zigbee and bluetooth - dhirubhai ambani institute of...
TRANSCRIPT
ZIGBEE AND BLUETOOTH
By-
Satyavrat Mudgil(200701194)
Suyash Misra(200701045)
Index:
Inroduction
Why Zigbee ?
Zigbee Explained
Zigbee Latest Development
Zigbee Application Example(Health Care)
IntroductionThe goal is “to provide the consumer with ultimate flexibility, mobility, and ease of use by building wireless intelligence and capabilities into every day devices. ZigBee technology will be embedded in a wide range of products and applications across consumer, commercial, industrial and government markets worldwide.
For the first time, companies will have a standards-based wireless platform optimized for the unique needs of remote monitoring and control applications, including simplicity, reliability, low-cost and low-power”.
ZigBee is one of the global standards of communication protocol formulated by the relevant task force under the IEEE 802.15 working group.
The fourth in the series, WPAN Low Rate/ ZigBee is the newest and provides specifications for devices that have low data rates, consume very low power and are thus characterized by long battery life.
The target networks encompass a wide range of devices with low data rates in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) radio bands(Unlicensed Bands)
ISM 2.4 GHz Global Band at 250kbps
868 MHz European Band at 20kbps
915 MHz North American Band at 40kbps
Zigbee Applications
Why Zigbee?
Only standards-based technology that addresses
the unique needs of remote monitoring &control,
and sensory network applications.
Enables deployment of wireless networks with low
cost, low power solutions.
Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for a typical monitoring
application.
The ZigBee Standard has evolved standardized sets
of solutions, called layers.
As WPAN(wireless personal area network
802.15.4) implies a reach of only a few meters, 30
feet in the case of ZigBee, the network will have
several layers, so designed as to enable
intrapersonal communication within the network,
connection to a network of higher level and
ultimately an uplink to the Web.
Zigbee Explained
Zigbee Device Types:
•The ZigBee coordinator node:
•Only one ZigBee coordinator in each network to act as the router
to other networks
•Designed to store information about the network.
• The full function device FFD :
•The FFD is an intermediary router transmitting data from other
devices.
•It needs lesser memory than the ZigBee coordinator node.
•It can act as a coordinator.
•The reduced function device RFD :
•This device is just capable of talking in the network.
•It cannot relay data from other devices.
• Requiring even less memory, (no flash, very little ROM and RAM).
• RFD will thus be cheaper than an FFD.
•The functions of the Coordinator, which usually remains in the
receptive mode, network set-up, beacon transmission, node
management, storage of node information and message routing
between nodes.
•The network node, however, is meant to save energy (and so
„sleeps' for long periods) and its functions include searching for
network availability, data transfer, checks for pending data and
queries for data from the coordinator.
Client Specific
Zigbee Alliance
IEEE 802.15.4
Zigbee: Layered Structure
This level includes the ZigBee Device Object (ZDO),
user-defined application profile(s) and the Application
Support (APS) sub-layer.
The APS sub-layer maintains tables that enable
matching between two devices and communication
among them, and also discovery devices that operate
in the operating space of any device.
ZDO covers the task of determining the nature of the
device in the network, Commencing and Replying to
binding requests
Application Support layer
The General Operation
Framework (GOF)
•It is a glue layer between applications and rest of the
protocol stack.
•The GOF currently covers sub-addressing and
addressing modes and device descriptions, such as
type of device, power source, sleep modes, and
coordinators.
•The GOF specifies methods, events, and data
formats that are used by application profiles to
construct set/get commands and their responses.
Network layer(NWK)
The NWK layer associates or dissociates devices using the
network coordinator.
Implements security and routes frames to their intended
destination.
NWK layer of the network coordinator is responsible for
starting a new network and assigning an address to newly
associated devices.
The NWK layer supports multiple network topologies
including Star, Cluster tree and Mesh.
Mesh topology
Star Topology
Media Access Control (MAC)
Layer• The IEEE802.15.4 MAC layer permits use of several
topologies and is meant to work with large numbers of
devices.
•Security and Data integrity are key benefits provided by
the security model of the MAC sub-layer which specifies
four security services:
•Access control—the device maintains a list of trusted devices
within the network
•Data encryption, which uses symmetric key 128-bit advanced
encryption standard
•Frame integrity to protect data from being modified by
parties without cryptographic keys
•Sequential freshness to reject data frames that have been
replayed.
Physical(PHY) Layer•The IEEE802.15.4 PHY layer accommodates high levels of
integration by using direct sequence to permit simplicity in the
analog circuitry .
The PHY provides two services:
•PHY data service
•PHY management service
The main features of the PHY:
•Activation and Deactivation of the radio transceiver
•Energy Detection (ED)
•Link Quality Indication (LQI)
•Channel Selection
•Clear Channel Assessment (CCA)
•Transmitting as well as receiving packets across the
physical medium.
Zigbee Routing Algorithm
AODV: Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector
AODV is a pure on-demand route acquisition algorithm: nodes that do not lie on active paths neither maintain any routing information nor participate in any periodic routing table exchanges.
Further, anode does not have to discover and maintain a route to another node until the two need to communicate, unless the former node is offering services as an intermediate forwarding station to maintain connectivity between two other nodes.
.
ZigBee employs either of two
modes:
•Beacon Mode
•Non-Beacon Mode
Beacon Mode:
•Device watches out for the coordinator's beacon that gets
transmitted periodically, locks on and looks for messages addressed
to it.
•Beacon mode is a mechanism for controlling power consumption in
extended networks such as cluster tree or mesh.
•It enables all the clients to know when to communicate with each
other.
•A superframe structure set up by network coordinator to transmit
beacons at predetermined intervals is used to control channel access.
•If message transmission is complete the end device „goes to sleep„
and in fact, the coordinator itself switches to sleep mode.
Non Beacon Mode:
•The non-beacon mode will be included in a system where devices are
„asleep' nearly always, as in smoke detectors and burglar alarms.
•The devices wake up and confirm their continued presence in the network
at random intervals.
•On detection of activity, the sensors „spring to attention', as it were, and
transmit to the ever-waiting coordinator's receiver (since it is mains-
powered).
•Standard ALOHA CSMA-CA communicates with positive
acknowledgement for successfully received packets. It operates like a two-
way radio network, where each client is autonomous and can initiate a
conversation at will, but could interfere with others unintentionally.
Microcontroller and Zigbee
A ZigBee-enabled device includes an RF IC with a partially implemented PHY layer connected to a low-power, low-voltage 8-bit microcontroller with peripherals, connected to an application sensor or actuators.
The protocol stack and application firmware reside in on-chip flash memory. The entire ZigBee device can be compact and cost efficient.
Zigbee Latest
The ZigBee Alliance has announced that the new health
care profile is available for public download. The profile
is designed to make it easier for people to live with
health conditions that need monitoring. -6th april 2010
To simplify and expedite the development and
deployment of ZigBee applications, many network-
management software developing companies are coming
up with their network operating platform, they mainly
addresses key operational challenges related to building,
deploying and managing networks that use the open
ZigBee low-power wireless protocol.
Ex-Tendril Network Operating Platform(TNOP)
Zigbee in Health Care
Zigbee in Health Care
References
•http://www.embedded.com/columns/technicalinsights/18902431?_requestid=379191.
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AODV.
•http://www.ieee802.org/15/.
•http://www.zigbee.org/LearnMore/WhitePapers.aspx.
•http://mobiledevdesign.com/hardware_news/radio_platform_simplifies_development/
•Bluetooth is a wireless technology for creating personal networks operating in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed band, with a range of 10 meters•. Networks are usually formed ad-hoc from portable devices such as cellular phones, handhelds and laptops•It operates on a packet-based protocol with a master-slave structure. (One master may communicate with up to 7 slaves in a piconet)•Bluetooth provides a secure way to connect and exchange information between devices•The Bluetooth specifications are developed and licensed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group
Bluetooth has 3 main areas of application
• Communication between Data/Voice Access Point• Applications requiring Cable replacement• Personal Ad-hoc networks
Key Features
•Robustness•Low complexity• Low power: battery powered• Low cost
ARCHITECTURE - PROTOCOL STACK
•Baseband - specifies or implements the medium access & physical layer procedures between Bluetooth devices
•Link Manager Protocol (LMP) - It is used to control and negotiate all aspects of the operation of the Bluetooth connection between two devices. This includes the set-up and control of logical transports & links, and for control of physical links. The Link Manager Protocol is used to communicate between the Link Managers (LM) on the two devices.
•Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)- It supports higher level protocolmultiplexing, packet segmentation and reassembly, and the conveying of quality of service information.
•Software Discovery Protocol(SDP) - Allows a device to discover services supported by other devices, and their associated parameters. For example, when connecting a mobile phone to a Bluetooth headset, SDP will be used for determining which profiles are supported by the headset and the protocol multiplexer settings needed to connect to each of them.
•Host Controller Interface- The HCI provides a command interface to the baseband controller and link manager, and access to configuration parameters.
•RFCOMM – It is a serial line emulation protocol and is used for providing serial data transfer.
There are a number of other protocols like –BNEP (Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol)AVCTP (Audio/Visual Control Transport Protocol)AVDTP (Audio/Visual Data Transport Protocol)Telephone control protocolAdopted protocols
Note - Mandatory protocols for all Bluetooth stacks are: LMP, L2CAP and SDP. Additionally, these protocols are almost universally supported: HCI and RFCOMM.
The various states that a device
can be in for a bluetooth
connection.
Features
Platform Features
•Microcontroller Atmel ATmega 103L (4MHz, 4MIPS, 4k ram, 128 flash, 4k eeprom, 3.3V: 5.5mA active, 1.6mA idle, 1uA powered down.)
•Bluetooth module: Ericsson rok 101 007
•Analog in: 8 x 10-bit AD converter, can also be used as digital ins
•Digital i/o: 16-bit
•Interrupt lines: 3, edge or level triggered
•Serial: 2 xUART: one hardware @ 57.6Kbps, one software @9.6 Kbps
A Minimal Bluetooth-BasedComputing and Communication Platform
A USB Bluetooth dongle/module
Operating System Support• Apple has supported Bluetooth since Mac OS X v10.2 which was released in 2002
• For Microsoft platforms, Windows XP Service Pack 2 and later releases have native support
for Bluetooth
• FreeBSD features Bluetooth support since its 5.0 release.,
• Linux-
The standard kernel source tree only recently accepted the Bluez
Bluetooth stack,but it may not yet possess all the features some
application developers require.It requires Linux 2.4.4 or greater.
Hence the other two Linux protcol stacks are
IBM’s BlueDrekar is a nice-looking implementation distributed in
binary form for x86 platforms running 2.2.x.Source is not freely available to the general public.
OpenBT is an open source project with support for most stack protocols and features and
may work well enough for embedded devices. It has been ported to a variety of processors and
can be cross-compiled,but it is still early in its development and not a fully-featured implementation.
Source is available and has been used on x86,ARM9,ARM7,MIPS,and PowerPCs.
.
Bluetooth is extremely successful , especially in the mobile marketing.
All the leading mobile manufacturers – Nokia, Motorola etc. use an inbuilt
Bluetooth module in their models.
The classic bluetooth technology despite tremendous success –
• misses a key market i.e. ULP wireless connectivity, which runs on coin cell
batteries.(peak current 15mA)
• Bluetooth unable to run on coin cell batteries. Peak current of (35-40mA)
• Thus to increase scope of existing technology an alternative Bluetooth
technology under development, that consumes lower power
• Initial applications for Bluetooth low energy wireless technology include
leisure, healthcare, entertainment and office.
In the dual mode implementation, Bluetooth low energy functionality is integrated into traditional Bluetooth circuitry.
Single mode chips will be stand-alone, highly integrated and compact devices.
•A person taking a workout could use his smartphone as the centre of a Personal Area
Network (PAN) comprising Bluetooth low energy-running shoes, heart rate belt and sports
watch.
The sport swatch could communicate with a single mode Bluetooth low energy chip in a
gym's rowing machine, and pass on the data to a mobile phone.
•Bluetooth low energy could also be used to monitor heart rate and blood pressure and then
wirelessly connect to a mobile phone that could then send an SMS message to a physician.
•Or a runner could log heart rate, distance and speed and send it to friends' mobile phones
for them to beat on their own runs.
•Or a winemaker could record temperature and humidity from sensors in a vineyard as he
strolls around inspecting plants.
A few possible low power Bluetooth application scenarios
Comparison – ZigBee & Bluetooth
THANK YOU
References
• http://www.bluetooth.com/
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth
• http://www.smart-its.org
• http://sourceforge.net/projects
•http://www.wirelessnetdesignline.com/news/222002397;jsessionid=M
OZQYUNI2PXDJQE1GHOSKH4ATMY32JVN?pgno=1
• Bluetooth Application Developer’s Guide: David Kammer, Gordon
Mcnutt , Brian Senese, Jennifer Bray