zhiwei zhao & jørgen riis jepsen: fatigue at sea. chronic health effects and preliminary...
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Zhiwei Zhao & Jørgen Riis Jepsen:
Fatigue at Sea. Chronic health effects and preliminary results
from an interview and questionnaire study of European and Chinese seafarers
The 18th Annual European Manning and Training Conference Copenhagen 28-29 April [email protected], [email protected]
Interviews and questionnaires
Two companies in Europe 5 + 9 interviews 314 + 140 questionnaires
Two companies in China 20 + 17 interviews 230 + 253 questionnaires
In total 61 interviews and 937 questionnaires
Chronic health effects of fatigue due to lack of sleep
Metabolic disorders• Obesity• Metabolic syndrome• Diabetes II• Hyper-lipaemia
Cardiovascular disorders• Hypertension• Atherosclerosis• Stroke• Myocardial infarction
Chronic health effects of fatigue Sleeping disorders
Insomnia Sleep apnoea/hypopnoea Delayed/advanced sleep phase syndrome
Gastrointestinal disorders Peptic ulcer Irritable bowel syndrome
Common infections Mental disorders
Depression Cancer Multiple sclerosis
Competing factors on board that contribute to the adverse health effects of fatigue
Nutrition Quality Quantity Soft drinks Sweets
Energy expenditure Sedentary work Exercise
Smoking
Predictive fatigue risk factors Regression analysis based on questionnaire data
The analyses focus specifically on the prediction of fatigue outcomes according to three fatigue scales:
General fatigue
Fatigue at work
Fatigue after work
A means of clarifying the relative importance and the intercorrelation of various predictive factors already identified as useful in predicting fatigue
Provides a more precise interpretation of the findings, incorporating the fact that certain fatigue risk factors are more predictive of fatigue than others
Facilitates the development of a more comprehensive picture of seafarers’ fatigue
One example: General fatigueEnvironmental factors were the most important
in predicting general fatigue.However, the actual construct and correlated attributes
of environmental factors appear to be complex
Variable selected Variables identified as highly related to environmental factors
Pearson correlation
Environmental factors-Bad weather-Temperature-Quality of bed-Light-Noise-Ship motion-Other environmental factor
How much sleep do you feel you get in general?
- 0.397*
Do you ever consider your working hours to present a danger to your personal health and safety?
0.303*
Do you find the switch from working at sea to working in the port particularly fatiguing?
0.268*
Ranking of important predictors forfatigue for each category of fatigueVariable General
fatigueFatigue at work
Fatigue after work
Environmental factors 1 3 1
Job demands 2 2 4
Getting up difficulties 3 1 3
Extent of fatigue when on watch 4 - 2
How much sleep do you feel you get in general? 5 5 5
Do you regularly have the opportunity to gain at least 6 hours uninterupted rest?
6 4 -
After arriving to the ship, did you have the opportunity to sleep before starting your first shift at work?
7 - -
Number of crew members on present ship - 6 7
Sleep quality - - 6
Additional predictors Subsequent to the regression analyses four more variables were identified as especially useful in terms of predicting fatigue, including
Age (Elderly more vulnerable) Rank (Officers more in risk) Do you regularly have the opportunity to
gain 10 hours rest in every 24-hr period? Do you ever consider your working hours
to present a danger to your personal health and safety?
How to reduce fatigue – The analysis of questionnaire data
How useful the following measures in reducing fatigue divided by regions of companies (n=841)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
Europe
China
How to reduce fatigue – Views from seafarers
Self-managementSelf-discipline, taking all the time available to have a restImprove professional skillsImprove Senior officers’ management skills Communicate with work mates and actively help each other
Companies’ managementManage working-period at sea reasonably (6 months favoured by many Chinese seafarers)Reduce workload by using electronic files and cutting out unnecessary jobs/papersMore attention to ship repair/maintenance in order to reduce work at seaSufficient time to relax on land in the daytime when ships call at portMore facilities for recreation and entertainment on board (inflatable swimming pool, treadmill, weights). Communication equipment to facilitate contact with families to release pressure
Current management of fatigue risks
Before going on board ships Companies provide training including methods for relieving pressure,
exercises and adjusted diet, etc. Seafarers assessed such training as unsystematic and with limited
effect.
On board ships Organizing collective activities, communicating with the crew and
expressing concern for them Promotion events held on a regular basis Paying close attention to the performance of crew to predict the degree
of their fatigue. Adjusting the rest time of seafarers in exceptional cases.