Yr11C Theory Questions…1. What is sustainability?2. What 2 reasons would there be for our

lifestyle not to be sustainable?3. Name the 5 stages in a product’s lifecycle4. Name 3 non-renewable energy sources5. Name 3 renewable materials

Yr11B Theory Questions…1. What is sustainability?2. What 2 reasons would there be for our

lifestyle not to be sustainable?3. Name 2 Greenhouse gases4. What is global warming?5. Name 3 negative effects of global warning

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present, without losing the ability to meet

needs in the future.

Sustainability Intro

Why would our lifestyle not be sustainable?

1.We run out of something2.We all die

Yr11B Theory Questions…1. Name 2 Greenhouse gases2. What is global warming?3. Name 3 negative effects of global warning4. Name the 5 stages of a product’s lifecycle5. Why are these stages important when

considering sustainability?6. Name the 6R’s7. Which of the 5 stages are removed by

recycling a product?8. Describe the 3 types of recycling9. Explain 3 problems with recycling

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PRODUCT USE

DISTRIBUTION

PRODUCT MANUFACTURE

Product Lifecycle

EXTRACTION OF RAW MATERIALS

Renewable vs. Non-Renewable

What do these words mean when we are talking about Sustainability?

Non-Renewable

• When you use it, it has gone forever• Energy– Fossil fuels (Coal & Oil)– Nuclear

• Materials;– Metals– Plastics

These things are unsustainable

Renewable

• When you use it, it will come back again within…

50 years

Renewable

• Energy–Wind– Solar–Wave

• Materials;–Wood (Sometimes)– Leather– Cotton and Natural fibres– Cork– Rubber– Bamboo

These things are sustainable

What is a Carbon Footprint?

• “The amount of greenhouse gases and specifically carbon dioxide emitted by something (as a person's activities or a product's manufacture and transport) during a given period”

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Why are greenhouse gases bad?They create a layer in the atmosphere that traps the Sun’s rays, these heat up the Earth and can cause very harmful effects;- Rise in sea level so land shrinks- Plants die and land becomes desert- Animals have nothing to eat and die- Weather becomes more extreme – tsunamis, hurricanes droughts etc.

What makes Carbon Dioxide?

BURNING STUFF!!

Why do we burn stuff?

1. To make heat

In Industry – Extracting natural resources (metal), making synthetic materials (plastics)

At Home – Cooking food and heating rooms and offices

Why do we burn stuff?2. To make electricity

Why do we burn stuff?3. To make movement

In Industry – Moving products around the globe (planes, trains, lorries, boats etc.)

At Home – Moving people around (cars, motorbikes, buses, trains etc.)

Why do we burn stuff?4. To get rid of it

Incineration is a main way of disposing of waste

Yr11C Theory Questions…1. Where does CO2 come from?2. What negative effects could there be

because of global warming?3. List 5 negatives/problems with wind

turbines4. Name the 6R’s5. Which of the product lifecycle stages are

removed due to recycling?6. Explain 3 problems with recycling.7. Describe the 3 different types of recycling

So what can we do?

• As Designers we need to think about how to reduce the carbon footprint of products and people.

“How can we reduce our Carbon Footprint?”

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The 6R’s• Recycle• Reuse• Reduce• Refuse• Rethink• Repair

Recycle

• Take an existing product that has become waste and reprocess the material so it can be re-used in a new product.

• Recycling Freerunning ad

RECYCLE = REUSE A PRODUCT

The 3 types of Recycling

1. Primary– Giving/selling something

you don’t use anymore to someone else to use

2. Secondary or Physical recycling– Taking waste and physically reprocessing it to form new material that can

be used to make stuff3. Tertiary or Chemical Recycling

– Taking waste and chemically reprocessing it to form new material that can be used to make stuff

• You need to know the main materials that can be recycled by reprocessing– Plastic– Metal– Cardboard/Paper– Glass

Recycling materialsRecycling Advert

The 3 types of Recycling

Recycling Logos

This is called the Mobius loop and means; ‘this product is capable of being recycled’

Recycling Logos

These logos are put on different types of

plastic

Recycling Logos

Glass = Put in bottle bank

Recyclable Aluminium

Recyclable Steel

Product made from Recycled Materials:The Jimi Wallet

Product made from Recycled Materials:The Pet Pod

• It’s very difficult to recycle a product if you can’t get the materials or components it’s made from apart

• To help the recycling process, designers should make it easier for products to be disassembled by making components easier to take apart and made from single materials

Disassembly

• Positives;– Prevents carbon dioxide emitted in Extraction stage– Prevents carbon dioxide emitted in Disposal stage

• Negatives;– Carbon dioxide (NEVER JUST PUT ‘CARBON’ – this would be wrong!) is

still emitted in reprocessing from waste to new material– Recycled material is often lower quality than virgin material– Recycling can be difficult unless products are easy to disassemble into

separate materials

• If this happened every time someone recycled, the world would be a more sustainable place!

Recycling Conclusion

Yr11B Theory Questions…1. Name 3 renewable materials2. Name the 5 stages in a product’s lifecycle3. Why are these stages important when considering

sustainability?4. Explain the 2 types of ‘reduce’5. What is built-in obsolescence?6. What types of products are usually repaired?7. What should we refuse?8. Why is ‘re-think’ the most confusing of the 6R’s?9. Why does Mr Pearce think ‘re-use’ is the best of the

6R’s?

Reduce

7% less material

97% less material!

Minimise the amount of material and energy you use.

ReduceReduce the amount of waste produced.

Low quality materials and joints = breaks quickly

High quality materials and joints= Lasts longer

Reduce Built-in obsolescence• Designing products so they fail or become redundant

after a certain amount of time

Non-replaceable battery lasts 2 years

A car’s engine lasts about 100 000 miles (8 years before it needs new parts)

Repair

• When a product breaks down or doesn’t work properly, try to fix it.

What types of products are not usually repaired?

If your cheap electrical goods break then it is more expensive and more hassle to get them repaired than to

buy a new one

What types of products are usually repaired?

Expensive items are usually repaired

Refuse• Don’t use a material or buy a product if you

think you don’t need it or if it’s unsustainable.

Also, the exam says that designers should Refuse to use materials, energy source, materials processing which are not environmentally friendly. Or refuse to design a product which will not be environmentally friendly in use or when disposed of after use

Refuse• Don’t buy things that you don’t need!• Say "NO" to bottled water

Materials we should refuse to use• The product may be made unnecessarily from

man-made rather than natural materials• Toxic chemicals may be used in the product• Has the manufacturing process respected safety

regulations? Have the workers been treated properly (working conditions/pay)?

• What packaging has been used and what are the transport distance and costs?

• It might not be good for you – e.g. High fat content

Rethink

• Ask whether we can sustain our current way of life and the way we design and make.

Also, the exam says that designers should Rethink the product to use less materials, reduce energy consumption, reduce transport requirements (eg flat pack or stack ability)

Rethink• How can waste created during the different stages of a

product’s lifecycle be re-used? – very similar to ‘Re-use’ and ‘Primary recycling’

• How and why are products used by consumers? Could this be changed so they are more sustainable?

Reuse

• Take an existing product that has become waste, and use the material or parts for another purpose, without processing it.

• This is the same as primary recycling so don’t get confused!!

• Printer vs. bin

Reuse

• Some products can be re-used for the same purpose

Reuse• Some products can stay the same but be re-used with a

different purpose

Reuse• Some products can be changed and then re-used with a

different purpose

Yr11B Theory Questions…1. Explain the 2 types of ‘reduce’2. What is built-in obsolescence?3. What should we refuse?4. What are anthropometrics?5. Give 3 examples of designs that have been changed

because of ergonomics6. What does ETI stand for?7. Give 5 ways a company can operate ‘ethically’.8. What logo would you see on products that are made

and sold in an ethical way?9. COSHH…What does that stand for?

Product Analysis &the Design of Products

Sustainability Theory Part 2

Social Issues (Thinking about people)• Social Development– Listening to the views of others when designing

products– Inclusive design = Designing products so ‘less-able’

people can use them to.

Social Issues• Anthropometrics– “The measurement of humans”

Social Issues• Ergonomics– Using anthropometric data to design products so

they are easier and more comfortable for humans to use

Social Issues – The Design Process

Basic ProductProduct Designer

Anthropometric Data

Ergonomically designed chair

Ethical Trade Initiative (ETI)

•This is an organisation that sets out a code of minimum requirements for working conditions.

•These basic rules should be used by companies all over the world to make sure their workers are treated fairly

The ETI basic code

1. Employment is freely chosen2. Freedom of association and the right to collective

bargaining are respected (trade unions)3. Working conditions are safe and hygienic4. Child labour shall not be used5. Living wages are paid6. Working hours are not excessive7. No discrimination is practised8. Regular employment is provided9. No harsh or inhumane treatment is allowed

C.O.S.H.H.Control of Substances Hazardous to HealthThe COSHH Regulations (2002) states general requirements on employers to protect employees and other persons from the hazards of substances used at work by risk assessment, control of exposure, health surveillance and incident planning. There are also duties on employees’ to take care of their own exposure to hazardous substances and prohibitions on the import of certain substances into the European Economic Area.

Fairtrade• This UK organisation rewards

companies who treat their workers fairly and produce their products ethically.

• They allow these companies to put the Fairtrade logo on their UK products so consumers can make a moral judgement to buy things that are made fairly.

Cultural Issues• Consider and respond to needs and values of

others when designing products

The Indian auto market is dominated by hatchback segment cars, as more than 70% customers prefer small cars. In order to get hold of major share in this peculiar market, Ford launched a new hatch back car, the Ford Figo, with a competitive price tag and features that suited the Indian road and traffic conditions.

Cultural Issues• The impact of different cultures on modern

products

You need to be aware that traditional manufacturing techniques and knowledge from different areas in the world can be used in modern products

Rug making in Nepal

Environmental Issues• Understand and be able to select materials

that are both ‘suitable’ and ‘sustainable’– Wood (if it takes less than 50 years to mature)– Cotton– Leather and Wool– Rubber– Cork– Bamboo!!

Environmental Issues

• You also need to know about ‘modern’ materials like potatopak or plastic made from corn.

“This is plastic that can biodegrade… yay!!”

Environmental Issues• You also need to know about ‘smart’

materials• Smart materials react with their

environment and can be changed by;• Pressure• Light• Heat

• Smart material examples• SMAs – Shape Memory Alloys• Photochromatic paint

Yr11C Theory Questions…1. What does ETI stand for?2. Explain what COSHH is all about it. What does it

stand for? What is it? Give examples. 3. What is a smart material? – give an example.4. What is a fancy word for when material rots?5. What greenhouse gas is given off in a landfill site?6. Give 3 examples of materials that can harm the

environment.7. Explain what is meant by ‘carbon offsetting’.8. Explain what is meant by ‘Eco-design’.9. What kind of product would have a ‘CE’ logo on it?

“Biodegradable”• Simply means an item that has the ability to break down, or

decompose back into the natural environment without causing harm.

• For example, when a substance biodegrades into carbon dioxide, water and other naturally occurring minerals, the substance seamlessly mixes back into the earth, leaving no toxins behind.

• Many materials do break down in a more harmful manner, leaving chemicals or other harmful substances in the soil.

• In terms of environmental benefits, a biodegradable material will break down quickly, not take years, leave nothing harmful behind and save landfill space.

How long to Biodegrade?Tin Foil-

Plastic Bottles – Glass Bottle -

Disposable Nappies -Plastic Bag-

Aluminum Can -Batteries –

Leather -Wood -

Cardboard Box- Orange Peel-

Wool Clothing- Paper-

Does not biodegradeDo not biodegrade1 Million years500-600 yearsup to 500 years200-500 years100 yearsup to 50 years10-15 years4 weeks2-5 weeks1-5 years2-5 months

Environmental Issues• Toxic chemicals are used in lots of products at the moment, these can

poison and kill plants and animals.

– Bleaches• Highly irritating to skin and eyes• Very dangerous to aquatic life

– CFCs• Chlorofluorocarbons• Used extensively in refrigerants, aerosols, and solvents until the 1980s when scientists

realised it was a main factor in destroying the ozone layer– Toxic materials

• heavy metals in electronics• flame retardants in furniture and clothing• pesticides in food• harmful chemicals in plastics

Environmental Issues• Lots of companies are now trying to replace toxic materials with

non-toxic ones which are better for the environment

• Some toxic materials need to be used as their properties cannot be matched by anything else – particularly in the electronics industry

Environmental Issues• The need to dispose of redundant products and their

packaging in a safe and environmentally friendly way– Toxic materials can either release nasty chemicals into the

air if they’re burnt or into water systems if they are buried in landfill

Carbon Offsetting• Carbon Offsetting is a method that companies can

use to make up for the negative impact on the environment that their products have (the Carbon Dioxide made in the manufacture and use of products)

• There are a number of different ways of carbon offsetting– Contributing to ecological research– Sponsoring renewable energy schemes– Reforestation - planting new trees if you cut some down

Environmental Issues

Forest Stewardship Council- If you see the FSC logo on a product it means any trees used came from managed forests where trees are replanted (reforestation)

If you see the Der Grune Punkt (THE GREEN DOT) logo on a product it means the manufacturer has given money to support recycling centres to help improve the sustainability of products.

Environmental Issues

Carbon Footprint logo This symbol is placed on products to remind users not to dispose of the item in a normal wheelie bin whose contents will eventually end up as landfill.

Design Issues• Identify how good design and product choice

improves the quality of life

Design Issues• Examine the way that designers respond to

changing styles, taste, technological advances, and environmental pressures

Eco Design

• This involves the whole system of looking at an end product, from design to finished article, and its use of materials and energy

• Eco-design is the process of designing a product from scratch with the environment in mind, and trying to minimise the damage caused to the environment by the product’s life cycle.

• To do this designers must think through the main stages of a new product’s development in order for it to be considered eco-designed.

Eco Design Main Stages

• Product Planning– Market Research– Product Analysis

• Product Development• Design Process– Specifications

• Functionality– What does it do?

• Safety• Ergonomics– Easy to use

• Technical Issues & Requirements– Battery Life

• Design Aesthetics– Styling

European Eco Label

• This is awarded to a product that has been designed to have a smaller environmental impact than similar products. It considers materials, energy in manufacture, energy in use, and ease of disposal

European Confirmité Logo

• This is awarded to a product that has met the necessary European standards for quality and safety to be sold in the EU