yu.oreta.ibabao.hechanova.bkkpaper final v3

7/25/2019 Yu.oreta.ibabao.hechanova.bkkpaper Final v3

1/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

F

Supporting Local Initiatives in Preserving Heritage BuildingsIn Iloilo City (Philippines) through Risk Assessment

Kirk Kennedy U. Yu1, Andres Winston C. Oreta2, Rhodella A. Ibabao3, and Noel Hechanova4

1Graduate Student, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines, [email protected], Civil Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines,

[email protected] Professor, Department of Management, University of the Philippines-Visayas, Iloilo City,

Philippines, [email protected], Iloilo City Community Environment and Natural Resources, Iloilo City, Philippines,

[email protected]

______________________________________________________________________

Abstract

Part of the Philippines history is characterized by colonial rule. From a pre-colonial era of Musliminfluence, to a 300-year long Spanish rule, to a 40-year American occupation and some four-year

Japanese sovereignty, the countrys culture has been a unique complexity of coalescing threads ofdifferent cultures as espoused in the heritage buildings found in the country.

The City of Iloilo saw one of the first establishments of Spanish rule and became a prominent centre forSpanish religious-political seat. Standing today are Spanish-themed churches and monuments that standas a testament to the strong colonial heritage in the city. The downtown central business district of the cityhosts 26 identified heritage buildings, which were houses of illustrados and trading bazaars ofentrepreneurial Chinese, during the era.

Heritage buildings are a monument to the resiliency and spirit of a peoples culture. However, thesebuildings are of ancient built and are prone to several hazards as their physical condition deteriorates withage. Iloilo city is at the forefront of preserving these buildings through the creation of a Cultural Councilthat promulgates guidelines, mitigation and rehabilitation projects. The City has released an ordinance

and implementing guidelines that control renovations, preservations and new construction to conform tothe citys cultural view. These structures, however, are threatened by hazards such as earthquake, fireand typhoon. Hence, a qualitative, semi-quantitative rapid risk assessment that covers multi hazards isproposed for ranking and prioritization of buildings. The aim of the assessment is to shortlist riskybuildings needing immediate attention.

______________________________________________________________________

1. Introduction

Some structures in Iloilo City were built during the American period while a fewdates back to Spanish times. However, the methods of construction, the materials usedin the building, the implemented design and constant wear and tear lead to aggravate

the structural integrity of the structures. This is in keeping with the basic principle thatthe usefulness of a structure varies inversely with the increasing life of a building. In acatalogue developed by the Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation Council, theoldest building listed was built in the year 1922 (Iloilo City Cultural HeritageConservation Council 2006). In the same catalogue, the aforementioned city ordinancewas also published. One of the provisions for a building to be considered in the shortlistis that it must be at least 50 years old.


2/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

D

In a study conducted by (O'Connor 2004), surveys were conducted about thereason behind demolition of structures in North America. Contrary to popular belief thatstructures are demolished because of their physical condition, majority of the buildingswere demolished due to area development reasons, which was observed for 34.8-percent of 227 buildings surveyed (O'Connor 2004). For non-residential buildings, most

were young at point of demolition, with an age of 26-50 years. This implies that most ofthe buildings that were demolished due to area development were young, and,consequently they have not yet reached their design age. The physical condition wascited as a secondary reason for demolition at 30.8-per cent (O'Connor 2004), of thesebuildings, about 65-percent are between 76-100 years old (O'Connor 2004).

In view of the above, the proposed study presents a very interesting case for thisresearch. Heritage buildings are meant to be preserved and maintained, they are notstructures that can be demolished solely for area development purposes. Thesebuildings actually live beyond their design age and put to the test, their physicalcondition. At longer times of preservation, these buildings run the risk of demolition

because of degrading physical condition.

While it is integral to keep and maintain culture as part of our identity as Filipino,the main constraint on keeping heritage buildings is its vulnerability to risks such as fire,seismic activity and extreme wind conditions. The Philippines, being a country locatedat the Pacific Ring of Fire, stands to welcome a great number of hazards every year.The Philippine National Red Cross lists that the country receives about, on average,twenty tropical cyclones each year (Philippine Red Cross n.d.). In addition to this, thecountry has a total of twenty-three active volcanoes (Philippine Institute of Volcanologyand Seismology 2008) and has records of several seismic activities every day. Specificto the City of Iloilo, the city is situated near the Western Panay Fault Line (Philippine

Institute of Volcanology and Seismology n.d.) and is identified by the Philippine Instituteof Volcanology and Seismology (PHILVOLCS) as an area prone to soil liquefaction. Areport accomplished by the Citizens Disaster Response Centre (CDRC) for the year2012 lists Philippines as the top country in the world with the most number of deathsdue to natural disasters at 2, 360 people (Citizen's Disaster Response Center 2012).Top five disasters included both fire, land slide (seismic or cyclone induced) and stormsurges (cyclone induced). Natural hazards of earthquake, fire and tropical cycloneappear in the top five hazards that affect the most number of populations at a combinednumber of 4, 192, 915 people (Citizen's Disaster Response Center 2012).

Combining the hazards facing the city and the compromised nature of thebuildings structural integrity, a structural risk assessment is needed.


3/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

G

2. Local Government Policies for Heritage Building Protection

The programs and projects on heritage preservation in the City of Iloilo are

guided by the City Ordinance number 00-54 and its Implementing Rules and

Regulations (IRR), as well as by the National Building Code of the Philippines. The city

ordinance declared certain building structures or sites as local heritage or legacybuildings and prescribed for their use and conservation (Iloilo City Ordinance No. 00-

054). The same ordinance also created the Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation

Council. (ICCHCC) The IRR can be summarized into two main sections: (1) controls for

preservation, construction and design of external facade and (2) responsibilities and

functions of the Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation Council (City Government of

Iloilo 2010).

2.1 Controls for Preservation, Construction and Design

In the first section, the policy adheres to a singular idea that the entire faade ofthe city must cohere together into a cultural cityscape. As such, the guidelines maderequire certain controls on the buildings architectural aspect. These include itselevation, theme, material, masonry work, external finishes and the like. This isparticularly observed in Section nine of the IRR. In this section, entitled EnvelopControl, provisions for infill sites, new construction and repair work are given. Infill siteswere seen as an avenue to help improve a coherent cityscape that adheres to thecultural theme of the city. The sites, when proposed for new construction work mustadhere to the streetscape, material, roof scape, building line, architectural faade, formand street edge. Faade control is also given importance by restricting the uniformity ofthe buildings openings, parapets, cornices, arcaded walks and the like (City

Government of Iloilo 2010). Repair works were classified into two categories:conforming and non-conforming structures. Conforming structures, including identifiedheritage buildings, should be restored to its original condition. The material and finishingmust be similar to the original material. On the other hand, non-conforming structureswere given five years from date of IRR implementation to conform to the guidelines.

Specific faade control was stipulated in Section ten of the same IRR. Controlson building height and massing, storefront doors and windows, cornices and fascia arediscussed. Buildings are recommended to utilize setbacks and varying roof heights inorder to follow the surrounding buildings. Storefront doors and windows must allow foroptimum viewing of the inside store; this means windows must be maximized for

exposure. Cornices and fascia must be restored to follow the original designnotwithstanding the use of the same material. Exterior walls must be cleaned andrepaired and any mechanical, electrical, plumbing or other utility lines must beconcealed or placed in a less visible area. Store signage must conform to the overallarchitectural design of the building, kept simple and eye catching.

The IRR also stipulates guidelines on restoration, renovation, reconstruction andpreservation works. Restoration guidelines for elements of masonry, arches and


4/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

K

column, corbels and brackets, roof top embellishments, other elements and paintingand colour were provided. Masonry work must be made to cement finish; the use ofmortar is advised. Architectural elements such as arches, columns, corbels andbrackets must be restored to original condition. Replacement of a different design ormaterial must only be allowed as a last resortthe replacement must still however

follow in the same line of design. Should there be renovation works, the new design andmaterial must approximate the original design. In the case where a new design ormaterial is used, the substitute material must convey the same visual appearance. Thenew design must also be clearly differentiated, to some extent, so as to avoid a falsehistorical appearance. Reconstruction and preservation works must make sure thatoriginal or pre-work condition is properly documented. This documentation includesphysical evidence, colour, texture, material and the like. All deteriorated materials mustbe repaired and the work done properly documented. Protection against weathering andother environmental hazards must also be done. The guidelines also strive to ensurethat the structures are environmentally friendly. This is achieved by ensuring adherenceto clean water, energy efficiency, solid waste management, health and safety. All works

must, in the end, stick to a coherent and appealing visual perception.

Special emphasis were given to exterior masonry, architectural metal androofing. These three elements mainly represent the essential make up of the heritagebuildings. Preservation work of these elements require a detailed documentation,including but not limited to, (1) jointing, (2) tooling, (3) coatings, (4) colour and (5)condition of masonry. Architectural metals would require the documentation of (1) typeof metal, (2) condition and (3) a test to ensure appropriate cleaning method. Roofingmust be documented to include information on (1) roof pitch, (2) deck, (3) shape, (3)material, (4) decorative elements and (5) material. After proper documentation,preservation or repair works can be done. Architectural metals must be properly

cleaned from corrosion, prior to any application of paints or protective coatings. Roofsheathings must be well vented to avoid water penetration and moisture condensation.Adequate anchorage and design must be ensured to protect against typhoon orextreme wind loads.

2.2 Responsibilities and Functions of Cultural Council

Under the IRR, the Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation Council wasmandated to (1) make an inventory of heritage buildings, (2) review, approve ordisapprove any plans or programs for construction in heritage zone, (3) promulgate andassist Local Government Unit in creation of policies and ordinances insofar as heritagepreservation is concerned, and (4) review sponsored projects that may affectimplementation of historic structures. The council has a technical working group thatassists in implementation of the IRR.

The council also opens its doors for groups or individuals that may want toconduct case studies, research or other studies related to heritage preservation.Partnerships among academe, private companies, departments in the nationalgovernment, professional organizations, among others are welcome. Among the main


5/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

L

task of the council is to keep and update a cultural heritage register. The register mustcontain the name and an explanation of the heritage value or interest of the building.The following parameters were considered in the designation of cultural value: (1)architectural, (2) cultural, (3) historical, (4) archaeological, (5) aesthetic, (6) scientificand (7) educational worth (City Government of Iloilo, 2010).

A permit system that controls construction and repair work for any structures isalso put in place, prior to any approval from the building official of the city government.

3. Survey of Heritage Buildings in Iloilo City

3.1Brief characteristics of heritage buildings

The Philippines was under the Spanish and American rule, which greatlyinfluenced the architectural style of a number of structures all over the city. Many of theresidential houses particularly those found in Jaro District were built during the Spanish

period and have the traditional bahay na bato (stone house) architectural style; most ofthe construction materials were of bricks, stones, and wood as flooring material.

Majority of the commercial buildings found at Calle Real were built during theAmerican period (1920-32) and were mostly made of concrete. Historical educationalbuildings, such as the Main Building of the University of the Philippines-Visayas, whichused to be the old Iloilo City, have incorporated the architectural style of the bahay nabato with concrete and wood as design materials. In the Central Business District area,the buildings follow the following architectural designs: the Beaux Arts style, Art Deco,art modern, post-art modern and neo-classical designs (Iloilo City Cultural HeritageConservation Council 2006).

An inventory of the City Government identified 26 heritage buildings located inthe citys Central Business District (Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation Council2006). The earliest structure was built in 1922 (Javellana building) and is about 91 yearsof age. The age of some buildings is difficult to determine because the structures haveno mark on the year it was built and the city government does not have copies of theoriginal plans of such structures (CENRO staff, informal interview, 10 October 2013).Most buildings were constructed in the 20th century during the American period withconcrete as its dominant construction material.

During the Spanish era, the site saw the houses of the illustrados and tradingbazaars of the Chinese (Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation Council 2012). Theimage below displays the map of the CBD and locations of the Heritage Buildings.


6/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

M

Figure 3.1. Iloilo City CBD map with location of Heritage Buildings (City Governmentof Iloilo 2010).

At present, the buildings at the CBD area are mostly used for commercialpurposes, while still maintaining their heritage facet. The images are heritage buildingsin the CBD area, which are not yet improved.

Figure 3.2. (Left) Celso Ledesma Building, built on 1923 and (Right) Iloilo City PublicMarket.


7/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

N

Figure 3.3. (Left) Regent Arcade Building built on 1927 and (Right) S. VillanuevaBuilding, built on 1936.

Three of the heritage buildings have undergone renovation works. Thesebuildings are the Serafin Villanueva Building otherwise known as the (CBD 01-008) onJ.M. Basa St. and the two other S. Villanueva buildings (CBD 01-015 & 016) facingeach other on Arsenal street (Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation Council 2012).The 1925 S. Villanueva restoration was started in December 2011 and was completedin the first quarter of 2012. The Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation (RCBC) hasrestored the facade of its building at Arsenal Street corner Calle Real. It was completedon the 2nd quarter of the same year. The restoration of E. Villanueva Building(International Hotel) facade started in February 2012 and was completed in August2012 (Retrieved at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpH32UTqaAc on 11 October2013).

The next images contrast the original and restored condition of the S. VillanuevaBuilding: CBD 01-016 and CBD 01-015.


8/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

O

Figure 3.4. S. Villanueva Building: CBD 01-016 in its restored condition on left andoriginal condition on the right. Right photo from (Iloilo City Cultural Heritage

Conservation Council 2006)

Figure 3.5. S. Villanueva Building: CBD 01-015 in its restored condition on leftand original condition on the right. Right photo from (Iloilo City Cultural Heritage

Conservation Council 2006)

Part of the restoration project is the creation and provision of funds of new anddurable permanent kiosk units that have provided assistance to the affected vendorsalong the sidewalks of the restored structures. These kiosks complement the old look ofthe restored buildings (Retrieved at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpH32UTqaAc on11 October 2013). The renovation projects were spearheaded by the private sectorheaded by Arch. A. Sangrador and the Iloilo Cultural Heritage Foundation, Inc. (ICHFI).Funds used for renovation were privately raised in partnership with the present owners(Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation Council 2012).

Scheduled for renovation is the Javellana Building (CBD 01-010), the DominicanSisters Building (CBD 01-002) and the building (CBD 01-005) whose tenants include the


9/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

P

Parisian shoeline, bazaar (Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation Council 2012).Another project proposed is the restoration of the century-old Marquez-Lim Balay ngaBato and the conversion of the very old abaca factory into a heritage site complete withexhibits of abaca processing and products (On-going and future restoration projects2012). One of the biggest Unibanks in the country has agreed to sponsor the restoration

of the faade of Javellana building in J.M. Basa corner Guanco streets (Montealto-Sinay2013).

Figure 3.6. Restoration of Javellana building (Source: Retrieved athttp://www.icchcc.com/javellana-building-renovation/ on 11 October 2013).

3.2 Initiatives of the Iloilo City Government

The city government has initiated a number of projects for the preservation andconservation program of heritage structures in Iloilo City. Infrastructure projects includethe rehabilitation of the downtown CBD through improvement of sidewalk, installation ofheritage lamps at the CBD; improvements of and rehabilitation of the plazas such asrestoring Molo Plaza and installing concrete pavers at Plaza Libertad with funds comingfrom the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) and TIEZA. The city government has set upmarkers that identify heritage structure (Community Environment and NaturalRecources Office 2012)

The city government has also supported a number of Information, Education and

Communication campaigns and advocacies. These include: survey and cataloguing,seminars on local oral history and continuous cultural mapping, celebration of heritagemonth and participation through exhibits at the first Iloilo River International Summit. Asa legal campaign, the city officials have proposed a resolution declaring Iloilo City as aHeritage City for having complied the minimum requirements of Republic Act 10066(Phil. National Cultural Heritage Law). The city government has also passed a billdeclaring certain sites to be declared as Heritage and Tourist spots. These sites are asfollows: Jaro Cathedral, Molo Church, CBD, Fort San Pedro, the Jaro Plaza complex


10/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

FE

and the Plaza Libertad Complex. The City Environment and Natural Resources Office(CENRO) continues its function of doing evaluation of building renovation anddemolition permit applications (Community Environment and Natural Recources Office2012).

In August 2013, the Iloilo City council approved the approved the Tourism Codeof the city by integrating all tourism-related existing ordinances (City Government ofIloilo 2013).The measures will define broad tourism industry concerns, heritage sitesincentives, tourism destinations and recognized programs and events, among others.The structures and priority areas of tourismoriented industries will avail of fiscalincentives. These incentives include investments of PHP five million, but not less thanPHP 20 million for one year incentives; PHP 20 million but not less than PHP 40 millionfor two years; PHP 40 million to PHP 60 million for three years; and PHP 60 million andabove for four years. The code also called for the reduction of taxes based on grosssales and receipts of the preceding calendar year for new and expanded tourismenterprise (City Government of Iloilo 2013).

Since June of 2011, the city government was not allowed anymore to use its IRAto pay for the participation and registration fees of its members and staff for activitiessuch as lectures and fora. This Memorandum Circular Number 2011-1 (dated 13 April2011) implies that the city government has to look for other funding sources for activitiessuch as lectures and fora.

4. Framework of Risk Assessment

The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) defines risk as theprobability of harmful consequences casualties, damaged property, lost livelihoods,disrupted economic activity, and damage to the environment resulting from

interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions,(United Nations Development Program 2010). From this definition, we can see theimportant factors that contribute to risk. These are the consequences (or the populationat risk), hazard and vulnerability. The consequences pertain to the exposure of thepopulation, in relation to the potential loss brought about by the hazard present and thevulnerability of the subject in study. This definition has been carried on in the proposedrisk assessment but with slight modifications to account for the unique nature ofheritage buildings. In lieu of the population, the asset value of the building will beaccounted for. The UNDP further classified vulnerability to encompass a mitigationfactor (United Nations Development Programme 2004). Thereby, the risk score in aheritage building can be counted as an aggregate of the structures vulnerability

including present conditions, the hazards present, the mitigation efforts and the assetvalue of the building. Risk can be expressed as in the equation below,

! !!!!!!

! Equation 4.1

Where R = risk, A = asset value, H = hazard, V = vulnerability and M = mitigation.


11/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

FF

Each index that makes up the risk can be calculated as a summation of theproduct of the parameters score and its corresponding weight. Thereby the equationsfor the hazard, vulnerability, asset and mitigation indices are as follows,

!! ! !!!!!!"! Equation 4.2

!! ! !!"!!!"! Equation 4.3!! ! !!"!!!"! Equation 4.4

!! ! !!"!!!"! Equation 4.5

Where w = weight, H = hazard score for parameter pj, V = vulnerability score forparameter pj, and A = asset score for parameter pj and M = mitigation score forparameter pj, and j is the j thparameter.

In the following figure, the overview of the framework is seen where each factoris further expanded to cater to more specific characteristics. This is done in order tomake data gathering more targeted and allow for easier calculation of risk rating for

each heritage building.

Figure 4.1. Factors affecting Risk in a Heritage Building.

a. Hazard Analysis

Prior to any data gathering for the structures vulnerability, mitigation factor andthe asset value of the heritage building, the present hazards that threaten the area orsite has to be established first (United Nations Development Program 2010). These


12/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

FD

hazards may be natural or artificial hazards that present any incurrence of losses in thesite or element in study. The hazards of seismic, extreme wind conditions and fire havebeen identified for the city of Iloilo. Seismic hazard has been identified because of thecitys proximity to a fault line. Historical seismic events that occurred in the CBD of IloiloCity would also give us an idea of how frequent seismic events occur and its

corresponding magnitude. Fire hazard is present because of the archaic nature of thematerials, generally present in heritage buildings. These include wood and masonryamong others. Finally, the extreme wind conditions have been included because of thefrequency of the typhoons entering the Philippine Area of Responsibility every year.Maximum wind gust would also help determine the wind hazard score.

b. Vulnerability and Mitigation

Having established the hazards, the vulnerability of the structure can then beassessed. These hazards lay out the different characteristics that should be checked.Thus, the vulnerability section is divided into three sub-sections. For extreme wind

conditions, three main sub-sections would be checked. These are the roofingcharacteristics, door and window characteristic and elevation. This would specificallyinclude the slope, design and material of the roof among others.

Seismic vulnerability is then sub-divided into four main areas. These pertain tointensive and extensive properties of the building. Building type and modifiers arecharacteristics or features of the building that should be checked against seismicloadings while soil type is an environment parameter that refers to the quality of the soilthan can affect the building during ground shaking. The fourth is the type of occupancyin the building. This is only an information parameter and is not included in thecalculation of the seismic risk score.

Fire vulnerability is then assessed under the collective group of sources of fuel.An added criterion is the protection system of the building such as fire alarms, presenceof fire extinguishers, sprinklers, fire exits and the like. These form the mitigationparameter for fire.

Mitigation parameters for seismic and extreme wind are intertwined with thevulnerability factor and are difficult to separate, as opposed to fire risk. As often is thecase with these risks, the vulnerability factors that would be assessed would eithermitigate or aggravate the risk conditions. Mitigation parameters tend to decrease thevalue of risk.

c. Asset Value

Ultimately, the value of the heritage building is noted. Following the study by(Harun 2011) and the implementing guidelines of the Iloilo City Council Resolutionnumber 00-54, the value of the building in aspects of age, architectural significance andhistorical significance is analysed. Age and historical background would show us anysignificant events that happened in the structure that is worth keeping and shared to the


13/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

FG

people. Architectural significance relate to the lessons or findings these structures canteach us in terms of art or aesthetic value. A survey on the peoples perception of valueof heritage buildings with respect to history, architecture, tourism, and education will beconducted to determine each buildings asset value. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)will be used.

d. Sample Fire Hazard Risk Assessment Form

Following the risk framework in equation 4.1, the parameters for fire hazard werelisted. Hazard was defined as source of ignition and vulnerability as source of fuel(Government of the United Kingdom 2006). As such, the type of building use and thecondition of the buildings electrical wiring constituted the hazard index. Vulnerability isgrouped into four different categories: the main type of construction material,combustible materials, explosive substances and flammable substances. Finally,mitigation is defined as the buildings fire fighting capacity and fire prevention andwarning system. These parameters will have a score ranging from one to three and are

evaluated using a developed rubric. The asset value shall be taken as a separate scorebased on experts opinion and peoples perception. The asset value is then plottedagainst the risk index in a 2D Cartesian plane.

The risk index can be calculated in two methods. The first one is to simply takethe average of the scores per hazard, vulnerability and mitigation and use the equation! ! !!!!!. The second method will involve the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Processto derive weights for each parameter per category and sub-category. Equations 4.2 to4.5 will then be used acquire an index for each hazard, vulnerability and mitigation anduse equation 4.1 to get a risk index.

The scores for the parameter are selected based on the conditions seen asdisplayed below in the form. The form has four boxes: (A) preliminary data, (B) hazard,(C) vulnerability and (D) mitigation. A hypothetical building is assessed below. Thecomputation of the risk index, assuming equal weights is illustrated (first method).


14/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

FK

Table 4.1. Boxes A and B of Fire Risk Form.

A score of three would pertain to a higher risk, as when the use of the buildingincludes welding, smelting and the like. On the other hand, a score of 1 indicates alower risk.

The next boxes rank the vulnerability and mitigation indices. As opposed tohazard and vulnerability, a score of three under mitigation would mean lower risk. Thisis because the mitigation parameter varies inversely to risk.

Table 4.2. Boxes C and D of Fire Risk Form.


15/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

FL


16/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

FM

Only boxes B, C and D are included in the calculation of the risk index. Utilizing

equation 4.1, !"#$ !!!!

!!

!!!!!!!"

!!!! !!!!!. This risk index is normalized using the

equation below (Kanaami 2008):

!"!!!"!!"#

!"!!"#!!"!!"#

Equation 4.6

Applying this equation to the values derived from equation 4.1 and given a score range

of one to three (three with higher risk), xmax is!!!

!!

!!!

!! !, xmin is

!!!

!!

!!!

!! !!!!!

and x is the calculated risk index per building.

The normalized risk index is 0.605, classified as medium risk for fire. Theclassifications of the normalized risk index are shown in table 4.2.

Table 4.3. Risk Index Classifications.

Risk IndexRisk

Classification General RecommendationGeneral Situation

.667-1.000 High Risk

Sources of fire and vulnerablematerials need to be minimized orcontrolled. Quantitative and deeper

inspection is required. Mitigationefforts need to be improved.

Structure has hazard andvulnerability scores

approaching three, andmitigation score

approaching one.

.335-.666 Medium Risk

Sources of fire and vulnerable

materials need to be minimized orcontrolled, depending on individual

parameter scores.

Structure has hazard,vulnerability and mitigationscore near to or exactly two.

0.000-0.334

Low to No Risk

Building has low fire-risk. Individualparameters with scores

contributing to higher risk (three forH and V, one for M), must be

addressed.

Structure has hazard,vulnerability and mitigationscore approaching one and

mitigation scoreapproaching three.

A similar procedure will be implemented for the other hazards like earthquakeand wind. For earthquakes, the rapid visual screening (RVS) based on FEMA 154 maybe adopted to determine the risk. Modification may be included to consider othervulnerability and/or mitigating parameters. For wind, the National Structural Code of thePhilippines (NSCP) will serve as a guide in the design of the assessment tool.

5. Benefits and Conclusion

This study will be of great importance in the preservation of the culture of thepeople of Iloilo Citymore so the spirit of the Filipino people. Assessment results may


17/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

FN

be used by the city council to create ordinances or institute programs that may be ofgreat help in risk and hazard mitigation. It may also help to identify the most vulnerablestructures that need immediate attention or further analysis. This way more lives can besaved and risks can be averted or minimized. Altogether, Iloilo city becomes a lovableand safe city to live in.

Such steps would prove to save on financial resources and increase economicdevelopment in the form of tourism. A lot of the things we do today have much to dowith the economy. The bottom-line has seemed to be always focused in the generationof financial resources. Heritage tourism creates jobs to people whether directly,indirectly, tourism and induced (Greffe 2004). In France, 68, 019 direct jobs come fromlibraries and museums and 42,714 indirect jobs have been created from heritagepreservation (Greffe 2004). Moreover, 176, 800 tourism jobs and 261,856 induced jobsfrom arts and crafts, cultural and non-cultural industries were created because ofheritage tourism. All these contribute to about 2.4-per cent of the active employedpopulation in France (Greffe 2004). While we can say that the heritage movement in

France is quite progressive in nature and that in the Philippines is still in its infancy, wecannot ignore the economic potential of engaging and improving this sector.

This study can also be the avenue for a more disaster-aware community that canand knows how to take care of its own by learning the proposed assessment method.The flexibility and basic nature of the assessment tool make it replicable and easilylearnable. The proposed method can then be done anywhere in the Philippines and canalso be adjusted to a larger scale of a city or district. Furthermore, the incorporation of arapid assessment and basic calculations make it do-able by the lay people or owner ofthe building. This important aspect helps promote a sense of ownership in the citizensthrough citizenry empowerment and involvement. Said general method can also be

expanded to cater for other mutually exclusive hazards depending on the site of studyor assessment.

Overall, the study would benefit the local government unit in its urban planningand the cultural heritage council of Iloilo to help the execution and fulfilment of the citycouncil resolution. More than all this, it is the heritage buildings that will be preservedand stand as a living monument to the deep culture of the Filipino people.


18/19


19/19

!"#$%"'("&) +(",$%$"-$ (" +.)#.%&) /$%'#&0$ &"1 2'3&3#$% 4'35 4$1.-#'("

67897: 6;8&')&"1

FP

On-going and future restoration projects. 2012. http://iloiloculturalheritagefoundation.com/our-projects/ (accessed October 10, 2013).

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. "Active Faults and LiquefactionSusceptibility Map." n.d. http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/ images/active.faults/

region%20vi%20and%20vii.pdf (accessed February 7, 2013).

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. Active Volcanoes. July 29, 2008.http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57:active-volcanoes&catid=55:volcanoes-of-the-philippines (accessed March 24, 2013).

Philippine Red Cross. Disaster Management Services. n.d.http://www.redcross.org.ph/dms (accessed March 24, 2013).

Tourism Office, Iloilo City. Maragtas Tour: A Historical Landmark Tour. 2013, 4-September. http://iloilocity.gov.ph/downloads/historical.pdf.

United Nations Development Program. Disaster Risk Assessment. 2010, October.http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/crisis%20prevention/disaster/2Disaster%20Risk%20Reduction%20-%20Risk%20Assessment.pdf (accessed 2013, 8-April).

United Nations Development Programme. Reducing Disaster Risk: A Challenge forDevelopment. New York: John S. Swift Co., USA, 2004.

yu.oreta.ibabao.hechanova.bkkpaper final v3

Documents