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01©2008 by THE YOKOHAMA RUBBER CO., LTD.

Pr inted in Germany

Printed on recycled paper

T E C H N O L O G Y H A N D B O O K

The Zenv i ronment ser ies has been deve loped by YOKOHAMA

to cont r ibute to the g loba l emiss ions reduct ion programme.

YOKOHAMA has c reated new techno log ies in fac tory p rocesses ,

as wel l as new ty re des igns , compounds and const ruct ions .

Through our ac t iv i t ies ,

we want to cont r ibute

to the env i ronment

and we a lways

endeavor to use on ly

env i ronmenta l l y - f r iend ly

mater ia ls .

H1-H4

The al l -new Zenvironment l ine of tyres for trucks and buses

improves fuel economy and provides long-l i fe service.

Technological advancements in tyres can reduce the environmental impact in several ways.

YOKOHAMA has led advances in tyre technologies for improving fuel economy,

which reduce emissions and curta i l the output of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide.

Our a l l -new Zenvironment l ine of truck and bus tyres

incorporates further progress in the improvement of fuel economy.

The shape of a tyre and the quality of its rubber changes due to

daily use. To tackle this, YOKOHAMA has focused on the

research of the growth of strains inside tyres and the

degradation of the material properties. We aim to extend the

life of a casing. We have developed strong and flexible

compounds to reinforce the initial structure and improve

anti-aging performance. With the Strain Control Tyre Profile, we

worked on redesigning the inner parts of the tyre. We predicted

strain changes resulting from a tyre shape growth due to

running and the rupture of rubber resulting from aging, and

introduced YOKOHAMA's original concept, The Margin of

Safety Ratio. The Zenvironment series was created taking into

account the total lifespan of a tyre.

Effective utilization of the earth's resources

Safety Area

Running time

Traditional

Zenvironment

Mar

gin

of

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Rat

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P2 -3

Zenvironment

New Tread Design

Newly-developed Tread Compounds

Longer Original Tread Life

Longer Casing Life

Longer Tyre Life

New Tyre Profile

New Inner LinerConstruction

Newly-developedCasing Compounds

Lower Rolling Resistance

Better Fuel Economy

Newly-developed Tread Compounds

By using newly-developed mixing methodVaries depending on product

By using newly-developed mixing method

By using newly-developed mixing methodVaries depending on product

TECHNOLOGY- 1

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: COMPOUND

YOKOHAMA started by working on

the development of new methods

to produce tyres that can last

longer and are stronger.

Improvements in the compound mixing process have increased

durabil i ty greatly in the Zenvironment tyres.

YOKOHAMA’s aim is to produce ideal compounds

that are tough and flexible.

The theme "Reduce & Reuse" should not be ignored when

consider ing the environmental performance of future tyres.

Previously, the mixing and kneading of rubber and carbon, which

act as a stiffener, were carried out simultaneously in the mixer.

This method heats the mixture to a high temperature, which

results in breaking the molecules of the rubber and produces

insuff icient torque; therefore, the eff iciency of dispersion is

lowered. YOKOHAMA has worked on increasing the durability of

casings to increase the life of a tyre. The result is a new method,

the Lower Temperature / Higher Torque Mixing Method. This

method kneads the rubber at a low temperature using rol ls.

Rubber and carbon can be mixed more uniformly because the

functions of the mixer and the rolls are divided. Kneading rubber

with rol ls at a low temperature can provide sufficient torque.

This can prevent molecules of rubber from being broken and

improve their dispersion. Totally new compounds that are tough

and flexible can be produced. YOKOHAMA succeeded in extending

the l i fe in or ig inal t read durabi l i ty and casing l i fe for better

retreadability.

Tradit ional Mixing Method

Multi-Step Mixing

The traditional multi-step mixing process

mixes and kneads the rubber simultaneously.

The long periods of mixing result in

high temperatures, which tend to cause

deterioration in the quality of rubber.

One Step Mixing & Roll Mixing

The new method performs the kneading of the

rubber on rollers after the rubber has been mixed.

This process results in lower temperatures.

It thus minimizes the splitting of the rubber's

long polymer chains and promotes a more even

distribution of the carbon black particles, which

are used as a reinforcing agent.

New Lower Temperature /

Higher Torque Mixing MethodTraditional Mixing Method

Rubber Structure Model

Rubber(polymer)Rubber(polymer)

Carbon

Carbon

Dioxide

Rubber /Reinforcing Agent

and others

Rubber /Reinforcing Agent

and others

Mixer

Mixer

Mixer Mixer Mixer

Compound

Compound

Compound

Roll

Compound Compound Compound

New Lower Temperature /

Higher Torque Mixing Method

Tough and flexible rubberSoft and less flexible rubber

Traditional Mixing Method

[04-05]

The distribution of carbon particles is more even in rubber produced with the New

Lower Temperature / Higher Torque Mixing Method process than in traditionally

processed rubber.

The new Lower Temperature / Higher Torque Mixing Method significantly

reduces dioxide obstacles and disperses carbon in rubber evenly.

Microscopic Imagery reveals the improvement in rubbercomposition that results from the new Lower Temperature /Higher Torque Mixing Method

Lower Temperature / Higher Torque Mixing MethodNew

P4-5

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TECHNOLOGY- 2 : PROFILE

Simulation of abrand-new tyre

Shape of the tyre growth due to running

Double Inflation Pressure Simulation Method

Prospect of about0.5% growth Simulation of the tyre

growth due to use

The Strain Control Tyre Profile reduces strain energy.

Strain Control Tyre Profile Development of New Profiles

The period of using radial tyres for trucks and buses is longer in the

"grown" state than in a "brand-new" state. YOKOHAMA studied the

anti-aging performance. Heat generated during running increases

the internal temperature of tyres, causing their outside diameter to

grow slightly. Tyres generally halt growing after 40,000 to 50,000 km.

Until then, their outside diameter grows. The traditional performance

evaluation could not always give strict results because it evaluated

new tyre state only. YOKOHAMA developed its own simulation

method, the Double Inflation Pressure Simulation Method,

to solve the problem.

This method can precisely analyze potential strains inside tyres

in a entire tyre life through a computer simulation.

The Zenvironment series conducts the Total Strain Tyre Control.

A tyre profi le with high durabi l i ty is achieved, which makes

the tread growth due to running more uniform.

New Concept

Current Profi le

New Concept

Inflation Pressure A

Inflation Pressure B

Over the course of their l i fe,

tyres change, they wear out,

they become harder.

Predicting these changes

can enhance durabil ity. Even small changes in the tyres due to use

can make a difference.

The Strain Control Tyre Profile is completed on the

basis of an in-depth prediction of strains.

P6-7

[06-07]

Our Tyre designs are based on a prediction of their growth.

This method is YOKOHAMA's own computer simulation for predicting tyre growth due to running.

By using this method, the ultimate tyre / casing profile with uniform tyre growth can be determined

for each product.

The Double Inflation Pressure Simulation Method

enhances uniform profiles at brand-new state and

after growth.

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TECHNOLOGY- : CONSTRUCTION3

YOKOHAMA has created a new construct ion.

Heat generated by oxygen contained in the air inflation pressure

chambers of tyres causes oxidation and degradation of the rubber

inside a tyre. With the Zenvironment series, YOKOHAMA redesigned

the tyre inner liner construction, so that oxidation and therefore

degradation could be prolonged. A new carcass shape with the Strain

Control Tyre Profile and new compounds that are strong and flexible

were used, resulting in tougher-than-ever casings.

The Lower Temperature / Higher Torque Mixing Method was

also used to produce tread compounds. Specially designed tread

compounds have significantly increased wear-resistance due to the

optimum composition balance of rubber. The long life performance

and the fuel-efficient series were made by combining new tread

patterns with tread compounds optimized for wear-resistance and

fuel-efficiency.

Reducing the waste of resources

reduces environmental impacts.

Newly-designed tyre inner liner construction improves

Anti-Aging Performance.

New Tread Compounds are Wear-resistant

and have less Rolling Resistance.

Newly-developed Tread Compounds

The newly-developed tread compounds extend

the mileage and improve the rolling resistance

without sacrificing important factors such as wet

performance, cutting / chipping resistance.*Varies depending on product

Newly-developed Carcass Profile

For improved casing life

New Inner Liner Construction

For improved casing life

Newly-developed Casing Compounds

The newly-developed casing compounds increase the casing life for multi-retreads.

P8 -9

[08-09]

YOKOHAMA wants to reduce emissions even further.

YOKOHAMA also wants to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx)

and particulate matter (PM) to protect the environment.

We will never stop pursuing our quest to make tyres

run more efficiently.

With the evolution of tyres, vehicles will evolve.

At YOKOHAMA, we will never stop trying to solve

problems on a global scale.

P10-11