=

1 in 3more than 1 in 3 young womenin India are married.

1 in 4almost 1 in 4 girls in Peru havehad a baby.

Age 3 to 5 boys and girls have analmost equal chance of accessing pre-school education.

By age 12

By age 15 boys are more likely to drop out in Peru, Vietnam and Ethiopia.

but girls’ education and ambitionis lower in India.

By age 19

girls’ enrolment has declined.

www.younglives.org.uk

Young Lives children suffers stunted growth at age 12.

to halve the proportion of the population suffering from hunger was almost achieved.

for universal primary education was almost met. Net enrolment is

with almost all children enrolled in school at age 8.

to eliminate the gender disparity in education;

of developing countries have achieved gender balance in primary schools

to halve the proportion of the population with no access to improved drinking water. achieved in 2010:

early

1in3

people gained access to improved sanitation between 1990 and 2010.

But the poorest, and those in rural areas, are the least likely to see increased provision.

2.1bn

of the poorest children suffer stunted growth.

In general, children from poor, rural, and ethnic minority backgrounds are still at significantly higher risk of stunted growth.

2in5

Stunted growth and under-nutritionPoor nutrition in infancy and childhood can affect someone’s whole life. It can lead to stunted growth, which is linked to poor cognitive development and lower well-being later in life.

Water & sanitationWithout access to clean water and sanitation, children are vulnerable to disease. This can affect their diet and nutrition, their participation in school and wellbeing in adult life.

Education & learning MDG2 aimed for universal primary education, as a vital tool to improve children’s life-chances and aspirations.

Ethiopia

Ethiopia

Vietnam

Peru

India

Vietnam

Rates of stunted growth in 12-year-olds have not improved.

Rates of stunted growth in 12–year–olds have decreased.

Children in the poorest families, families with low education, and those in rural areas are still at highest risk.

of 12-year-olds were classed as thin or underweight in 2013 – more than in 2006.

2006

Ethnic minority

2013

2000 2015

2002 2013

2006 2013

≈

≈

30%

23% 13%

40%

have access to piped water, but access is highly unequal.

79%

of households have accessto improved sanitation.

93%

of these had not completed secondary school.

Young people from poor backgrounds or from scheduled tribes or castes, and young women, are far less likely to be in education or training at age 19.

of 19-year-olds still enrolled but;49% in class is a persistent problem. It correlates

strongly with maternal education, poverty, and urban/rural divides.

Over-age children

29%

>

>

<<

>>

>

42% 21%

Urban Rural

52%* 70%

52%* 1/3Majority group14%

12-year-olds in the poorest third of society.

But there was a 5% improvement in the overall rate.

2006

40%

2013

40%

The poorest children, and those from ethnic minorities, still sufferthe worst rates of stunted growth.

Rates of stunted growth in 12-year-olds fell by a third

2006 2013

53% 45%

Overall access to safe drinking water has declined as infrastructure ages.

Fewer 12-year-olds in 2013 could answerthis question correctly than could the 12-year-olds of 2006.

Standards are falling:

Ethiopia

Ethiopia

India

Vietnam

India Peru Vietnam

1.2 x 4 = ?

Rural areas lag behind urban areas inaccess to clean water and sanitation.

Peru

India

Access to clean water is almost universal.

But access to improved sanitation is stillworse for children in rural areas andmarginalised groups.

But access to basic sanitation isimproving quickest in rural areas.

Urban Rural

93% 21%

Urban Rural

97% 70%

>2006 2013

83% 71%

<Scheduled castes Other castes

41% 65%

<Public school, urban

Girls Boys

Public school, rural

26% 46%

correlates with the greatest educational gaps for 19-year-olds. Percentage of 19-year-olds still in education, by parent’s level of education:

Young people from ethnic minorities, those from rural areas, and boys are also more likely to leave education.

Parental education

>

>9 years education No education

74% 16%

2002 2013

53% 45%84% 99%

Almost all8-year-olds in Young Lives countries are enrolled in school.

But the quality of education

hasn’t improved, and learning levels have actuallydeclined in Ethiopia and India.

And late entry into education and

slow progress through school are commonproblems in all 4 countries.

1 in 5

59% of 19-year-olds still enrolled but;

had not passed Grade 8.

1 in 8

young women were married by age 19, compared with fewer than

Young women who have had a childby the age of 19.

young men.

This rises to 1 in 5 young womenin poor or rural areas.

1 in 5

1 in 100

1 in 5

1 in 3had not passed Grade 10.

1 in 3

16.6

young women are married by age 19.

More young women are married than young men.

Married at 19

years

But these improvements are not being felt equally, and there are huge disparities among and within countries.

Some groups are much less likely to see the benefits of these improvements:

The UN’s Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) achieved headline-grabbing successes in these areas:

We are following 12,000 childrenfrom 4 countries for 15 years

2/3

Ethiopia

Peru

India

Vietnam

Ethnic minority55%

Majority groups10%

36%2%

Poorest third34%

Wealthiest third8%

Peru

>21% 7%

Urban Rural

Location

Top tercile Bottom tercile

14% 21% 12% 25%

Young women were

3 times more likelythan young men to be married or living with a partner at age 19.

Average agewhen married

18years

Legal age formarriage

Wealth index

Gender & adolescence Without equal access to education, boys and girls can’t enjoy the same life chances.

CHILDREN FROM THE POOREST BACKGROUNDS1

MDG 1:

MDG 3:

MDG 2:

MDG 7:

5 years

91%

234

CHILDREN IN RURAL AREAS

CHILDREN FROM MARGINALISED ETHNIC GROUPS

GIRLS ARE SOMETIMES, THOUGH NOT ALWAYS, DISADVANTAGED

We looked at 4 areas of children’s lives:

Sanitation & clean water Education & learningStunted growth &under-nutrition

Gender & adolescence

Young Lives is a long-term study of children across the world, led by researchers at the University of Oxford.

By studying different aspects of children’s lives, we produce evidence that improves policies and programmes for young people everywhere.

Millennium Children, Millennium Goals

*pro-poor sample

*2013 data