tream

ing

ofdi

sast

er ri

sk m

anag

emen

t and

clim

ate

chan

ge.

Shor

t ter

m

MEW

CM

LGPW

NH

; MH

A; M

D; M

HC

C;

MPS

LSW

; All

Oth

er R

elev

ant

Min

istri

es; C

SO; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

;C

omm

uniti

es; U

N D

evel

opm

ent

Agen

cies

; Oth

er D

evel

opm

ent

Partn

ers

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

;U

NEP

; W

orld

Ban

k; P

PPs;

Oth

er D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

USD

1 m

illion

49Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.3



an Settlements)

ASP

ECT

DIS

AST

ER R

ISk

MA

NA

GEM

ENT

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

AST

RU

CTU

RE

(HU

MA

N S

ETTL

EMEN

TS)

THEM

ED

isas

ter R

isk

Man

agem

ent a

nd S

ocia

l Inf

rast

ruct

ure

(Hum

an S

ettle

men

ts)

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Enh

ance

ear

ly w

arni

ng s

yste

ms

and

capa

city

of h

ydro

- met

eoro

logi

cal s

ervi

ces

to a

dvis

e on

wea

ther

rela

ted

impa

cts

on n

ew s

ocia

l inf

rast

ruct

ure

as w

ell a

s m

itiga

tion

of p

oten

tial d

amag

e to

exi

stin

g in

fras

truc

ture

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

50In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

B1C

apac

itate

hyd

ro-m

eteo

rolo

gica

l ear

ly w

arni

ngsy

stem

s at

nat

iona

l, pr

ovin

cial

and

dis

trict

leve

ls.

Shor

t ter

m

MEW

CM

LGPW

NH

(Dep

artm

ent o

f Civ

ilPr

otec

tion)

; MPS

E; M

TID

; MF;

Trad

ition

al L

eade

rs; C

SOs;

Cat

chm

ent C

ounc

ils; S

ub-c

atch

men

tC

ounc

ils

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

;U

NEP

; P

PPs;

Mul

ti-D

onor

fund

s; W

orld

Ban

k; W

MO

;O

ther

Dev

elop

men

t Par

tner

s

USD

5 m

illion

B2En

hanc

e an

d pr

omot

e in

dige

nous

kno

wle

dge

syst

ems

at c

omm

unity

leve

ls fo

r ear

ly w

arni

ngsy

stem

s.

Shor

t ter

m

MEW

CM

LGPW

NH

(Dep

artm

ent o

f Civ

ilPr

otec

tion)

; MPS

E; O

ther

Rel

evan

tM

inis

tries

; Tra

ditio

nal L

eade

rs; C

SOs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

;U

NEP

; P

PPs;

Oth

erD

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers.

USD

1 m

illion

B3Pr

omot

e re

sear

ch o

n im

pact

s of

clim

ate

chan

ge o

nhu

man

set

tlem

ents

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MLG

PWN

HM

EWC

; MH

TEST

D; O

ther

Rel

evan

tM

inis

tries

; Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

;C

SOs;

RC

Z; Z

IE; E

CZ

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

;U

NEP

; U

N H

abita

t; U

NIC

EF;

Wor

ld B

ank;

AfD

B; P

PPs;

Oth

er D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

USD

10

milli

on

50Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.3



an Settlements)

ASP

ECT

DIS

AST

ER R

ISk

MA

NA

GEM

ENT

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

AST

RU

CTU

RE

(HU

MA

N S

ETTL

EMEN

TS)

THEM

ED

isas

ter R

isk

Man

agem

ent a

nd S

ocia

l Inf

rast

ruct

ure

(Hum

an S

ettle

men

ts)

STR

ATEG

Y c)

Rev

iew

and

upd

ate

polic

y an

d by

-law

s on

bui

ldin

g st

anda

rds

and

code

s to

mak

e th

em a

dapt

ive

to c

limat

e ch

ange

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

51In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

C1

Rev

iew

and

upd

ate

natio

nal b

uild

ing

polic

y; m

odel

build

ing

by-la

ws

and

deve

lopm

ent p

lans

.Sh

ort t

erm

M

LGPW

NH

ZI

E; E

CZ;

Inst

itute

of A

rchi

tect

s of

Zim

babw

e; A

rchi

tect

’s C

ounc

il of

Zim

babw

e; C

onst

ruct

ion

Indu

stry

Fede

ratio

n of

Zim

babw

e; M

HTE

STD

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

;U

ND

P; U

NEP

; Wor

ld B

ank;

AfD

B; P

PPs;

Oth

erD

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

USD

350

,000

C2

Rai

se p

ublic

aw

aren

ess

on b

uild

ing

stan

dard

s,po

licie

s an

d by

-law

s.Sh

ort t

erm

M

LGPW

NH

ZI

E; E

CZ;

Ins

titut

e of

Arc

hite

cts

ofZi

mba

bwe;

Arc

hite

ct’s

Cou

ncil

ofZi

mba

bwe;

Con

stru

ctio

n In

dust

ryFe

dera

tion

of Z

imba

bwe;

CSO

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

PPP

s;D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

USD

500

,000

C3

Stre

ngth

en c

apac

ity to

enf

orce

by-

law

s an

d po

licie

son

bui

ldin

g st

anda

rds,

and

put

in p

lace

stif

fer

pena

lties

for o

ffend

ers.

Shor

t ter

m

MLG

PWN

H

MH

A; M

JLPA

; ZIE

; EC

ZG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y; P

PPs;

Fine

s fro

m O

ffend

ers

USD

500

,000

51Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.3



an Settlements)

ASP

ECT

DIS

AST

ER R

ISk

MA

NA

GEM

ENT

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

AST

RU

CTU

RE

(HU

MA

N S

ETTL

EMEN

TS)

THEM

ED

isas

ter R

isk

Man

agem

ent a

nd S

ocia

l Inf

rast

ruct

ure

(Hum

an S

ettle

men

ts)

STR

ATEG

Y d)

Inve

st in

clim

ate

resi

lient

soc

ial i

nfra

stru

ctur

e.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

52In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

D1

Clim

ate

proo

f and

retro

fit e

xist

ing

and

futu

re s

ocia

lin

frast

ruct

ure

in b

oth

rura

l and

urb

an a

reas

.Sh

ort t

erm

M

LGPW

NH

ZI

E; E

CZ;

Inst

itute

of A

rchi

tect

s of

Zim

babw

e; A

rchi

tect

’s C

ounc

il of

Zim

babw

e; C

onst

ruct

ion

Indu

stry

Fede

ratio

n of

Zim

babw

e; M

HTE

STD

;D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

;U

ND

P; U

N H

abita

t; U

NIC

EF;

Oth

er U

N A

genc

ies;

W

orld

Bank

; AfD

B; P

PPs;

Oth

erD

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

USD

500

milli

on

52Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.3



an Settlements)

ASP

ECT

DIS

AST

ER R

ISk

MA

NA

GEM

ENT

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

AST

RU

CTU

RE

(HU

MA

N S

ETTL

EMEN

TS)

THEM

ED

isas

ter R

isk

Man

agem

ent a

nd S

ocia

l Inf

rast

ruct

ure

(Hum

an S

ettle

men

ts)

STR

ATEG

Y e)

Enh

ance

com

mun

ity re

silie

nce

to c

limat

e ch

ange

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

53In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

E1R

aise

pub

lic a

war

enes

s of

at r

isk

com

mun

ities

.Sh

ort t

erm

M

EWC

MLG

PWN

H; M

PSE;

Oth

er re

leva

ntM

inis

tries

; Loc

al A

utho

ritie

s;Tr

aditi

onal

Lea

ders

; CSO

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

;U

ND

P; U

NIC

EF; O

ther

UN

Agen

cies

; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

;D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

USD

1 m

illion

53Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.4

Waste Managem

ent

ASP

ECT

WA

STE

MA

NA

GEM

ENT

THEM

EW

aste

Man

agem

ent

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Cap

acita

te lo

cal a

utho

ritie

s to

del

iver

pro

per,

effe

ctiv

e an

d ef

ficie

nt w

aste

man

agem

ent s

ervi

ces

in o

rder

to re

duce

GH

G e

mis

sion

s fr

om w

aste

man

agem

ent.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

54In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1Pr

omot

e th

e ad

optio

n of

an

inte

grat

ed a

ppro

ach

toliq

uid

and

solid

was

te m

anag

emen

t by

all l

ocal

auth

oriti

es a

nd w

aste

gen

erat

ors

in o

rder

tom

inim

ise

quan

titie

s of

was

te d

ispo

sed.

Shor

t ter

m

MLG

PWN

H;

MEW

CLo

cal A

utho

ritie

s; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

; M

IC; M

PSE;

MH

TEST

D; M

SMEC

D;

MW

AGC

D; M

YIEE

; CSO

s; R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

; BC

SDZ

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

EP;

Oth

er U

N A

genc

ies;

Dev

elop

men

t Par

tner

s; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

; Ban

ks

USD

8 m

illion

A2Im

prov

e th

e re

sour

ce b

ase

of lo

cal a

utho

ritie

s to

enha

nce

thei

r cap

acity

to p

ract

ise

effic

ient

and

effe

ctiv

e w

aste

man

agem

ent m

etho

ds in

ord

er to

redu

ce th

e op

en b

urni

ng o

f was

te a

nd th

e re

sulta

ntca

rbon

em

issi

ons.

Long

term

M

LGPW

NH

(Loc

alAu

thor

ities

)

MF;

EM

A; M

PSE;

MH

TEST

D;

MIC

; BC

SDZ;

MH

CC

; CSO

s G

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y;D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers;

Wor

ldBa

nk; A

fDB;

Priv

ate

Sect

or;

Loca

l Ba

nks

USD

100

milli

on

A3C

ontin

ue to

trai

n lo

cal a

utho

ritie

s to

dev

elop

loca

len

viro

nmen

tal a

ctio

n pl

ans

and

to c

onst

ruct

pro

per

land

fills

and

sew

age

wor

ks th

at c

aptu

re m

etha

ne.

On-

goin

gM

EWC

(EM

A)M

LGPW

NH

(Lo

cal A

utho

ritie

s); M

F;M

EPD

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

CD

M;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; L

ocal

Ban

ks;

Dev

elop

men

t Par

tner

s

USD

100

milli

on

54Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.4

Waste Managem

ent

ASP

ECT

WA

STE

MA

NA

GEM

ENT

THEM

EW

aste

Man

agem

ent

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Cre

ate

an e

nabl

ing

polic

y en

viro

nmen

t whi

ch e

ncou

rage

s in

vest

men

t int

o al

tern

ativ

e en

ergy

pro

duct

ion

usin

g w

aste

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

55In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

B1Pr

omot

e re

sear

ch a

nd d

evel

opm

ent i

nto

use

ofso

lid w

aste

for e

nerg

y re

cove

ry/e

lect

ricity

gene

ratio

n.

Shor

t ter

m

MEW

C;

MH

TEST

DM

EPD

; MLG

PWN

H (L

ocal

Auth

oriti

es);

CSO

s; R

CZ;

Res

earc

hIn

stitu

tions

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

DP;

UN

IDO

; Oth

er U

N a

genc

ies;

Mul

tinat

iona

l Ins

titut

ions

USD

1 m

illion

(Res

earc

h)

USD

$20

milli

on(Im

plem

enta

tion)

55Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.4

Waste Managem

ent

ASP

ECT

WA

STE

MA

NA

GEM

ENT

THEM

EW

aste

Man

agem

ent

STR

ATEG

Y c)

Dev

elop

an

enab

ling

fram

ewor

k to

pro

mot

e w

aste

min

imiz

atio

n th

roug

h ed

ucat

ion

and

beha

viou

ral c

hang

e of

was

te g

ener

ator

s.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

56In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

C1

Inco

rpor

ate

prin

cipl

es o

f env

ironm

enta

lly s

ound

was

te m

anag

emen

t int

o th

e cu

rricu

la o

f inf

orm

alan

d fo

rmal

edu

catio

n sy

stem

s.

Shor

t ter

m

EMA

MPS

E; M

HTE

STD

; CSO

s; M

HC

C;

Loca

l Aut

horit

ies

EMA;

Loc

al A

utho

ritie

s; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

USD

500

,000

C2

Stre

ngth

en c

apac

ity to

enf

orce

pol

lute

r pay

spr

inci

ples

and

pro

vide

ince

ntiv

es to

enc

oura

gew

aste

min

imiz

atio

n.

Shor

t ter

m

Loca

lAu

thor

ities

;EM

A

MEW

C; M

HA;

CSO

sG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y;En

viro

nmen

t Fun

d; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

; Dev

elop

men

t Par

tner

s

USD

1 m

illion

C3

Intro

duce

pro

hibi

tive

fines

and

rein

vest

fund

s ra

ised

thro

ugh

was

te fi

nes

into

the

sect

or to

enh

ance

was

te m

anag

emen

t.

Shor

t ter

m

Loca

lAu

thor

ities

;M

EWC

MH

AG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y;En

viro

nmen

t Fun

dU

SD 5

00,0

00

56Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.5

Health

ASP

ECT

HEA

LTH

THEM

EH

ealth

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Str

engt

hen

surv

eilla

nce

prog

ram

mes

for m

onito

ring

hum

an h

ealth

und

er a

cha

ngin

g cl

imat

e.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

57In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1En

hanc

e m

onito

ring

prog

ram

mes

and

trai

ning

of

heal

th o

ffice

rs o

n th

e di

strib

utio

n an

d pr

ogre

ss o

fep

idem

ics

asso

ciat

ed w

ith c

limat

e ch

ange

.

Shor

t ter

m

MH

CC

MLG

PWN

H; M

EWC

; MAM

ID(L

ives

tock

and

Vet

erin

ary

Dep

artm

ent);

MH

TEST

D;

CSO

s, E

MA

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

WH

O;

Oth

er U

N a

genc

ies;

Oth

erD

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers;

Priv

ate

Sect

or

USD

5 m

illion

57Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.5

Health

ASP

ECT

HEA

LTH

THEM

EH

ealth

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Bui

ld re

silie

nce

agai

nst d

isea

ses

that

occ

ur b

ecau

se o

f im

pact

s of

clim

ate

chan

ge.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

58In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

B1Bu

ild c

apac

ity fo

r bot

h cu

rativ

e an

d pr

even

tive

mea

sure

s fo

r dis

ease

s th

at m

ight

occ

ur d

urin

gcl

imat

e in

duce

d di

sast

ers

or a

s a

cons

eque

nce

of in

crea

sed

tem

pera

ture

s.

Long

term

MH

CC

MLG

PWN

H; M

AMID

(Liv

esto

ck a

ndVe

terin

ary

Dep

artm

ent);

CSO

s; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

; Com

mun

ities

.

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

Agen

cies

(UN

ICEF

, WH

O,

UN

Hab

itat);

Oth

erD

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; C

SOs

USD

5 m

illion

B2Ex

pand

hea

lth fa

cilit

ies

and

netw

orks

to re

mot

ear

eas

by b

uild

ing

mor

e cl

inic

s an

d di

sast

erre

duct

ion

cent

res

in a

reas

pro

ne to

clim

ate

indu

ced

disa

ster

s.

Med

ium

term

MH

CC

MTI

D; M

LGPW

NH

; DD

F; C

SOs;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; C

omm

uniti

esG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y; U

Nag

enci

es (U

NIC

EF, W

HO

,U

N H

abita

t); O

ther

Dev

elop

men

t Par

tner

s;Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

; CSO

s

USD

20

milli

on

B3En

hanc

e in

stitu

tiona

l cap

aciti

es fo

r ear

ly w

arni

ngsy

stem

s, p

repa

redn

ess

and

resp

onse

on

poss

ible

dise

ase

risks

cau

sed

by e

xtre

me

wea

ther

eve

nts

at a

ll le

vels

of s

ocie

ty.

Med

ium

term

Dep

artm

ent

of C

ivil

Prot

ectio

n;M

HC

C

ZDF;

MH

A; D

epar

tmen

t of M

eteo

rolo

gica

lSe

rvic

es;

MAM

ID (L

ives

tock

and

Vete

rinar

y D

epar

tmen

t);

Priv

ate

Sect

or;

Trad

ition

al L

eade

rs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

G

loba

l Clim

ate

Fund

sU

SD 1

0 m

illion

B4H

arne

ss In

form

atio

n an

d C

omm

unic

atio

nTe

chno

logy

(IC

T) in

pub

lic a

war

enes

s ca

mpa

igns

on e

pide

mic

s as

soci

ated

with

clim

ate

chan

ge.

Shor

t ter

m

and

on g

oing

MH

CC

MIC

TPC

S; M

AMID

(Liv

esto

ck a

ndVe

terin

ary

Dep

artm

ent);

MPS

E; R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; C

SOs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

W

HO

; Oth

er D

evel

opm

ent

Partn

ers

USD

2 m

illion

B5Pr

omot

e cl

imat

e pr

oofin

g in

vest

men

ts fo

r hea

lthan

d cr

eate

a c

ondu

cive

env

ironm

ent f

or th

e us

e of

wea

ther

-inde

xed

insu

ranc

e.

Med

ium

tolo

ng te

rmM

F; N

SSA

MH

CC

; MAM

ID; (

Live

stoc

k an

d Ve

terin

ary

Dep

artm

ent);

MLG

PWN

H (D

epar

tmen

t of

Civ

il Pr

otec

tion)

; MEW

C; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

;C

omm

uniti

es; C

SOs

Priv

ate

Sect

orU

SD 1

0 m

illion

58Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.6

Gender, People Living with HIV and AIDS and Other Vulnerable Groups

ASP

ECT

GEN

DER

, PEO

PLE

LIVI

NG

WIT

H H

IV A

ND

AID

S A

ND

OTH

ER V

ULN

ERA

BLE

GR

OU

PS

THEM

EG

ende

r, Pe

ople

Liv

ing

with

HIV

and

AID

S an

d O

ther

Vul

nera

ble

Gro

ups

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Mai

nstr

eam

clim

ate

chan

ge in

pol

icie

s fo

r the

vul

nera

ble

grou

ps w

ith th

eir a

ctiv

e pa

rtic

ipat

ion

at e

very

leve

l.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

59In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1R

evie

w c

ross

-sec

tora

l pol

icie

s an

d m

ains

tream

adap

tatio

n of

vul

nera

ble

grou

ps to

clim

ate

chan

ge.

Shor

t ter

m

MEW

CM

WAG

CD

; M

PSE;

MYI

EE; M

HC

C;

MH

TEST

D; M

F; M

LGPW

NH

;M

PSLS

W; C

SOs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

Wom

en; O

ther

UN

Age

ncie

s;C

SOs;

Priv

ate

Sect

or

USD

250

,000

59Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.6


ASP

ECT

GEN

DER

, PEO

PLE

LIVI

NG

WIT

H H

IV A

ND

AID

S A

ND

OTH

ER V

ULN

ERA

BLE

GR

OU

PS

THEM

EG

ende

r, Pe

ople

Liv

ing

with

HIV

and

AID

S an

d O

ther

Vul

nera

ble

Gro

ups

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Str

engt

hen

the

adap

tive

capa

city

of t

he v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

60In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

B1Bu

ild a

dapt

ive

capa

city

in v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

and

mai

nstre

am th

ese

grou

ps in

all

resp

onse

s.

Long

term

,O

n-go

ing

MEW

CM

WAG

CD

; M

PSE;

MH

TEST

D;

MYI

EE;

MH

CC

; MF;

MLG

PWN

H;

MPS

LSW

; CSO

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

Wom

en; U

NIC

EF; C

SOs;

Priv

ate

Sect

or

USD

10

milli

on

B2En

sure

equ

itabl

e ac

cess

and

ow

ners

hip

ofre

sour

ces

for c

limat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

byvu

lner

able

gro

ups.

Long

term

MYI

EE;

MW

AGC

DM

PSLS

W; M

LRR

; MLG

PWN

H;

MEW

C; M

AMID

; MYI

EEG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y;U

N A

genc

ies;

Loc

al a

ndIn

tern

atio

nal D

evel

opm

ent

Partn

ers;

Priv

ate

Sect

or

USD

500

,000

B3D

evel

op c

ultu

rally

app

ropr

iate

and

gen

der s

ensi

tive

labo

ur s

avin

g gr

een

tech

nolo

gies

.M

ediu

m te

rmM

EWC

MW

AGC

D; M

HTE

STD

; MAM

ID;

MYI

EE; M

SMEC

D; M

IC; R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; C

SOs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Glo

bal

Clim

ate

Fund

s; U

N A

genc

ies;

CSO

s; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

USD

10

milli

on

B4U

se in

tegr

ated

ada

ptat

ion

resp

onse

s th

at c

ombi

nein

dige

nous

kno

wle

dge

from

the

elde

rly w

ith e

xper

tin

sigh

ts.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

MW

AGC

D; M

PSE;

MH

TEST

D;

MLG

PWN

H; R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

nsU

N W

omen

; UN

ICEF

; Oth

erU

N A

genc

ies;

CSO

s; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

USD

500

,000

60Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.6


ASP

ECT

GEN

DER

, PEO

PLE

LIVI

NG

WIT

H H

IV A

ND

AID

S A

ND

OTH

ER V

ULN

ERA

BLE

GR

OU

PS

THEM

EG

ende

r, Pe

ople

Liv

ing

with

HIV

and

AID

S an

d O

ther

Vul

nera

ble

Gro

ups

STR

ATEG

Y c)

Enh

ance

pro

visi

on o

f ear

ly w

arni

ng s

yste

ms

on d

roug

hts,

floo

ds a

nd d

isea

se o

utbr

eaks

to v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

and

ens

ure

a co

ordi

nate

d ap

proa

ch in

pro

vidi

ng

them

with

em

erge

ncy

serv

ices

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

61In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

C1

Cre

ate

a m

ulti-

stak

ehol

der f

orum

with

repr

esen

tativ

es o

f vul

nera

ble

grou

ps fo

rem

erge

ncy

serv

ices

pro

visi

on.

Shor

t ter

mD

epar

tmen

tof

Civ

ilPr

otec

tion

MW

AGC

D; M

PSE;

MH

TEST

D;

MYI

EE; M

HC

C; M

F; M

LGPW

NH

;M

PSLS

W; C

SOs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

DP;

UN

Wom

en; U

NIC

EF; O

ther

UN

age

ncie

s; C

SOs;

Priv

ate

Sect

or

USD

250

,000

C2

Dis

sem

inat

e up

date

d in

form

atio

n on

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd ra

ise

awar

enes

s of

vul

nera

ble

grou

pson

dis

aste

r pre

pare

dnes

s.

Shor

t ter

mD

epar

tmen

tof

Civ

ilPr

otec

tion

MW

AGC

D; M

PSE;

MLG

PWN

H;

MPS

LSW

; CSO

sG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y;U

N a

genc

ies;

CSO

s; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

USD

1 m

illion

C3

Trai

n vu

lner

able

gro

ups

on h

ow to

resp

ond

todi

sast

er.

Shor

t ter

mD

epar

tmen

tof

Civ

ilPr

otec

tion

MW

AGC

D; M

PSE;

MYI

EE; M

HC

C;

MLG

PWN

H; M

PSLS

W; C

SOs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

age

ncie

s; C

SOs;

Priv

ate

Sect

or

USD

2 m

illion

61Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.7

Children and Youth

ASP

ECT

CH

ILD

REN

AN

D Y

OU

TH

THEM

EC

hild

ren

and

Yout

h

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Und

erst

and

the

impa

cts

of c

limat

e ch

ange

on

child

ren

and

yout

h in

zim

babw

e an

d cr

eate

an

enab

ling

envi

ronm

ent t

hat p

reve

nts

harm

to th

em e

man

atin

g fr

om

pres

sure

s of

thes

e im

pact

s.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

62In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1D

eter

min

e th

e vu

lner

abilit

ies

of c

hild

ren

and

yout

han

d ho

w th

ese

vuln

erab

ilitie

s w

ill be

mag

nifie

d by

the

impa

cts

of c

limat

e ch

ange

.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

MPS

E; M

HTE

STD

; MH

CC

;R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

ICEF

; Oth

er U

N A

genc

ies

USD

1 m

illion

A2Id

entif

y an

d im

plem

ent i

nter

vent

ions

that

pro

tect

and

empo

wer

chi

ldre

n in

the

face

of a

dver

seim

pact

s of

clim

ate

chan

ge.

Shor

t to

long

term

MEW

CM

PSE;

MH

TEST

D; M

HC

C;

Loca

l Aut

horit

ies;

Loc

al le

ader

s;R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; D

evel

opm

ent

Partn

ers;

CSO

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

ICEF

, Oth

er U

N A

genc

ies;

Oth

er D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

USD

5 m

illion

A3Pr

ovid

e su

ppor

t to

ensu

re th

at a

ll ch

ildre

n in

Zim

babw

e ar

e fo

od s

ecur

e an

d ab

le to

atte

nd a

ndco

mpl

ete

scho

ol in

a c

hang

ing

clim

ate;

and

redu

ceth

e in

cide

nce

of d

isea

ses

in c

hild

ren,

esp

ecia

llyth

ose

asso

ciat

ed w

ith c

limat

e ch

ange

.

Long

term

MEW

CM

PSE;

MH

TEST

D; M

HC

C;

Loca

l Aut

horit

ies;

Loc

al L

eade

rs;

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

; Dev

elop

men

tPa

rtner

s; C

SOs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

ICEF

; Oth

er U

N A

genc

ies;

Oth

er D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

USD

20

milli

on

62Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


3.PH

YSIC

AL

AN

D S

OC

IAL

INFR

A-S

TRU

CTU

RE

3.7

Children and Youth

ASP

ECT

CH

ILD

REN

AN

D Y

OU

TH

THEM

EC

hild

ren

and

Yout

h

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Ens

ure

the

incl

usio

n of

chi

ldre

n an

d yo

uth

in th

e po

licy

form

ulat

ion

proc

ess

for c

limat

e ch

ange

, and

in a

dapt

atio

n an

d m

itiga

tion

activ

ities

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

63In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

B1In

corp

orat

e ch

ildre

n an

d yo

uth

in th

e cl

imat

ech

ange

gov

erna

nce

fram

ewor

k.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

MPS

E; M

HTE

STD

; MH

CC

; MYI

EE;

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

; Dev

elop

men

tPa

rtner

s; N

atio

nal Y

outh

Cou

ncil

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

ICEF

; Oth

er U

N A

genc

ies;

Oth

er D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

USD

170

,000

B2Pr

omot

e th

e pa

rtici

patio

n of

chi

ldre

n an

d yo

uth

incl

imat

e ch

ange

pol

icy

issu

es.

Long

term

MEW

CM

PSE;

MH

TEST

D; M

HC

C; M

YIEE

;N

atio

nal Y

outh

Cou

ncil;

Res

earc

hIn

stitu

tions

; Dev

elop

men

t Par

tner

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

ICEF

; Oth

er U

N A

genc

ies;

Oth

er D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

USD

500

,000

B3Bu

ild c

apac

ity o

f chi

ldre

n an

d yo

uth

for a

dapt

atio

nan

d pr

ovid

e re

sour

ces

for t

hem

to p

artic

ipat

e in

clim

ate

chan

ge a

dapt

atio

n an

d m

itiga

tion

activ

ities

.

Long

term

MEW

CM

PSE;

MH

TEST

D; M

HC

C; M

YIEE

;Lo

cal A

utho

ritie

s; L

ocal

Lea

ders

;N

atio

nal Y

outh

Cou

ncil;

Res

earc

hIn

stitu

tions

; CSO

s.

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

ICEF

; Oth

er U

N A

genc

ies;

Oth

er D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

USD

5 m

illion

63Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


4.ST

RAT

EGY

ENA

BLE

RS

4.1

Capacity Building

4.1.

1 C

apac

ity B

uild

ing

for C

limat

e C

hang

e

ASP

ECT

STR

ATEG

Y EN

AB

LER

S

THEM

EC

apac

ity B

uild

ing

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Bui

ld c

apac

ity to

con

duct

com

preh

ensi

ve v

ulne

rabi

lity

asse

ssm

ents

and

dev

elop

app

ropr

iate

resp

onse

mod

els.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

64In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1D

evel

op a

det

aile

d un

ders

tand

ing

of lo

cal h

azar

ds;

soci

al, c

limat

ic v

ulne

rabi

litie

s an

d ris

ks; a

ndpo

ssib

le re

spon

ses.

Shor

t ter

mM

LGPW

NH

MEW

C; M

TID

; MPS

LSW

; Res

earc

hIn

stitu

tions

; CSO

s; E

xten

sion

Dep

artm

ents

; Loc

al A

utho

ritie

s;Tr

aditi

onal

Lea

ders

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

C

limat

e Fi

nanc

e; G

loba

lEn

viro

nmen

t Fun

d; G

EF;

Oth

er D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

USD

2 m

illion

A2Bu

ild c

apac

ity to

iden

tify

popu

latio

n gr

oups

or

settl

emen

ts th

at a

re a

t ris

k an

d to

ass

ess

whe

ther

the

infra

stru

ctur

e an

d bu

ildin

gs w

ill be

abl

e to

with

stan

d ex

trem

e ev

ents

.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MLG

PWN

HM

EWC

; MTI

D; M

PSLS

W; R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; C

SOs;

Ext

ensi

onD

epar

tmen

ts; L

ocal

Aut

horit

ies;

ZI

E; E

CZ;

Inst

itute

of A

rchi

tect

s of

Zim

babw

e; A

rchi

tect

’s C

ounc

il of

Zim

babw

e; C

onst

ruct

ion

Indu

stry

Fede

ratio

n of

Zim

babw

e;

Trad

ition

al L

eade

rs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Clim

ate

Fina

nce;

Glo

bal E

nviro

nmen

tFu

nd; G

EF; O

ther

Dev

elop

men

t Par

tner

s

USD

3 m

illion

64Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


4.ST

RAT

EGY

ENA

BLE

RS

4.1

Capacity Building

ASP

ECT

STR

ATEG

Y EN

AB

LER

S

THEM

EC

apac

ity B

uild

ing

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Dev

elop

mec

hani

sms

to m

ains

trea

m c

limat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

and

disa

ster

risk

man

agem

ent i

nto

deve

lopm

ent p

rogr

amm

es.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

65In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

B1En

hanc

e ca

paci

ty to

resp

ond

to c

limat

e ch

ange

with

in c

limat

e se

nsiti

ve s

ecto

rs.

On

goin

gM

EWC

;M

LGPW

NH

All C

limat

e Se

nsiti

ve G

over

nmen

tM

inis

tries

; Priv

ate

Sect

or; C

SOs;

Dev

elop

men

t Age

ncie

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Clim

ate

Fina

nce;

Glo

bal E

nviro

nmen

tFu

nd; G

EF; O

ther

Dev

elop

men

t Par

tner

s

USD

10

milli

on

B2D

evel

op th

e ca

paci

ty o

f com

mun

ities

for

adap

tatio

n, m

itiga

tion

and

disa

ster

pre

pare

dnes

san

d re

spon

se.

On

goin

gM

EWC

;M

LGPW

NH

MPS

LSW

; MW

AGC

D; M

AMID

;M

HC

C; C

SOs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Clim

ate

Fina

nce;

Glo

bal E

nviro

nmen

tFu

nd; G

EF; O

ther

Dev

elop

men

t Par

tner

s

USD

10

milli

on

B3In

trodu

ce s

ocia

l ass

ista

nce

prog

ram

mes

and

deve

lop

natio

nal r

isk-

shar

ing

arra

ngem

ents

that

supp

ort t

he m

ost v

ulne

rabl

e.

On

goin

gM

PSLS

WM

LGPW

NH

; MF;

CSO

s;D

evel

opm

ent A

genc

ies

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

Agen

cies

; Oth

er D

evel

opm

ent

Partn

ers

USD

20

milli

on

65Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


4.ST

RAT

EGY

ENA

BLE

RS

4.1

Capacity Building

4.1.

2.Th

e R

ole

of th

e M

eteo

rolo

gica

l Ser

vice

s in

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

ASP

ECT

STR

ATEG

Y EN

AB

LER

S

THEM

ER

ole

of M

eteo

rolo

gica

l Ser

vice

s

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Str

engt

hen

the

capa

city

of t

he N

atio

nal M

eteo

rolo

gica

l and

Hyd

rolo

gica

l Ser

vice

s to

car

ry o

ut re

sear

ch o

n cl

imat

e ch

ange

thro

ugh

impr

oved

dat

a co

llect

ion

and

man

agem

ent,

and

clim

ate

mod

ellin

g.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

66In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1Bu

ild c

apac

ity (h

uman

and

mat

eria

l) of

the

Met

eoro

logi

cal S

ervi

ces

to c

arry

out

rese

arch

on

clim

ate

chan

ge in

ord

er to

und

erst

and

its c

ause

s,an

d its

pot

entia

l im

pact

s on

var

ious

sec

tors

thro

ugh

impr

oved

and

exp

ande

d da

ta c

olle

ctio

n an

dm

anag

emen

t, as

wel

l as

clim

ate

mod

ellin

g.

Shor

t to

long

term

MEW

CM

EPD

; MAM

ID; M

PSE;

MH

TEST

D;

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

G

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y; W

MO

;O

ther

UN

Age

ncie

s; W

orld

Bank

; AfD

B; O

ther

Dev

elop

men

t Par

tner

s

USD

10

milli

on

A2Bu

ild a

n in

tegr

ated

dat

a co

llect

ion

syst

em a

ndda

taba

se in

corp

orat

ing

inte

rnat

iona

l bes

t pra

ctic

e.Sh

ort t

erm

Dep

artm

ent

of Met

eoro

logi

cal

Ser

vice

s

MH

TEST

D; R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns;

ZIM

STAT

; WM

OG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y; W

MO

;O

ther

UN

Age

ncie

s; W

orld

Bank

; AfD

B; O

ther

Dev

elop

men

t Par

tner

s

USD

10

milli

on

66Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


4.ST

RAT

EGY

ENA

BLE

RS

4.1

Capacity Building

ASP

ECT

STR

ATEG

Y EN

AB

LER

S

THEM

ER

ole

of M

eteo

rolo

gica

l Ser

vice

s

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Str

engt

hen

the

docu

men

tatio

n of

and

tapp

ing

into

indi

geno

us k

now

ledg

e sy

stem

s to

com

plem

ent s

cien

tific

kno

wle

dge

for c

limat

e ch

ange

fore

cast

ing

and

early

w

arni

ng s

yste

ms.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

67In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

B1D

ocum

ent i

ndig

enou

s kn

owle

dge

on c

limat

efo

reca

stin

g to

com

plem

ent s

cien

tific

kno

wle

dge

for

clim

ate

chan

ge a

dapt

atio

n at

com

mun

ity le

vel.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

Dep

artm

ent

Met

eoro

logi

cal

Ser

vice

s

MH

TEST

D; R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns;

Loca

l Aut

horit

ies;

CSO

s; T

radi

tiona

lLe

ader

s; C

omm

uniti

es

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

Agen

cies

USD

1 m

illion

67Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


4.ST

RAT

EGY

ENA

BLE

RS

4.1

Capacity Building

ASP

ECT

STR

ATEG

Y EN

AB

LER

S

THEM

ER

ole

of M

eteo

rolo

gica

l Ser

vice

s

STR

ATEG

Y c)

Est

ablis

h an

ena

blin

g fr

amew

ork

for s

harin

g an

d di

ssem

inat

ing

info

rmat

ion

on c

limat

e ch

ange

(i.e

. at p

rovi

ncia

l, di

stric

t and

war

d le

vels

) in

the

coun

try.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

68In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

C1

Cre

ate

plat

form

s fo

r dis

sem

inat

ing

and

shar

ing

ofin

form

atio

n on

clim

ate

chan

ge is

sues

at a

ll le

vels

incl

udin

g gr

assr

oots

leve

l.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MEW

CLo

cal A

utho

ritie

s; M

AMID

; MPS

E;M

HTE

STD

; M

MIB

S; M

ICTP

CS;

CSO

s; C

BOs;

Tra

ditio

nal L

eade

rs

UN

Age

ncie

s; G

over

nmen

tU

SD 2

milli

on

68Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


4.ST

RAT

EGY

ENA

BLE

RS

4.1

Capacity Building

4.1.

3.

Tech

nolo

gy tr

ansf

er

ASP

ECT

STR

ATEG

Y EN

AB

LER

S

THEM

ETe

chno

logy

Tra

nsfe

r

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Cre

ate

a po

licy

fram

ewor

k th

at w

ill im

prov

e ac

cess

to a

nd p

rom

ote

upta

ke o

f cle

aner

and

mor

e ef

ficie

nt te

chno

logi

es a

cros

s al

l eco

nom

ic s

ecto

rs.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

69In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1Id

entif

y in

effic

ient

tech

nolo

gies

to b

e su

bstit

uted

with

inno

vativ

e lo

w c

arbo

n te

chno

logi

es a

cros

s al

lec

onom

ic s

ecto

rs.

Med

ium

term

MIC

MEW

C; M

HTE

STD

; MM

MD

;M

AMID

; MTI

D; M

F; M

SMEC

D;

MYI

EE; C

SOs;

Dev

elop

men

tPa

rtner

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

; Env

ironm

ent

Fund

; CD

M; U

NID

O

USD

1 m

illion

A2Pr

ovid

e in

cent

ives

for t

echn

olog

y tra

nsfe

r whi

chpr

omot

e th

e up

take

of r

esou

rce

use

effic

ienc

y an

dcl

eane

r pro

duct

ion

tech

nolo

gies

acr

oss

the

econ

omic

sec

tors

.

Shor

t to

long

term

MIC

MF;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; M

EWC

; M

MM

D; M

AMID

; MTI

D; M

SMEC

D;

MYI

EE; D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

; Env

ironm

ent

Fund

; CD

M; U

NID

O

USD

500

milli

on(re

volv

ing

fund

)

A3En

forc

e ai

r em

issi

ons

and

efflu

ent r

egul

atio

ns a

ndst

anda

rds

whi

ch w

ill pu

sh c

ompa

nies

to in

vest

inm

ore

effic

ient

and

cle

aner

tech

nolo

gies

.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

(EM

A)SA

Z; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

; MH

A;

MJL

PA; B

CSD

Z; C

ZI; Z

NC

CG

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

yU

SD 5

00,0

00

A4Pr

omot

e th

e up

take

of m

ore

clim

ate

resi

lient

tech

nolo

gies

in a

gric

ultu

re, m

inin

g, in

dust

ry,

ener

gy, e

tc.

Shor

t to

long

term

MEW

C

MIC

; MM

MD

; MAM

ID; M

TID

;M

SMEC

D; M

EPD

; MYI

EE;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; C

SOs;

Dev

elop

men

tPa

rtner

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; E

nviro

nmen

tFu

nd; C

DM

USD

20

milli

on(re

volv

ing

fund

)

69Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


4.ST

RAT

EGY

ENA

BLE

RS

4.1

Capacity Building

ASP

ECT

STR

ATEG

Y EN

AB

LER

S

THEM

ETe

chno

logy

Tra

nsfe

r

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Sup

port

rese

arch

and

dev

elop

men

t of t

echn

olog

ies

in a

ll re

leva

nt s

ecto

rs to

miti

gate

and

ada

pt to

clim

ate

chan

ge.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

70In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

B1Im

prov

e fu

ndin

g fo

r priv

ate

and

publ

ic s

ecto

rre

sear

ch a

nd d

evel

opm

ent i

nto

mor

e ef

ficie

ntte

chno

logi

es.

Shor

t to

long

term

MIC

MH

TEST

D; M

F; M

EWC

; MM

MD

;M

AMID

; MTI

D; M

SMEC

D; M

EPD

;R

CZ;

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

; Priv

ate

Sect

or; C

SOs;

Dev

elop

men

tPa

rtner

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; E

nviro

nmen

tFu

nd; C

DM

USD

50

milli

on

B2En

hanc

e ca

paci

ty o

f loc

al re

sear

ch in

stitu

tions

tote

st, a

dopt

and

ada

pt n

ew a

nd m

ore

effic

ient

tech

nolo

gies

use

d in

oth

er p

arts

of t

he w

orld

.

Shor

t to

long

term

MH

TEST

DR

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; R

CZ;

M

EWC

; MF;

Priv

ate

Sect

or;

CSO

s; D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; E

nviro

nmen

tFu

nd; C

DM

USD

2 m

illion

B3R

aise

aw

aren

ess

on th

e ec

onom

ic a

nd c

limat

ech

ange

ben

efits

of a

dopt

ing

clea

ner t

echn

olog

ies

for s

usta

inab

le d

evel

opm

ent.

Shor

t to

long

term

MEW

CC

SOs;

BC

SDZ;

MM

IBS;

CZI

; ZN

CC

; MSM

ECD

; MYI

EE;

MW

AGC

D

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; U

N A

genc

ies

and

Oth

er D

evel

opm

ent

Partn

ers

USD

500

,000

70Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


4.ST

RAT

EGY

ENA

BLE

RS

4.2.

Clim

ate Change Education, Com

munication and Public Awareness

ASP

ECT

CLI

MAT

E C

HA

NG

E ED

UC

ATIO

N, C

OM

MU

NIC

ATIO

N A

ND

PU

BLI

C A

WA

REN

ESS

THEM

EC

limat

e C

hang

e Ed

ucat

ion

and

Trai

ning

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Enh

ance

the

teac

hing

and

lear

ning

of c

limat

e ch

ange

at a

ll le

vels

of e

duca

tion

(form

al a

nd in

form

al).

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

71In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1R

evie

w th

e co

nten

t of t

he e

duca

tion

curri

cula

at a

llle

vels

to in

corp

orat

e cl

imat

e ch

ange

and

pro

duce

liter

atur

e in

all

rele

vant

lang

uage

s.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MPS

E;M

HTE

STD

MEW

C; M

AMID

; Uni

vers

ities

;Ag

ricul

tura

l and

Tea

cher

Tra

inin

gC

olle

ges;

ZIM

SEC

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

ESC

O; U

NIC

EFU

SD 3

milli

on

A2C

ontin

uous

ly m

onito

r, ev

alua

te a

nd u

pgra

de th

ecu

rricu

la to

kee

p up

with

glo

bal t

rend

s an

d go

odpr

actic

e.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MPS

E;M

HTE

STD

MEW

C; M

AMID

; Agr

icul

tura

l and

Teac

her T

rain

ing

Col

lege

s;R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

ESC

O; U

NIC

EF; O

ther

Dev

elop

men

t Par

tner

s

USD

1 m

illion

A3C

reat

e pl

atfo

rms

for c

ompe

titio

ns o

n cl

imat

ech

ange

issu

es th

roug

h es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f clim

ate

chan

ge c

lubs

at a

ll sc

hool

s an

d tra

inin

g ce

ntre

s.

Shor

t ter

mM

PSE;

MH

TEST

DM

YIEE

; EM

A; M

AMID

; Uni

vers

ities

;Ag

ricul

tura

l and

Tea

cher

Tra

inin

gC

olle

ges;

Sch

ools

GEF

, Loc

al a

nd In

tern

atio

nal

Com

pani

es; E

MA;

UN

ICEF

;Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

USD

500

,000

A4C

reat

e op

portu

nitie

s fo

r all

peop

le to

lear

n m

ore

abou

t clim

ate

chan

ge a

s it

rela

tes

to th

em

anag

emen

t of t

he e

nviro

nmen

t.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MEW

C

EMA

; ZIN

WA;

Cat

chm

ent C

ounc

ils;

FC; Z

impa

rks;

MYI

EE; M

WAG

CD

;R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; L

ocal

Auth

oriti

es; T

radi

tiona

l Lea

ders

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GW

P;

UN

EP; U

ND

P; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

U

SD 1

milli

on

71Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


4.ST

RAT

EGY

ENA

BLE

RS

4.2.

Clim



ASP

ECT

CLI

MAT

E C

HA

NG

E ED

UC

ATIO

N, C

OM

MU

NIC

ATIO

N A

ND

PU

BLI

C A

WA

REN

ESS

THEM

EC

limat

e C

hang

e Ed

ucat

ion

and

Trai

ning

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Pro

vide

rele

vant

trai

ning

on

clim

ate

chan

ge is

sues

to e

duca

tors

and

pra

ctiti

oner

s w

orki

ng w

ith c

omm

uniti

es.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

72In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

B1C

ondu

ct in

-ser

vice

trai

ning

of c

urre

nt e

duca

tors

and

exte

nsio

n w

orke

rs u

ntil

satu

ratio

n le

vels

are

reac

hed

or a

crit

ical

mas

s of

teac

hers

with

clim

ate

chan

ge s

kills

is p

rodu

ced.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MPS

E;M

HTE

STD

MEW

C; P

SC; M

AMID

; Uni

vers

ities

;Ag

ricul

tura

l and

Tea

cher

Tra

inin

gC

olle

ges;

EM

A; C

SOs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

,U

NEP

, UN

DP,

UN

ICEF

,U

NES

CO

; Priv

ate

Sect

or

USD

2 m

illion

B2En

hanc

e th

e cl

imat

e ch

ange

kno

wle

dge

of m

edia

and

othe

r pro

fess

iona

ls th

roug

h th

e us

e of

var

ious

plat

form

s in

ord

er to

ach

ieve

cha

nge

inpe

rcep

tions

, atti

tude

s an

d be

havi

our t

owar

dscl

imat

e ch

ange

miti

gatio

n an

d ad

apta

tion.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MEW

CM

MIB

S; M

ICTP

CS;

MAM

ID;

MH

TEST

D; M

PSLS

W; M

LGPW

NH

;ZC

TU; Z

imba

bwe

Fede

ratio

n of

Trad

e U

nion

; C

ham

ber o

f Min

es

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

EP;

UN

DP;

UN

ESC

O; G

WP;

Priv

ate

Sect

or

USD

1 m

illion

B3Tr

ain

tradi

tiona

l lea

ders

hip

on th

eir r

oles

and

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

and

use

the

tradi

tiona

l ins

titut

ions

as a

veh

icle

for e

duca

ting

com

mun

ities

on

clim

ate

chan

ge is

sues

.

Med

ium

term

MEW

CTr

aditi

onal

Lea

ders

; MLG

PWN

H;

RD

Cs

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

;U

ND

P; U

NIC

EF; Z

imba

bwe

Cul

tura

l Fun

d

USD

5 m

illion

B4Ac

tivel

y en

gage

you

th a

nd th

eir r

epre

sent

ativ

eor

gani

zatio

ns in

clim

ate

chan

ge e

duca

tion

and

train

ing.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MEW

C

MYI

EE;

MH

TEST

D; M

PSE;

M

AMID

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

ESC

O; U

NIC

EF; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

USD

1 m

illion

72Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


4.ST

RAT

EGY

ENA

BLE

RS

4.2.

Clim



4.2.

2Pu

blic

Aw

aren

ess-

rais

ing

and

Com

mun

icat

ion

ASP

ECT

CLI

MAT

E C

HA

NG

E ED

UC

ATIO

N, C

OM

MU

NIC

ATIO

N A

ND

PU

BLI

C A

WA

REN

ESS

THEM

EPu

blic

Aw

aren

ess-

rais

ing

and

Com

mun

icat

ion

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Impl

emen

t a c

omm

unic

atio

n st

rate

gy fo

r rai

sing

aw

aren

ess

on c

limat

e ch

ange

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

73In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1Im

plem

ent a

com

mun

icat

ion

stra

tegy

to ra

ise

awar

enes

s on

clim

ate

chan

ge th

at re

cogn

ises

use

of m

edia

suc

h as

new

spap

ers,

radi

o, te

levi

sion

and

soci

al m

edia

.

Shor

t to

long

term

MEW

C

MM

IBS;

MIC

TPC

S; L

ocal

Med

iaH

ouse

s; W

irele

ss N

etw

orks

; CSO

sU

N A

genc

ies;

Med

ia H

ouse

s;W

irele

ss N

etw

ork

Prov

ider

sU

SD 2

.5 m

illion

A2D

evel

op a

war

enes

s, c

omm

unic

atio

n an

d ad

voca

cym

ater

ials

(suc

h as

pos

ters

, pam

phle

ts, v

ideo

s,co

mpa

ct d

iscs

(CD

s) in

bot

h En

glis

h an

d lo

cal

lang

uage

s) a

nd fu

ndra

isin

g st

rate

gies

.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

M

MIB

S; M

ICTP

CS;

Arti

sts

Org

aniz

atio

ns; M

edia

Org

aniz

atio

nsU

N A

genc

ies

; Oth

erD

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers;

Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

USD

5 m

illion

A3C

ondu

ct o

ut-re

ach

prog

ram

mes

on

awar

enes

s an

din

form

atio

n ex

chan

ge o

n cl

imat

e ch

ange

adap

tatio

n an

d m

itiga

tion

acro

ss v

ario

usst

akeh

olde

rs in

clud

ing

gras

sroo

ts-c

omm

uniti

es.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

M

MIB

S; M

ICTP

CS;

Med

ia H

ouse

s;M

PSE;

MLG

PWN

H; T

radi

tiona

lLe

ader

s; C

SOs;

Chu

rch

Org

aniz

atio

ns

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

DP;

GEF

; Priv

ate

sect

orU

SD 2

milli

on

A4Em

ploy

lead

ers,

edu

cato

rs, m

ento

rs a

ndco

mm

unity

pop

ular

opi

nion

lead

ers

to s

hare

thei

rkn

owle

dge,

val

ues

and

expe

rienc

e w

ith d

iffer

ent

targ

et a

udie

nces

to e

nsur

e an

incr

ease

inbe

havi

oura

l cha

nge

tow

ards

clim

ate

chan

gead

aptiv

e be

havi

ours

.

Shor

t to

long

term

MEW

C

MPS

E; M

YIEE

; MLG

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H;

MW

AGC

D; M

AMID

; ZIN

WA;

EM

A; F

C; T

radi

tiona

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Pol

itica

lLe

ader

s

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ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

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NEP

USD

500

,000

73Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


4.ST

RAT

EGY

ENA

BLE

RS

4.2.

Clim



ASP

ECT

CLI

MAT

E C

HA

NG

E ED

UC

ATIO

N, C

OM

MU

NIC

ATIO

N A

ND

PU

BLI

C A

WA

REN

ESS

THEM

EPu

blic

Aw

aren

ess-

rais

ing

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Com

mun

icat

ion

STR

ATEG

Y b)

Pro

mot

e an

d st

reng

then

sta

keho

lder

aw

aren

ess

on a

dapt

atio

n to

and

miti

gatio

n of

clim

ate

chan

ge.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

74In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

B1Se

nsiti

ze p

olic

y m

aker

s on

the

impo

rtanc

e of

addr

essi

ng c

limat

e ch

ange

issu

es e

spec

ially

in th

ear

eas

of a

dapt

atio

n an

d m

itiga

tion.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

Cle

rk o

f Par

liam

ent;

Parli

amen

t;H

eads

of M

inis

tries

; MM

IBS;

MIC

TPC

S

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

U

N A

genc

ies

USD

100

,000

B2En

gage

the

Juni

or P

arlia

men

taria

ns to

act

as

cham

pion

s fo

r cre

atin

g aw

aren

ess

on c

limat

ech

ange

issu

es.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MYI

EE (Y

outh

Cou

ncil

ofZi

mba

bwe)

;M

EWC

Cle

rk o

f Par

liam

ent;

MM

IBS;

MIC

TPC

S; M

edia

hou

ses;

CSO

s G

over

nmen

t Tre

asur

y;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; U

NIC

EF;

UN

ESC

O

USD

500

,000

B3Pr

omot

e aw

aren

ess

thro

ugh

parti

cipa

tory

info

rmat

ion

exch

ange

and

em

pow

erm

ent o

f loc

alco

mm

uniti

es fo

r ada

ptat

ion

and

miti

gatio

n to

clim

ate

chan

ge.

Shor

t to

med

ium

term

MEW

CM

MIB

S; M

ICTP

CS;

MAM

ID;

Med

ia H

ouse

s; C

SOs;

Tra

ditio

nal

and

Polit

ical

Lea

ders

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

GEF

;U

N A

genc

ies;

Priv

ate

Sect

orU

SD 1

milli

on

74Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


4.ST

RAT

EGY

ENA

BLE

RS

4.2.

Clim



ASP

ECT

CLI

MAT

E C

HA

NG

E ED

UC

ATIO

N, C

OM

MU

NIC

ATIO

N A

ND

PU

BLI

C A

WA

REN

ESS

THEM

EPu

blic

Aw

aren

ess-

rais

ing

and

Com

mun

icat

ion

STR

ATEG

Y c)

Enc

oura

ge s

harin

g of

info

rmat

ion

and

netw

orki

ng o

n cl

imat

e ch

ange

issu

es a

t loc

al, r

egio

nal,

and

inte

rnat

iona

l lev

els.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

75In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

C1

Dev

elop

an

info

rmat

ion

data

bas

e on

clim

ate

chan

ge a

dapt

atio

n an

d m

itiga

tion

issu

es.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

Lo

cal A

utho

ritie

s, Z

IMST

AT;

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

; CSO

s;Ex

tens

ion

Dep

artm

ents

; Tr

aditi

onal

Lea

ders

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

DP;

UN

ICEF

; Oth

er D

evel

opm

ent

Partn

ers

USD

1 m

illion

C2

Dev

elop

mec

hani

sms

of e

mpl

oyin

g IC

Ts to

diss

emin

ate

info

rmat

ion

and

to e

nabl

e fo

rmat

ion

ofso

cial

net

wor

ks o

n cl

imat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

and

miti

gatio

n is

sues

.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

M

ICTP

CS;

MH

TEST

D; M

AMID

;Lo

cal M

edia

Hou

ses;

Wire

less

Net

wor

ks; Y

outh

Cou

ncil

ofZi

mba

bwe

UN

Age

ncie

s; M

edia

Hou

ses

USD

1 m

illion

C3

Form

com

mun

ity b

ased

clim

ate

chan

ge c

lubs

incl

udin

g in

trodu

ctio

n of

clim

ate

chan

ge s

how

s(v

illage

, war

d, d

istri

ct a

nd p

rovi

ncia

l lev

els)

as

apl

atfo

rm fo

r cha

ngin

g to

war

ds c

limat

e ch

ange

adap

tive

beha

viou

r.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

M

AMID

; MPS

E; R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; T

radi

tiona

l and

Pol

itica

lLe

ader

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

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;U

NEP

USD

500

,000

C4

Esta

blis

h lo

cal a

nd re

gion

al fo

rum

s th

at p

rovi

de a

plat

form

for s

harin

g cl

imat

e ch

ange

info

rmat

ion

and

adap

tatio

n pr

actic

es.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

M

ICTP

CS;

MLG

PWN

H; M

MIB

S;R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; M

edia

Hou

ses;

Uni

vers

ities

; CSO

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

DP;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; C

OM

ESA;

SAD

C; A

U

USD

500

,000

75Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


4.ST

RAT

EGY

ENA

BLE

RS

4.2.

Clim



ASP

ECT

CLI

MAT

E C

HA

NG

E ED

UC

ATIO

N, C

OM

MU

NIC

ATIO

N A

ND

PU

BLI

C A

WA

REN

ESS

THEM

EC

omm

unic

atio

n an

d aw

aren

ess

rais

ing

STR

ATEG

Y d)

Com

mun

icat

e cl

imat

e ch

ange

mes

sage

s in

corp

orat

ing

indi

geno

us k

now

ledg

e sy

stem

s.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

76In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

D1

Doc

umen

t and

mai

nstre

am in

dige

nous

kno

wle

dge

syst

ems

on c

limat

e ch

ange

into

com

mun

icat

ion

and

awar

enes

s ra

isin

g sy

stem

s.

Med

ium

term

MEW

C

MH

TEST

D; M

ICTP

CS;

MM

IBS;

MPS

E; M

LGPW

NH

; Res

earc

hIn

stitu

tions

; Med

ia H

ouse

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

DP;

UN

ESC

O; O

ther

UN

Age

ncie

s;Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

USD

500

,000

76Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


5.C

LIM

ATE

CH

AN

GE

GO

VER

NA

NC

E

5.1

Clim

ate Change Governance and Institutional Framework

5.1.

1C

limat

e C

hang

e G

over

nanc

e

ASP

ECT

CLI

MAT

E C

HA

NG

E G

OVE

RN

AN

CE

THEM

EC

limat

e C

hang

e G

over

nanc

e

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Mai

nstr

eam

clim

ate

chan

ge in

to u

rban

and

rura

l dev

elop

men

t pla

nnin

g, in

fras

truc

ture

, inv

estm

ents

and

ser

vice

del

iver

y.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

77In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1Pr

omot

e a

mul

ti-st

akeh

olde

r app

roac

h in

urb

an a

ndru

ral d

evel

opm

ent p

lann

ing,

infra

stru

ctur

e,in

vest

men

ts a

nd s

ervi

ce d

eliv

ery.

Shor

t ter

mM

LGPW

NH

MEP

D; M

EWC

; MH

CC

; M

PSLS

W;

MW

AGC

D; M

TID

; MAM

ID; P

rivat

eSe

ctor

; Com

mun

ities

; CSO

s;

UN

Age

ncie

s an

d D

evel

opm

ent

Partn

ers

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

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elop

men

t Par

tner

sU

SD 8

00,0

00

A2Bu

ild th

e in

stitu

tiona

l, fin

anci

al a

nd a

dapt

ive

capa

city

of l

ocal

aut

horit

ies

to a

ddre

ss c

limat

eha

zard

s an

d to

ado

pt b

udge

ts a

nd p

lans

that

are

resp

onsi

ve to

clim

ate

chan

ge.

Med

ium

tolo

ng te

rmM

LGPW

NH

MEW

C; M

F; L

ocal

Aut

horit

ies;

Com

mun

ities

; CSO

s; U

N A

genc

ies

and

Dev

elop

men

t Par

tner

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Wor

ldBa

nk; A

frica

n D

evel

opm

ent

Bank

; Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

;D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

USD

15

milli

on

A3Pr

omot

e Pu

blic

-Priv

ate-

Com

mun

ity P

artn

ersh

ips

(PPC

Ps) i

n th

e de

liver

y of

ser

vice

s su

ch a

sim

prov

ed w

ater

and

san

itatio

n fo

r low

-inco

me

hous

ehol

ds a

nd d

evel

opm

ent o

f urb

anin

frast

ruct

ure

and

hous

ing

as a

n ad

apta

tion

stra

tegy

.

Long

term

MLG

PWN

HM

EWC

; MTI

D; P

rivat

e Se

ctor

; C

SOs;

Urb

an W

ASH

;U

N A

genc

ies;

Dev

elop

men

t Par

tner

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

Wor

ldBa

nk; A

fDB;

Priv

ate

Sect

or;

UN

ICEF

; Dev

elop

men

tPa

rtner

s

USD

70

milli

on

77Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


5.C

LIM

ATE

CH

AN

GE

GO

VER

NA

NC

E

5.1

Clim

ate Change Governance and Institutional Framework

5.1.

2C

limat

e C

hang

e In

stitu

tiona

l Fra

mew

ork

ASP

ECT

CLI

MAT

E C

HA

NG

E G

OVE

RN

AN

CE

THEM

EC

limat

e C

hang

e In

stitu

tiona

l Fra

mew

ork

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Inst

itutio

naliz

e th

e cl

imat

e ch

ange

resp

onse

gov

erna

nce

fram

ewor

k at

nat

iona

l, pr

ovin

cial

and

com

mun

ity le

vels

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

78In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1St

reng

then

exi

stin

g go

vern

ance

stru

ctur

es a

tna

tiona

l, pr

ovin

cial

and

com

mun

ity le

vels

toin

corp

orat

e cl

imat

e ch

ange

.

Shor

t ter

mM

EWC

O

PC; M

LGPW

NH

; Lin

e M

inis

tries

;Lo

cal A

utho

ritie

s; C

omm

uniti

es;

CSO

s

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

Agen

cies

; Priv

ate

Sect

or;

Oth

er D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

USD

1 m

illion

78Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars


5.C

LIM

ATE

CH

AN

GE

GO

VER

NA

NC

E

5.2

Clim

ate Change Policy and Legal Framework

ASP

ECT

CLI

MAT

E C

HA

NG

E G

OVE

RN

AN

CE

THEM

EC

limat

e C

hang

e Po

licy

and

Lega

l fra

mew

ork

STR

ATEG

Y a)

Ena

ct a

n en

ablin

g po

licy

envi

ronm

ent f

or c

limat

e ch

ange

resp

onse

.

AC

TIO

NS

Act

ion

79In

dica

tive

Tim

e Fr

ame

Lead

A

genc

yC

o-op

erat

ing

Age

ncie

s Po

tent

ial S

ourc

e fo

rR

esou

rces

Mob

ilisa

tion

Estim

ated

C

osts

A1R

evie

w la

ws

and

polic

ies

gove

rnin

g cl

imat

ech

ange

.Sh

ort t

erm

MEW

C

MJL

PA; L

ine

Min

istri

es; C

SOs;

Com

mun

ities

; UN

Age

ncie

s;D

evel

opm

ent P

artn

ers

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

Agen

cies

; Pr

ivat

e Se

ctor

;O

ther

Dev

elop

men

t Par

tner

s;C

OM

ESA

USD

250

,000

A2D

evel

op a

clim

ate

chan

ge p

olic

y.Sh

ort t

erm

MEW

C

MJL

PA; L

ine

Min

istri

es; C

SOs;

Com

mun

ities

Gov

ernm

ent T

reas

ury;

UN

DP;

UN

ICEF

; Oth

er U

N A

genc

ies;

Priv

ate

Sect

or; O

ther

Dev

elop

men

t Par

tner

s;C

OM

ESA

USD

750

,000

79Sh

ort t

erm

=1-

5 ye

ars;

med

ium

term

= 6-

10 y

ears

; lon

g te

rm =

mor

e th

an 1

0 ye

ars

zimbabwe’s national climate change response strategy · 2018. 3. 1. · zimbabwe has actively...

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