Year 1 Annual Survey Report for

New York Bight Whale Monitoring Aerial Surveys March 2017 – February 2018

Contract No. C009926

May 10, 2018

Prepared for:

Division of Marine Resources New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

625 Broadway Albany, NY 12233

Prepared by:

Tetra Tech, Inc. 1999 Harrison St. Ste. 500

Oakland, CA 94612

and

Smultea Environmental Sciences, LLC P.O. Box 256

Preston, WA 98050

CITATION:

Tetra Tech and Smultea Sciences. 2018. Year 1 Annual Survey Report for New York Bight Whale Monitoring Aerial Surveys March 2017 – February 2018. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. East Setauket, NY. Tetra Tech Contract C009926. 115 pp. + appendices.

i May 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................... vi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................ES-1

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1

1.1 BACKGROUND ...........................................................................................................1 1.2 SURVEY GOALS/OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................2

2.0 METHODS ..........................................................................................................................3

2.1 SURVEY AREA ..........................................................................................................3 2.2 SURVEY SCHEDULE ...................................................................................................5 2.3 SURVEY DESIGN .......................................................................................................5 2.4 DATA COLLECTION ...................................................................................................9

2.4.1 Equipment and Personnel ..........................................................................11 2.4.2 Data Parameters and Definitions ...............................................................12 2.4.3 Sighting Variables ......................................................................................13 2.4.4 Environmental Variables ...........................................................................14

2.5 ANALYSIS METHODS ..............................................................................................16 2.5.1 Distribution ................................................................................................16 2.5.2 Sighting Rates ............................................................................................17 2.5.3 Density .......................................................................................................17

3.0 RESULTS ..........................................................................................................................19

3.1 EFFORT ...................................................................................................................19 3.1.1 Overall Effort .............................................................................................19 3.1.2 Effort by Season .........................................................................................19 3.1.3 Effort by Month .........................................................................................19 3.1.4 Effort by Beaufort ......................................................................................23

3.2 SIGHTINGS ..............................................................................................................24 3.2.1 Six Priority Whale Species ........................................................................26 3.2.2 Distribution and Location ..........................................................................32 3.2.3 Sighting Rates ............................................................................................32 3.2.4 Density .......................................................................................................37 3.2.5 Other Marine Mammal Species .................................................................39 3.2.6 Sea Turtle Sightings ...................................................................................40

3.3 STRANDING AND ENTANGLEMENT REPORTS ...........................................................40 3.4 OTHER SIGHTINGS ..................................................................................................40

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

ii May 2018

4.0 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................42

4.1 SIX PRIORITY WHALE SPECIES ...............................................................................42 4.1.1 North Atlantic Right Whale .......................................................................43 4.1.2 Fin Whale ...................................................................................................44 4.1.3 Humpback Whale.......................................................................................44 4.1.4 Sei Whale ...................................................................................................45 4.1.5 Sperm Whale ..............................................................................................46 4.1.6 Blue Whale.................................................................................................46

4.2 UNUSUAL OR RARE MARINE MAMMAL SIGHTINGS ................................................47 4.3 SEA TURTLES ..........................................................................................................47 4.4 STRANDING AND ENTANGLEMENT REPORTS ...........................................................47 4.5 OTHER SIGHTINGS ..................................................................................................48

5.0 CONCLUSION/SUMMARY ............................................................................................49

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR YEARS 2 AND 3 ............................................................50

6.1 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPATIAL DENSITY AND HOT SPOT ANALYSES OF PRIORITY WHALE DATA .........................................................................................50

6.2 ANALYSIS OF BELLY VIDEO FOR PRIORITY WHALE PRESENCE FOR IMPROVED DENSITY/ABUNDANCE ESTIMATION .......................................................................51

6.3 OTHER (NON-PRIORITY WHALE OR NON-CETACEAN) SPECIES AS CANDIDATES FOR ABUNDANCE/DENSITY ESTIMATES BASED ON THE DATA COLLECTED ............52

6.4 IMPROVING SPECIES IDENTIFICATION OF SEA TURTLES ..........................................55 6.5 OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................55

7.0 LITERATURE CITED ......................................................................................................56

8.0 LIST OF PREPARERS......................................................................................................62

iii May 2018

FIGURES

Figure 1. New York Bight Survey Area ..........................................................................................4

Figure 2. NYSDEC Aerial Survey Transect Lines ..........................................................................8

Figure 3. Beaufort Sea State by Effort Type ..................................................................................24

Figure 4. Sighting Rates for Priority Whale Species during Year 1 ..............................................34

Figure 5. Sighting Rates for Priority Whale Species during Spring of Year 1 ..............................34

Figure 6. Sighting Rates for Priority Whale Species during Summer of Year 1 ...........................35

Figure 7. Sighting Rates for Priority Whale Species during Fall of Year 1 ..................................35

Figure 8. Sighting Rates for Priority Whale Species during Winter of Year 1 .............................36

Figure 9. Sighting Rates for All Priority Whale Species for All Months of Year 1 (March 2017 – February 2018) Aerial Surveys ..........................................................................................36

Figure 10. PSD Histogram and Fitted Detection Function for the Priority Species ......................38

Figures listed below are presented at the end of the text in the Figure Section: Figure 11. Year 1 Survey Lines Flown by Effort ............................................................................1

Figure 12. Survey Lines Flown by Effort for Spring Season ..........................................................2

Figure 13. Survey Lines Flown by Effort for Summer Season........................................................3

Figure 14. Survey Lines Flown by Effort for Fall Season ...............................................................4

Figure 15. Survey Lines Flown by Effort for Winter Season ..........................................................5

Figure 16. Locations of Priority Whales – March 2017 Aerial Survey ...........................................6

Figure 17. Locations of Priority Whales – April 2017 Aerial Survey .............................................7

Figure 18. Locations of Priority Whales – May 2017 Aerial Survey ..............................................8

Figure 19. Locations of Priority Whales – July 2017 Aerial Survey ...............................................9

Figure 20. Locations of Priority Whales – August 2017 Aerial Survey ........................................10

Figure 21. Locations of Priority Whales – September 2017 Aerial Survey ..................................11

Figure 22. Locations of Priority Whales – October 2017 Aerial Survey .......................................12

FIGURES (CONTINUED)

iv May 2018

Figure 23. Locations of Priority Whales – November 2017 Aerial Survey ...................................13

Figure 24. Locations of Priority Whales – December 2017 Aerial Survey ...................................14

Figure 25. Locations of Priority Whales – January 2018 Aerial Survey .......................................15

Figure 26. Locations of Priority Whales – February 2018 Aerial Survey .....................................16

Figure 27. Locations of Priority Whales Sighted During Year 1 ..................................................17

Figure 28. Locations of Priority Whales by Season – Spring ........................................................18

Figure 29. Locations of Priority Whales by Season – Summer .....................................................19

Figure 30. Locations of Priority Whales by Season – Fall ............................................................20

Figure 31. Locations of Priority Whales by Season – Winter .......................................................21

Figure 32. Locations of All North Atlantic Right Whale Sightings ..............................................22

Figure 33. Locations of All Fin Whale Sightings ..........................................................................23

Figure 34. Locations of All Humpback Whale Sightings ..............................................................24

Figure 35. Locations of All Sperm Whale Sightings .....................................................................25

Figure 36. Locations of All Blue Whale Sightings ........................................................................26

Figure 37. Locations of Other Marine Mammal Sightings ............................................................27

Figure 38. Locations of All Sea Turtle Sightings ..........................................................................28

v May 2018

TABLES

Table ES-1. Sighting Rates by Season for Priority Whale Species ...........................................ES-2

Table 1. Year 1 Survey Dates ..........................................................................................................5

Table 2. Effort Type and Definitions .............................................................................................10

Table 3. Behavior State and Definitions ........................................................................................14

Table 4. Beaufort Sea State Scale ..................................................................................................15

Table 5. Mysticetus Environmental Data Collected ......................................................................16

Table 6. Year 1 Flight Time and Distance by Season ....................................................................22

Table 7. Year 1 Flight Time and Distance by Month ....................................................................22

Table 8. Year 1 Flight Time and Distance by Beaufort Sea State .................................................23

Table 9. Summary of Year 1 Sightings ..........................................................................................25

Table 10. Year 1 Priority Whale Sightings ....................................................................................26

Table 11. Year 1 Individual Priority Whale Sightings by Month and Season ...............................28

Table 12. Sighting Rates by Season for Priority Whale Species ...................................................29

Table 13. Sighting Rates by Month for Priority Whale Species ....................................................30

Table 14. Priority Whale Species’ Initial Behavior State Observed During Year 1 ......................31

Table 15. Estimates of Density and Abundance for the Six Priority Whale Species ....................38

Table 16. Year 1 Sightings of Other Marine Mammal Species .....................................................39

Table 17. Year 1 Sea Turtle Sightings ...........................................................................................40

Table 18. Year 1 Sightings of Other Marine Species ....................................................................41

Table 19. Species and Priorities for Circling and Photography Work ...........................................53

APPENDICES

A North Atlantic Right Whale New England Aquarium Right Whale Submissions

B Best of Photographs

vi May 2018

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ADIZ Air Defense Identification Zone AIC Akaike’s Information Criterion AMAPPS Atlantic Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species

Beaufort SS Beaufort Sea State BOEM Bureau of Ocean Energy Management

CCS Center for Coastal Studies CDS Conventional Distance Sampling CI Confidence Interval CV Coefficient of Variation

DSM Density surface modeling

EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone ESA Endangered Species Act

ft Feet

GPS Global Positioning System

hr Hour

km Kilometer km2 Square kilometer km/hr Kilometers per hour kn Knot

m Meter MCDS Multiple Co-variate Distance Sampling mi2 Square mile mi/hr Miles per hour Mysticetus Mysticetus™ Observation Platform software

NEAq New England Aquarium NEFSC Northeast Fisheries Sciences Center nm Nautical mile nm2 Square nautical mile NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NYB New York Bight NYSDEC New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (CONTINUED)

vii May 2018

NYSERDA New York State Energy Research and Development Authority

O2 Overlapping Option OPA Offshore Planning Area

PSD Perpendicular Sighting Distance

S.D. Standard deviation Smultea Sciences Smultea Environmental Sciences, LLC SPUE Sightings per unit effort SS Sea State

Tetra Tech Tetra Tech, Inc.

UME Unusual Mortality Event USCG United States Coast Guard

VFR Visual flight regulation

WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System

ES-1 May 2018

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Tetra Tech, Inc. (Tetra Tech), in coordination with subcontractor Smultea Environmental Sciences, LLC (Smultea Sciences), and subcontractor Aspen Helicopters, Inc., has been contracted by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) Division of Marine Resources to conduct 36 monthly line-transect aerial surveys. Surveys focused on six large whale species (referred to herein as “priority” or “priority large”) in the New York Bight (NYB), for the project titled “New York Bight Whale Monitoring Aerial Surveys.” The NYB study area (NYB Survey Area) is a 43,449 square kilometers (km2) (12,668-square nautical mile [nm2]) area of ocean from the south shore of Long Island to the continental shelf break, matching the New York Department of State’s “Offshore Planning Area (OPA).” The six species of large whales that are the focus of aerial surveys are the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis), fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), sei whale (B. borealis), sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), and blue whale (B. musculus).

The reported results of Survey Year 1 findings from the first longitudinal multi-year intensive systematic visual aerial survey effort in the NYB Survey Area focused on the target priority large whale species. Although numbers of sightings by species are relatively small, results provide new insight into the occurrence, relative abundance, distribution, behavior, and preliminary densities and abundance of these species in the NYB.

A total of 12 monthly aerial surveys were conducted in the first survey year, starting in March 2017 and ending in February 2018. Observations were conducted from a high-winged, twin-engine Partenavia aircraft by two observers: one observer positioned on each side of the aircraft looking through bubble windows. Recorded data included all parameters required to estimate density and abundance using distance sampling techniques. The highest priority variables are: date; time; species; group size; declination and bearing angle to the sighting to determine the perpendicular distance; location (latitude/longitude) of the sighting to the aircraft (using global positioning system [GPS] and angle data); and potential environmental covariates. Behavioral parameters such as behavioral state (e.g. travel, mill), events (e.g. breach, tail slap), heading/orientation, group cohesion distances, and reaction/no reaction were also recorded.

A total of 956 sightings of 11,925 estimated individuals were documented including five confirmed species of priority large whales in the NYB (North Atlantic right, fin, humpback, sperm, and blue whales; no confirmed sei whale sightings occurred), other marine mammals (i.e. delphinids, beaked whales, etc.), sea turtles, and other marine species (i.e. sharks, rays, fish schools, etc.). Of these 956 sightings, a total of 73 were of the six priority large whale species, 321 were of other marine mammal species, 223 were of sea turtles, and 339 were of other marine species.

Sighting rates of priority large whale species were:

• 8 sightings (estimated 13 total individuals) of North Atlantic right whales; sighting rate 0.26 whales/1,000 km of effort;

ES-2 May 2018

• 23 sightings (estimated 33 total individuals) of fin whales; 0.67 whales/1,000 km of effort;

• 22 sightings (estimated 36 total individuals) of humpback whales; 0.73 whales/1,000 km of effort;

• 7 sightings (estimated 7 total individuals) of sperm whales; 0.14 whales/1,000 km of effort;

• 2 sightings (estimated 4 total individuals) of blue whales; 0.08 whales /1,000 km of effort; and

• No sei whales recorded.

Priority whale sighting rates were highest for humpback whales. Sighting rates varied seasonally as shown in the table below.

TABLE ES-1. SIGHTING RATES BY SEASON FOR PRIORITY WHALE SPECIES

Common Name Spring Summer Fall Winter

Whales/ 1,000 km effort

Whales/ 1,000 km effort

Whales/ 1,000 km effort

Whales/ 1,000 km effort

North Atlantic Right Whale 0.694 0 0.132 0.236

Fin Whale 1.562 0.295 0.264 0.631 Humpback Whale 0.955 0.492 0.595 0.867 Sperm Whale 0.087 0.295 0.132 0.079 Blue Whale 0 0 0 0.315

During spring, fin whales had the highest sighting rate followed by humpback whales and North Atlantic right whales. During summer, humpback whales had the highest sighting rate followed by fin and sperm whales which had the same sighting rate. During fall, humpback whales had the highest sighting rate, followed by fin whales, and North Atlantic right and sperm whales (which had the same sighting rate. During winter, humpback whales had the highest sighting rate followed by fin whales, blue whales, and sperm whales.

Estimates of density and abundance using line-transect methods (a type of distance sampling [Buckland et al. 2001]) were conducted for the five species of priority large whales observed during Survey Year 1 in the NYB: North Atlantic right, fin, humpback, sperm, and blue.

Including sightings classified only as “unidentified large whale,” 50 On Effort sightings were available for the line-transect analysis. “Unidentified large whale” as used herein, is defined as larger than small- or mid-sized cetaceans, and upon first sighting is considered to potentially be one of the six priority whale species. Total density of the pooled priority species was 0.00138 individuals/km2, and total abundance was estimated to be 60 whales (CV = 26.08%), representing the average estimated year-round abundance in the entire NYB Survey Area for the priority species. The estimated densities for the six priority large whale species were:

ES-3 May 2018

• North Atlantic right whale was 0.184 individuals/1,000 km2;

• Fin whale was 0.506 individuals/1,000 km2;

• Humpback whale was 0.483 individuals/1,000 km2;

• Sperm whale was 0.161 individuals/1,000 km2; and

• Blue whale was 0.046 individuals/1,000 km2.

In addition to the priority large whale species, there were 13 other types of marine mammal (all cetacean) sightings. Some were not identified to species level, but were categorized generally as dolphin, beaked whale, or sea turtle. The most frequently recorded other marine mammal was the unidentified dolphin (126 groups; estimated 3,108 individuals), followed by Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) (96 groups; estimated 788 individuals). Additionally, there were 9 sightings of single minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) whales, 8 groups (estimated 279 individuals) of pilot whales (Globicephala melas), and 3 groups (estimated 8 individuals) of unidentified beaked whales (Ziphiidae sp.).

There was a total of 223 sea turtle sightings of an estimated 256 total individual sea turtles. Of these sightings, 8 groups totaling 8 individuals were identified to species. These included 7 leatherback sea turtles and 1 loggerhead sea turtle. The remaining 215 sightings (248 individuals) were of unidentified sea turtles.

1 May 2018

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Tetra Tech, Inc. (Tetra Tech), in coordination with subcontractor Smultea Environmental Sciences, LLC (Smultea Sciences), and subcontractor Aspen Helicopters, Inc. (collectively, the “survey team”), was contracted by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) Division of Marine Resources to conduct 36 monthly line-transect visual observer aerial surveys focused on six priority large whale species found in the New York Bight (NYB), for the project titled “New York Bight Whale Monitoring Aerial Surveys.”

This report presents data collected for Survey Year 1 (March 2017 – February 2018), including survey goals, objectives, data collection and analysis methodologies, and results.

The six large whale species that are the focus of aerial surveys are the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis), fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), sei whale (B. borealis), sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) and blue whale (B. musculus), and are referred to herein as “priority” whales. However, since all large whales are of interest to NYSDEC, all whale sightings were documented regardless of species. Of the priority whales, five are listed as “endangered” under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA): North Atlantic right, fin, sei, sperm, and blue. The humpback whale was delisted from the ESA in 2016.

The survey team opportunistically documented sightings of sea turtles, when doing so would not interfere with efforts to search for large whales. The four species of sea turtles known to occur in the survey region are the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), Kemp’s Ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii), loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta), and leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). The survey team also opportunistically documented sightings of other marine mammals such as small cetaceans, and other marine species such as sharks, rays, fish schools, etc., when doing so would not interfere with focused efforts to detect large whales.

1.1 BACKGROUND

Whales (including the priority species listed under the ESA) can be found year-round in mid-Atlantic waters, including the NYB. The NYB also falls within important migratory pathways for certain species. Some information on the distribution, abundance, and behavior of large whales in the NYB is available from literature, prior surveys, whale-watching trips, and stranding records. However, the NYSDEC has determined available information on the occurrence and distribution of large whales in the NYB is inadequate for management and conservation planning at the state and federal level. This lack of information, coupled with growing concerns over ship strikes and entanglements, and planning for proposed offshore wind energy and other human activities, makes long-term monitoring of large whales in the NYB a priority for NYSDEC. The visual aerial surveys conducted under this contract and presented herein, are one component of a larger baseline data collection effort by NYSDEC, which includes passive acoustic surveys by Cornell University, and digital aerial surveys conducted by APEM LTD. and Normandeau Associates Inc. The combined survey efforts aim to better define waters in the NYB about species presence, seasonal variations, and the density and abundance of species considered priority by NYSDEC.

2 May 2018

To meet these data needs, NYSDEC funded the New York Bight Whale Monitoring Aerial Surveys project as part of a 3-year baseline monitoring program focused on the six priority species of whales in the NYB. The findings survey will also provide the necessary baseline data required by federal resource agencies to assess and permit the location and configuration of future offshore wind energy development in the NYB Lease Area and New York Department of State’s “Offshore Planning Area” (OPA).

1.2 SURVEY GOALS/OBJECTIVES

The primary goals of the aerial surveys were:

1. Determine the distribution and estimate relative abundance and density of each of the six priority species of large whales in the NYB:

o North Atlantic right

o Fin

o Humpback

o Sei

o Sperm

o Blue

2. Determine the monthly and seasonal occurrence, and inter-annual variability of the distribution and estimated abundance, density, and relative abundance for each of these six species.

3. Record data about the behavior of sighted whales as much as possible while focusing on accomplishing the above objectives.

4. Record sightings of sea turtles. Expected sea turtle species include:

o Green

o Kemp’s Ridley

o Loggerhead

o Leatherback

5. Record relevant environmental variables.

3 May 2018

2.0 METHODS

The survey team conducted 12 monthly aerial surveys during the first survey year, starting in March 2017 and ending in February 2018. The surveys were visual aerial line-transect surveys, which are a type of distance sampling (Buckland et al. 2001). As part of the survey methods, the Project Manager coordinated monthly with NYSDEC and other groups working in the survey area, on specific survey timing.

2.1 SURVEY AREA

For this project, the NYB survey area (NYB Survey Area) was defined as the area of ocean from the south shore of Long Island to the continental shelf break, matching the New York Department of State’s OPA (Figure 1). The NYB Survey Area is 43,449 square kilometers (km2) (12,668-square nautical mile [nm2]) (calculated using Albers Equal Area Conic United States Coast Guard (USCG) Version in Mysticetus™ Observation Platform software [Mysticetus]) and includes state and federal waters. State waters extend from 0–5.6 kilometers (km) (0–3 nautical miles [nm]) from shore, and federal waters extend from 5.6–370 km (3 to 200 nm) from shore. The NYB Survey Area is shown in Figure 1.

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2.2 SURVEY SCHEDULE

Surveys were conducted monthly beginning in March 2017 through February 2018, for a total of 12 surveys (Table 1). The survey schedule was set in advance to allow for efficient coordination with the survey team and other contractors working with NYSDEC in the OPA. Each survey was scheduled to occur over a 7-day period (4 survey days with 3 additional standby/weather days). Surveys were separated by a minimum of 14 days between the last flight day of one survey and the first flight day of the next survey; in practice, there were typically 4 weeks between surveys. Surveys were flown in visual flight regulation (VFR) conditions. Flight were defined as “in air” time from “wheels up” to “wheels down.”

TABLE 1. YEAR 1 SURVEY DATES Survey Number Survey Dates

1 March 20–23, 2017 2 April 01–03, 2017 3 May 08–10, 2017 4 June 16–21, 2017 5 July 01–04, 2017 6 August 25–27, 2017 7 September 24–30, 2017 8 October 15–18, 2017 9 November 07–12, 2017

10 December 04–08, 2017 11 January 06–11, 2018 12 February 05–09, 2018

2.3 SURVEY DESIGN

Aerial surveys were flown using a small, high-wing, twin-engine six-seat aircraft (Partenavia P68-C) operated by Aspen Helicopters, Inc. (www.aspenhelicopters.com) designed for scientific research and equipped with bubble windows providing clear visibility of the trackline to the horizon on both sides. The trackline is the area of the survey lines the plane is passing over. The bubble windows visually “guard the trackline” allowing observation directly under the plane. Observer effort was focused on the trackline out to approximately 3 km (1.62 nm). Additionally, an opening porthole on each side of the plane in the rear seat, and a belly window on the floor of the plane behind the center seats.

A Sony Digital 4K video camera recorder was mounted in the belly window of the aircraft behind the middle seat row to guard the trackline and continuously record video. The video will be included in the data deliverable and can support future analysis efforts, if warranted

6 May 2018

(see Section 6.0). In addition, a Canon EOS 40D still camera with a Canon EF 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6L IS II USM lens was used to take photo-identification photographs of North Atlantic right whales and confirm large whale species, group size, and calf presence. Photographs were also taken of unusual sightings which could be rarely sighted species, an unusual aggregate of species, or an unusual behavioral display. Appendix A contains the North Atlantic right whale submissions to the New England Aquarium, and provides additional detail on North Atlantic right whale sightings in this first survey year. Photographs were taken by an observer through a small opening porthole window on either side window of the aircraft, usually depending on which side of the plane the sighting was made. Photographs are taken in unprocessed raw (CR2) file format so that project data is preserved in a lossless format and so photographs can be available for future analyses (e.g., mark recapture, etc.), and in high-resolution JPG format so that photographs can be processed in an easier to handle format. Select photographs are included in Appendix B. All photographs will be included in the data deliverable to support future potential photo-identification efforts, if warranted. Tetra Tech submitted North Atlantic right whale photographs and metadata to the North Atlantic right whale catalog operated by the New England Aquarium in March, April, and November 2017, and in January and March 2018.

Prior to the start of the surveys, a total of 15 parallel transect lines were established to provide appropriate coverage of the NYB Survey Area (Figure 2). The transect lines are oriented northwest to southeast and spaced 16.7 km (9 nm) apart. Shorter connecting lines (cross-legs) were flown to travel between the start or end of transect lines. The transect line design was developed based on local coastline configuration, as well as precedent established by other surveys, and on statistical, environmental, and safety considerations. Lines were developed initially by Smultea Sciences in consultation with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Southwest Fisheries Sciences Center, and modified in consultation with NYSDEC and with input by NOAA Northeast Fisheries Sciences Center (NEFSC) staff through Tetra Tech and NYSDEC. Orientation of the lines was developed to minimize glare and optimize observation conditions. The number of transect lines and their spacing were based on the rationale used in a previous NOAA study known as the Comprehensive Assessment of Marine Mammal, Marine Turtle, and Seabird Abundance and Spatial Distribution in U.S. Waters of the Western North Atlantic Ocean (Atlantic Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species [AMAPPS]). They are also based on an extensive assessment of coverage probability relative to known species distributions, relative densities from previous studies in the region, and estimated minimum sample size requirements for distance sampling (Palka 2005; NOAA 2015a, 2016a, 2016b; Kraus et al. 2016). This included using the software Distance 6.2 (Thomas et al. 2010) to design the most appropriate number of lines and spacing to cover the NYB Survey Area, given the priority goal of detecting large whales. Survey lines are shown in Figure 2, which depicts the layout of the 15 line-transect survey lines spaced 16.7 km (9 nm) apart. Figure 2 also shows the 200-nm isobath (i.e., where the shelf break occurs).

The initial goal was to randomly select the survey line start position; however, in practice, decisions on where to begin each survey had to be made based on weather conditions, airspace restrictions, and how to most effectively and safely complete all the survey lines in the conditions at the time of survey. Selection of the start point each day was made based on communications between the Lead Observer and the Chief Pilot, considering the aforementioned factors, as well as how to most efficiently complete the full set of survey lines given local weather conditions and predictions for the survey week. Total transect length is approximately 2,514 km (1,357 nm).

7 May 2018

Depending on localized conditions, survey lines were sometimes interrupted to fly other lines where weather conditions were better. An attempt was later made to “fill in” survey lines as possible when weather conditions improved, usually on subsequent flights or days. The slight offset from shore near the northwest corner of the NYB Survey Area was incorporated to avoid airspace conflict with New York’s John F. Kennedy International Airport (Figure 2). Survey lines crossed the Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ), thus pilots were required to file, activate, and close a flight plan with the appropriate aeronautical facility prior to entry and exit across the ADIZ.

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Ne wJe rse y

0 3015Nautical Mile s

Figure 2. NYSDEC Aerial Survey Transect Lines8

9 May 2018

The following parameters delineate the NYB Survey Area:

• Distance to shelf break: approximately 203.7 km (110 nm)

• Distance between transect lines: 16.7 km (9 nm)

• Number of transect lines: 15

• Total transect length: approximately 2,514 km (1,357 nm)

• Total survey distance (including connector lines): approximately 2,843 km (1,530 nm)

• Total NYB Survey Area: 43,449 km2 (12,688 nm2)

Surveys along transect lines were conducted from an altitude of approximately 305 meters (m) (1,000 feet [ft]) and groundspeed of 100 to 110 knots (kn). To maximize survey time and use of ideal weather conditions, surveys commenced as early as possible each day to take advantage of typically calmer conditions in the mornings. The aircraft and crew were located nearby for quick mobilization during standby conditions (e.g., poor weather). Surveys were flown only in VFR conditions. Flights were flown when the Beaufort Sea State (Beaufort SS) was such that large whales could be seen (generally Beaufort SS 5 or lower). During prolonged periods of inclement weather, some flights or portions of flights were conducted in Beaufort SS of 6 (see Section 3.1.4 for more information).

2.4 DATA COLLECTION

Recorded data included all parameters required to estimate density and abundance using distance sampling techniques as well as selected behavioral and environmental variables following those identified for AMAPPS surveys as possible/relevant (NOAA 2016a). Of highest priority to estimate density and abundance of whales are the variables date, time, species, group size, declination, and bearing angle to sighting to determine the perpendicular distance and location (latitude/longitude) of the sighting to the aircraft (using global positioning system [GPS] and angle data), and potential environmental covariates. Behavioral parameters (behavioral state [e.g., travel, mill] and events [e.g., breach, tail slap], heading/orientation, group cohesion distances, reaction/no reaction) were recorded as possible, consistent with previous aerial surveys with similar survey goals (AMAPPS Annual Reports; Kraus et al. 2016; Smultea and Bacon 2012; Smultea 2016).

Data collection focused on the six priority species of large whales. However, basic presence information (date, time, location, species, angle and bearing, group size, calf presence) for other marine mammals and sea turtles was collected opportunistically (i.e., when it did not interfere with data collection on the six priority species). Observers also recorded general data from other opportunistic sightings as possible (e.g., date, time, species, group size, location of plane), such as large shoals of baitfish, shark species, rays, and ocean sunfish (Mola mola).

10 May 2018

Observers were On Effort during all periods while the aircraft was over water during amenable viewing conditions (Beaufort SS ≤ 5, unobstructed visibility [e.g., no low clouds or rain blocking or obscuring effective viewing]). Observation effort was divided into five categories per methods of other similar line-transect survey studies (Jefferson et al. 2014, 2016; Smultea 2016): Transect Effort, Cross-leg Effort, Transit Effort, Circling Effort, and Off Effort (Table 2). Following standard distance sampling protocol, all observation effort while on designated transect lines was defined as “Transect Effort”, the only type of observation effort used to estimate density and abundance using distance sampling analyses. Cross-leg Effort consisted of observation effort while flying on shorter connector lines connecting transect lines. Transit Effort consisted of observation effort while flying to and from transect lines and the shoreline, usually from or to an airport. Circling Effort consisted of periods when the aircraft broke off the transect line to circle sightings to confirm species and group size, and/or take photographs including for photo-identification of North Atlantic right whales. Off Effort consisted of periods when observers were not observing for sightings (such as when flying over land or through clouds that obscured the downward view).

TABLE 2. EFFORT TYPE AND DEFINITIONS

Effort Type Definition Transect Effort Pre-determined line-transect legs

Cross-Leg Effort Flying between two adjacent transects at the start or end of transect lines (i.e., connector lines)

Transiting Effort Flying between the airport and the survey grid locations and transiting between transect lines

Overland Effort Flight over land Circling Effort Flying circles around sightings to verify species and group size via photography

Random Effort Flight path veering off transect, transit or cross-leg. Pilot directed (i.e., due to air traffic in proximity, plane mechanical malfunction, weather, etc.).

When whales were sighted and species was not confirmed, or when a North Atlantic right whale was seen, observers directed the pilot to move off the transect line (thus ending the Line-transect Effort) and circle back to count and confirm identification and group composition of observed priority large whales (all species), and to take photo-identification pictures of North Atlantic right whales for contribution by NYSDEC to the species’ identification catalog for the North Atlantic right whale (http://rwcatalog.neaq.org/Terms.aspx). After circling, the plane returned to the location where the Line-transect Effort had ended and continued such effort.

Sighting and environmental data were collected using customized Mysticetus software on a laptop computer (see www.mysticetus.com for more details). This data collection software has been successfully used during line-transect and behavioral aerial and vessel surveys by NOAA, the New England Aquarium, U.S. Navy, etc., and numerous academic, non-profit, and for-profit entities around the world since 2010. Using Mysticetus, the following functions were included:

• Each new entry was automatically assigned a time stamp, a sequential sighting number, and a Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)-enabled GPS position.

11 May 2018

• Environmental data were collected at the beginning of each survey leg and whenever conditions changed.

• GPS locations of the aircraft were automatically recorded in duplicate using WAAS-enabled GPS devices (including for real-time backup): (1) at 1-second intervals by a USB GPS (e.g., a Bluetooth® USGlobalsat® BT368i mini GPS); and (2) at 3-second intervals by two separate handheld Garmins™ (e.g., GPSMAP® 78s GPS).

• Short-cut buttons (i.e., “hot keys”) on the computer laptop were used to increase efficiency and speed of data entry. To the maximum extent practicable, more detailed data were recorded during non-line transect effort periods such as on Cross-leg Effort lines and during Circling.

In real time on a laptop split screen, Mysticetus displayed on a map the survey tracks and survey lines, sightings, re-sightings, bathymetry, as well as a spreadsheet to enter sighting and effort data. Mysticetus instantly calculates and displays aircraft altitude, speed, and heading as well as distances and bearings to sightings relative to the observation aircraft. This feature facilitates quick and accurate re-location of sightings, including relative to bathymetry and coastline geography.

A Suunto™ handheld clinometer was used to measure declination angles to sightings when the sighting was perpendicular to the aircraft, for conversion to Perpendicular Sighting Distance (PSD) as required for density and abundance analyses using distance sampling (the latter was done instantaneously and automatically by Mysticetus during the flight; the bearing and distance to the sighting from the aircraft was also instantly reported and displayed on the nautical chart on the computer screen). Mysticetus was also capable of calculating PSD for sightings made at other bearings from the plane in cases where an observer’s clinometer reading was not exactly perpendicular to the aircraft, as happens occasionally (this allows for more accurate positioning of sightings and is consistent with distance sampling protocol). A digital voice recorder with time-stamping capability was used to record all voices on the plane’s auditory system by placing a mini-microphone in one earpiece of the noise-cancelling Bose headphones worn by the two observers. Observers also used binoculars (7 x 50 Fujinon and 10 x 32 Swarovski™) as needed to identify species, group size, behaviors, etc., from the aircraft.

2.4.1 Equipment and Personnel

The following equipment was used during the surveys (and provided in duplicate as back-up):

• 2 Dell laptops with Mysticetus software

• 2 Suunto™ handheld clinometers

• 2 digital voice recorders with time-stamping capability

• 7 x 50 Fujinon binoculars

12 May 2018

• 10 x 32 Swarovski™ binoculars

• Canon EOS 40D Still Camera with a Canon EF 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6L IS II USM lens and SD cards

• Sony Digital 4K Video Camera Recorder with extra SD cards

• Apple iTouch (to display real-time video recording)

• 2 Garmin eTrex handheld GPS units

• Paper notebooks and pens

• USB thumb drive (for automatic back-up of data recorded in Mysticetus)

• Cell phone (for safety and to report North Atlantic right whale sightings between flights while on the ground at the airport, to the North Atlantic right whale hotline phone number)

Observations were conducted by two observers; one Lead Observer (with more than 8 years of experience conducting/leading aerial surveys for marine mammals and sea turtles) and one observer familiar with, or trained in data collection protocol and species identification prior to the first aerial survey. From Smultea Sciences, two observers rotated as Lead Observer on the surveys. From Tetra Tech, observers rotated on surveys from amongst a team of four individuals. Observers were positioned on each side of the aircraft and looked through bubble windows. Observers rotated each flight between the left and right sides.

2.4.2 Data Parameters and Definitions

For the purposes of analysis and for this report, “survey year” (Survey Year) was defined as the period spanning the first survey, in March 2017 to the last of the 12 monthly surveys. Therefore, Survey Year 1 was March 1, 2017 to February 28, 2018; Survey Year 2 will be March 1, 2018 to February 28, 2019; and Survey Year 3 will be March 1, 2019 to February 28, 2020.

Seasons were defined using calendar months to maintain consistency with monthly surveys:

• Spring (March 1 – May 30)

• Summer (June 1 – August 31)

• Fall (September 1 – November 30)

• Winter (December 1 – February 28)

13 May 2018

2.4.3 Sighting Variables

Observational and environmental data collected included:

• Location and time of sighting (via GPS), with PSD and distance and bearing of sighting from trackline as applicable

• Species identification of all marine mammal(s) or sea turtle(s) to the lowest possible taxonomic designation. Examples include:

o Blue/fin/sei whale: defined as a large slender baleen whale (over approximately 18–20 m in length) with short pectoral fins, darkish body color, with rostrum shape of blue/fin/sei, no white pectoral fins, body not rotund like North Atlantic right whale. Too large to be North Atlantic right whale or minke whale. Could not differentiate any chevrons, right white jaw, usually because the animal was seen while underwater and/or sighted briefly and not relocated.

• Number of individuals, group size (minimum, maximum and best estimates), and/or group composition (adults, subadults, and relative sizes)

• Number of calves any observed

• Duration of sighting

• The best possible detailed description of behavior (Table 3), disposition, and reaction/no reaction to the aircraft. Currently, this description includes the first observed behavioral state (slow travel/rest, travel, mill, or unknown and additional behavioral state modifiers such as forage/feed, social, surface active), behavioral events (e.g., breach, tail slap), and the minimum and maximum spacing between nearest individuals within a group in estimated body lengths (as defined in Lomac-MacNair and Smultea 2016; Smultea 2016)

• Direction of travel (magnetic)

• Photographs and/or video, if needed

• Environmental information associated with each sighting event (Beaufort SS, wave height, swell direction, wind direction, wind speed, glare severity, percentage of glare [i.e., glare strip width], percentage of cloud cover, visibility, etc.)

14 May 2018

TABLE 3. BEHAVIOR STATE AND DEFINITIONS Behavior State* Definition

Rest/Slow Travel >50% of group exhibiting little or no forward movement (<1 km/hr) remaining at the surface in the same location or drifting/traveling slowly with no wake.

Travel

>50% of group swimming with an obvious consistent orientation (directional) and speed, no surface activity. Medium travel = 1-3 km/hr wake, no white water; Fast travel = >3 km/hr with white water.

Mill

>50% of group swimming with no obvious consistent orientation (non-directional) characterized by asynchronous headings, circling, changes in speed, and no surface activity. Includes feeding.

Probable Foraging Apparent searching for prey; the process of finding, catching, and eating food.

Unknown Not able to determine behavior state. (Animals out of sight, too far to determine, on a dive, etc.).

Other Describe in notes. Notes:

* >50% of group’s activity—noted once per min; also noted if unknown when animals not in view during that minute. km/hr = kilometers per hour

2.4.4 Environmental Variables

Environmental variables were collected at the beginning of each transect line, with change of effort type, and whenever conditions changed, as they were expected to affect the detectability of whales: Beaufort SS (Table 4), glare angle and intensity, visibility, turbidity, cloud cover, precipitation, and overall conditions (Table 5).

15 May 2018

TABLE 4. BEAUFORT SEA STATE SCALE

Force Speed

Name Conditions at Sea knots km/hr mi/hr

0 < 1 < 2 < 1 Calm Sea like a mirror 1 1–3 1–5 1–4 Light air Ripples only

2 4–6 6–11 5–7 Light breeze Small wavelets (0.2 m). Crests have a glassy appearance

3 7–10 12–19 8–11 Gentle breeze

Large wavelets (0.6 m), crests begin to break

4 11–16 20–29 12–18 Moderate breeze Small waves (1 m), some whitecaps

5 17–21 30–39 19–24 Fresh breeze Moderate waves (1.8 m), many whitecaps

6 22–27 40–50 25–31 Strong breeze

Large waves (3 m), probably some spray

7 28–33 51–61 32–38 Near gale Mounting sea (4 m) with foam blown in streaks downwind

8 34–40 62–74 39–46 Gale Moderately high waves (5.5 m), crests break into spindrift

9 41–47 76–87 47–54 Strong gale High waves (7 m), dense foam, visibility affected

10 48–55 88–102 55–63 Storm Very high waves (9 m), heavy sea roll, visibility impaired. Surface generally white

11 56–63 103–118 64–73 Violent storm Exceptionally high waves (11 m), visibility poor

12 64+ 119+ 74+ Hurricane 14-m waves, air filled with foam and spray, visibility bad

Notes: © 2001 by Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. km/hr = kilometers per hour m = meter mi/hr = miles per hour

16 May 2018

TABLE 5. MYSTICETUS ENVIRONMENTAL DATA COLLECTED

Environmental Data Parameter Definition

Beaufort Sea State (Beaufort SS) See Table 4

Visibility Estimated distance (km) at which the observer could observe a single large whale

Glare Severity The amount of glare over the forward 180 degrees of view; dropdown options are: None, Little, Moderate, Severe (prevents observations), or Variable

Glare From The “time” on a clock face (situated over your vessel, with 12:00 straight ahead) where the glare starts (e.g. 11:00 or 2:00)

Glare To The “time” on a clock face (situated over your vessel, with 12:00 straight ahead) where the glare ends (e.g. 12:00 or 3:00)

Precipitation Type of precipitation; dropdown options are: None, Fog, Light Rain, Rain, Snow

Cloud Cover % cloud cover over 360 degrees; dropdown menu gives ranges: 0–25, 25–50, 50–75, 75–99, or 100%

Turbidity

Turbidity based on: 0 = clear water: objects/animals visible several meters under the surface 1 = moderately clear water: objects/animals visible under the surface 2 = turbid water (e.g. algae, mud): objects/animals only visible very close (<1 foot) to the surface 9 = unknown turbidity

Overall Evaluation

Observer’s evaluation of the sighting conditions in their survey area, accounting for all factors (i.e., glare, water color, sun angle, etc.) 1 = excellent 2 = good 3 = moderate 4 = fair 5 = poor (data should not be used) X = observer is Off Effort.

Note: km = kilometer

2.5 ANALYSIS METHODS

The following sections cover the analyses utilized in processing the survey data.

2.5.1 Distribution

Given the relatively small sample size for Survey Year 1 of the six priority large whale species, distribution was assessed and described primarily qualitatively based on: examination of sightings by species as plotted in maps and relative to temporal parameters and standard bathymetric delineations (e.g., shelf [bottom depth <200m], slope [bottom depth 200–1000 m], and pelagic

17 May 2018

[bottom depth >1000 m]). Distribution was also described relative to shipping lanes and New York Wind Area boundaries.

2.5.2 Sighting Rates

Relative abundance was evaluated based on sighting rates expressed as the number of individual whales seen per 1,000 km of observation effort. Sighting rates were calculated by dividing the total number of individuals by species (or lowest taxonomic order) observed during each period of interest (e.g. month, season) by the total kilometers of effort during that period, and multiplying by 1,000 to obtain the number of individuals seen per 1,000 km of effort.

Observation effort used to calculate sighting rates consisted of the pooled number of km flown during each period of interest; “pooled” includes combined data when similar in type and content, or in this case, certain species were pooled to increase sample sizes. Pooled observation effort included Transect, Cross-leg, Transit, Random, and Circling efforts. Sighting rates were calculated by month, season, and for Year 1. Additionally, sighting rates were calculated for all priority large whales identified to species and all large whales (including unidentified whales). Whale sightings were pooled. Estimated densities were prorated and overall sighting rates adjusted to account for unidentified whales. “Prorated” means the unidentified sightings were apportioned out to species based on the species proportions in the identified sample, and assumes unidentified species occur in the same proportions as the identified species.

2.5.3 Density

Estimates of density and abundance using line-transect methods were conducted for the five priority species of large whales observed during Survey Year 1 (no sei whales were observed). A line-transect database was developed using Microsoft Excel software. For the line-transect analysis, data were filtered and only On Effort sightings and effort collected in good-to-moderate sighting conditions of ≤ Beaufort SS 5 were used.

Both conventional distance sampling (CDS) (Buckland et al. 2001) and a more sophisticated approach–multiple covariate distance sampling (MCDS) (Buckland et al. 2004) were used to estimate marine mammal density and abundance in the NYB Survey Area. The MCDS approach is generally preferred as it uses information on environmental factors likely to affect detection probability (e.g., variables describing sighting conditions), and often (though not always) produces estimates with higher precision (i.e., lower variances and Coefficient of Variation [CV]). However, achieving data convergence with small sample sizes can be difficult using MCDS.

Generally, sample sizes of 60 to 80 On Effort sightings are recommended for robust estimation of the detection function (Buckland et al. 2001). Using significantly smaller sample sizes can result in highly inaccurate results. Due to the smaller than recommended sample size of species-specific sightings for Year 1 and the resultant inability to produce a robust estimation of species-specific detection function, a different approach was used. To address small sample size issues, sighting data from all five confirmed/observed priority whale species were combined to calculate a single

18 May 2018

pooled detection function for all of these species that have similar detectability characteristics (i.e., adult body size > 10 m, prominent blows, and dorsal fins or large areas of back that are above the surface in each surfacing). The resulting sample size of 50 is somewhat below the recommended guidelines, but considered sufficiently accurate for an assessment.

Several different (half-normal and hazard-rate) key functions were used to model the PSD data, along with various (cosine, simple polynomial, and hermite polynomial) adjustments. The most appropriate model based on the minimum value of Akaike’s Information Criterion was automatically selected for the final estimates. The overlapping option (O2) variance estimator was used to select an empirical estimator for a systematic study design, which is the case in this project. For the MCDS analysis, Beaufort SS was used as an environmental co-variate. Trackline detection probability [g(0)] was assumed to be 1.0, and therefore the estimates represent minimum estimates not corrected for availability bias.

Filtered data were assembled into Excel spreadsheets for preparation of the input files to be analyzed using software DISTANCE 6.2, Release 1 (Thomas et al. 2010). Estimates of density and abundance (and their associated CVs) were calculated using the following standard formulae:

D = n f(0) E(s)

2 L g(0)

N = n f(0) E(s) A

2 L g(0)

Where:

D = density (of individuals), n = number of On Effort sightings, f(0) = detection function evaluated at zero distance, E(s) = expected average group size (using size-bias correction in DISTANCE), L = length of transect lines surveyed On Effort, g(0) = trackline detection probability, N = abundance, A = size of the NYB Survey Area, CV = coefficient of variation, and var = variance.

19 May 2018

3.0 RESULTS

This section presents findings broken out by overall effort, by season, by month, and by Beaufort SS¸ followed by a summary of sightings of species (marine mammal or sea turtle). Figures 3 through 10 are presented in the subsections below; Figures 11 through 38 depict survey lines flown by effort and season, and locations of species observations, and are located at the end of the report. Appendix A contains the North Atlantic right whale submissions to the New England Aquarium. Appendix B contains “best of” photographs.

3.1 EFFORT

3.1.1 Overall Effort

A total of 84 survey flights were completed monthly over 12 survey periods within four different seasons (Table 6). A total of 254.7 hours (hr) or 52,438 km (28,314 nm) of flight (“in air”) time from “wheels up” to “wheels down” was flown over the 12 survey months (Table 6). A total of 240.1 hr or 49,514 km (26,735 nm) of flight effort occurred over water (Transit, Transect, Cross-leg, Circling, and random). The majority of in-air flight time consisted of Transect effort (57%) followed by Transit (29%), Overland (6%), Cross-leg (5%) Circling (4%), and Random (2%) (Table 6).

3.1.2 Effort by Season

Effort occurred across all four seasons (Table 6). The total 52,438 km (28,314 nm) of effort was comprised of 31% during the fall (77.1 hr in the air and 16,093 km [9,127 nm] flown) followed by 26% during the winter (66.9 hr in the air and 13,517 km [7,299 nm] flown), 23% during the spring (56.1 hr in the air and 12,017 total km [6,489 nm] flown) and 21% during the summer (55.5 hr in the air and 10,811 km [5,837 nm] flown).

3.1.3 Effort by Month

During Survey Year 1, one survey (consisting of multiple flights over periods ranging from 2 to 8 days) was conducted each month (12 total surveys). Nearly 100% of all survey lines were completed during 11 of the 12 surveys (Table 7). The exception was June as a result of inclement weather and plane mechanical malfunctions. A brief summary of each monthly flight follows.

• March 2017: A total of five flights were conducted March 20–23, representing a total of 18.9 hr in the air. A total of 4,091 km (2,209 nm) were flown including 2,516 km (1,358 nm) of pre-determined systematic transect lines, covering 100% of the 15 transect lines.

20 May 2018

• April 2017: The April 2017 survey was scheduled to start on April 01, 2017; however, poor weather delayed the first flight until April 02, 2017. A total of four flights were conducted April 02 and 03, 2017, representing a total of 16.9 hr in the air. A total of 3,621 km (1,955 nm) were flown including 2,502 km (1,351 nm) of pre-determined systematic transect lines, covering of 100% of the 15 transect lines.

• May 2017: A total of six flights were conducted during May 8–10, 2017, representing a total of 20.3 hr in the air. A total of 4,305 km (2,325 nm) were flown, including 2,508 km (1,354 nm) of pre-determined systematic transect lines, covering 100% of the 15 transect lines.

• June 2017: From June 16–21, 2017, a total of two flights were conducted, representing a total of 8.7 hours in the air. Approximately 1,601 (864 nm) km were flown and included completion of 7 of the 15 transect lines. The survey was on standby for inclement weather on June 16, 17, and the morning of June 18. Plane mechanical malfunctions on June 20, 21, and 22 precluded the survey team from being able to finish all survey transect lines within the pre-determined 7-day survey window.

• July 2017: From July 1–4, 2017, a total of eight flights were conducted, representing a total of 25.4 hr in the air. A total of 4,986 km (2,692 nm) were flown including 2,806 km (1,515 nm) of pre-determined systematic transect lines, covering 100% of the 15 transect lines.

• August 2017: From August 25–27, 2017, a total of seven flights were conducted, representing a total of 21.4 hr in the air. A total of 4,224 km (2,281 nm) were flown including 2,518 km (1,360 nm) of pre-determined systematic transect lines, covering 100% of the 15 transect lines.

• September 2017: From September 24–30, 2017, a total of 12 flights were conducted, representing a total of 31.5 hr in the air. A total of 6,395 km (3,453 nm) were flown including 2,955 km (1,596 nm) of pre-determined systematic transect lines, covering 100% of the 15 transect lines. Due to weather, this survey involved more transit time than average. Areas of low-lying fog, cloud cover, and high Beaufort SS required the repetition of portions of survey lines, creating more transit effort. Additionally, lines 1–3 were surveyed twice due to an initial camera malfunction, consequently the total transect effort is higher than average.

• October 2017: From October 15–18, 2017, a total of seven flights were conducted, representing a total of 23.6 hr in the air. A total of 4,680 km (2,527 nm) were flown including 2,524 km (1,363 nm) of pre-determined systematic transect lines, covering 100% of the 15 transect lines.

21 May 2018

• November 2017: From November 7–12, 2017, a total of eight flights were conducted, representing a total of 22 hr in the air. A total of 5,017 km (2,709 nm) were flown including 2,767 km (1,494 nm) of pre-determined systematic transect lines, covering 100% of the 15 transect lines. On November 12, during the last flight, the plane experienced mechanical malfunctions; the pilots and observation team decided to abort the remaining lines (the offshore approximately 70 km [38 nm] of lines 8 and 9) and return to Monmouth Airport for safety purposes.

• December 2017: From December 4–8, 2017, a total of nine flights were conducted, representing a total of 22.3 hr in the air. A total of 4,539 km (2,451 nm) were flown including 2,414 km (1,303 nm) of pre-determined systematic transect lines, covering 100% of the 15 transect lines.

• January 2018: From January 4–11, 2018, a total of nine flights were conducted, representing a total of 23.6 hr in the air. A total of 4,755 km (2,567 nm) were flown including 2,578 km (1,392 nm) of pre-determined systematic transect lines, covering 100% of the 15 transect lines. Flights were not conducted on January 4 and 5 due to snowstorms, and on January 6 a flight was aborted due to high winds. Effort occurred over frozen inland water at the top of Line 8, thus was recorded as “overland” rather than “transit.” Random effort type refers to a short period where the aircraft turned offline to confirm a potential malfunction with a propeller. Pilots deemed it a non-issue and transect effort was resumed.

• February 2018: From February 5–9, 2018, a total of seven flights were conducted, representing a total of 20.1 hr in the air. A total of 4,223 km (2,280 nm) were flown including 2,541 km (1,372 nm) of pre-determined systematic transect lines, covering 100% of the 15 transect lines. Flights were not conducted on February 9 due to severe weather conditions.

22 May 2018

TABLE 6. YEAR 1 FLIGHT TIME AND DISTANCE BY SEASON

Season Hours (hr) and Kilometers (km) by Type of Flight Effort

Overland Transit Transect Circling Cross-Leg Random Total hr km hr km hr km hr km hr km hr km hr km

Spring 2.4 495 11.1 2,623 35.8 7,526 3.3 622 3.5 750 0.0 0 56.1 12,017 Summer 3.2 642 13.2 2,754 34.0 6,440 2.3 426 2.8 548 0.0 0 55.5 10,811 Fall 4.6 955 25.9 5,754 40.8 8,246 2.6 505 3.1 633 0.0 0 77.1 16,093 Winter 4.3 832 17.9 4,060 38.2 7,533 2.8 538 2.7 545 0.1 9 66.0 13,517 Total 14.6 2,924 68.1 15,191 148.8 29,745 11.0 2,092 12.1 2,476 0.1 9 254.7 52,438

TABLE 7. YEAR 1 FLIGHT TIME AND DISTANCE BY MONTH

Survey Dates Number

of Flights

Hours (hr) and Kilometers (km) by Type of Flight Effort Overland Transit Transect Circling Cross-Leg Random Total hr km hr km hr km hr km hr km hr km hr km

March 20–23, 2017 5 0.7 161 4.0 936 12.0 2,516 0.8 172 1.4 307 0.0 0 18.9 4,091 April 03–04, 2017 4 0.8 132 2.6 628 11.7 2,502 0.6 118 1.1 241 0.0 0 16.9 3,621 May 08–10, 2017 6 0.9 202 4.5 1,059 12.0 2,508 1.9 333 1.0 203 0.0 0 20.3 4,305 June 16–21, 2017 2 0.3 59 1.6 279 6.1 1,116 0.0 0 0.7 147 0.0 0 8.7 1,601 July 01–04, 2017 8 1.6 302 7.1 1,501 14.7 2,806 1.0 176 1.1 202 0.0 0 25.4 4,986 August 25–27, 2017 7 1.4 281 4.5 975 13.2 2,518 1.4 250 1.0 199 0.0 0 21.4 4,224 September 24–30, 2017 12 2.1 427 12.3 2,651 15.3 2,955 0.7 130 1.2 232 0.0 0 31.5 6,395 October 15–18, 2017 7 1.2 251 7.1 1,506 13.1 2,524 1.1 201 1.0 199 0.0 0 23.6 4,680 November 07–12, 2017 8 1.3 277 6.5 1,597 12.4 2,767 0.9 175 0.9 202 0.0 0 22.0 5,017 December 04 - 08, 2017 9 1.4 296 6.4 1,460 12.5 2,414 1.2 226 0.7 143 0.0 0 22.3 4,539 January 04-11, 2018 9 1.4 270 7.1 1,514 13.1 2,578 0.9 172 1.0 212 0.1 9 23.6 4,755 February 05–09, 2018 7 1.5 266 4.5 1,087 12.6 2,541 0.7 140 0.9 190 0.0 0 20.1 4,223 Total 84 14.6 2,924 68.1 15,191 148.8 29,745 11.0 2,092 12.1 2,476 0.1 9 254.7 52,438

23 May 2018

3.1.4 Effort by Beaufort

The predominant Beaufort SS consisted of Beaufort SS 3 (39%) followed by Beaufort SS 4 (21%), Beaufort SS 2 (20%), and Beaufort SS 5 (14%) (Table 8, Figure 3). A small percentage of the survey effort was conducted in a Beaufort SS 1 (5%) and Beaufort SS 6–7 (2%). When Beaufort SS 6 or higher was encountered for more than approximately 5 minutes, the survey route was aborted and another region where Beaufort SS conditions were better was surveyed, or the flight was terminated or postponed to avoid poor sighting conditions.

TABLE 8. YEAR 1 FLIGHT TIME AND DISTANCE BY BEAUFORT SEA STATE Beauf-ort SS

Transit Transect Circling Cross-Leg Random Total hr km hr km hr km hr km hr km hr km

67.9 15,164 148.9 29,745 11.0 2,092 12.3 2,502 0.1 9 240.1 49,511 NA* 0.2 40 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 40

0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1 2.8 583 7.7 1,540 0.7 134 0.8 164 0.0 0 12.0 2,421 2 15.7 3,621 25.9 5,190 3.2 604 1.8 361 0.0 0 46.6 9,776 3 27.8 6,305 54.7 10,995 5.1 986 3.9 801 0.0 0 91.5 19,087 4 15.8 3,407 31.3 6,268 0.7 124 2.3 450 0.0 0 50.1 10,248 5 4.7 1,009 24.5 4,832 1.3 244 2.9 607 0.1 9 33.5 6,701 6 0.7 146 4.8 920 0.0 0 0.6 119 0.0 0 6.0 1,185 7 0.2 53 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.2 53

Note:

hr = hour(s) km = kilometers *NA = Not applicable. (No value was recorded during the transition from overland to transit over water.)

24 May 2018

Figure 3. Beaufort Sea State by Effort Type

3.2 SIGHTINGS

A total of 956 sightings of 11,925 estimated individuals were recorded including five confirmed priority species of large whales (North Atlantic right, fin, humpback, sperm, and blue whales), other marine mammals (i.e., delphinids, beaked whales, etc.), sea turtles, and other marine species (i.e., sharks, rays, fish schools, etc.) (Table 9). Table 9 also includes a category for blue/fin/sei whale when whales could not be identified more precisely, and categories for unidentified baleen whales and unidentified large whales (baleen or odontocete). The latter sightings of large whales not identified to species were plotted separately on maps and presented separately in tables; for distance sampling analyses, the blue/fin/sei whale was included under unidentified baleen whales. Of these sightings, 73 were of the priority large whale species, 321 were of other marine mammal species, 223 were of sea turtles, and 339 were of other marine species.

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Effo

rt (k

m)

Beaufort Sea State

Random

Cross-Leg

Circling

Transect

Transit

25 May 2018

TABLE 9. SUMMARY OF YEAR 1 SIGHTINGS

Common Name * Scientific Name # Groups Total # Individuals Priority Whales Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus 2 4 Blue/Fin/Sei Whale Balaenoptera sp. 1 1 Fin Whale Balaenoptera physalus 23 33 Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae 22 36 North Atlantic Right Whale Eubalaena glacialis 8 13 Sperm Whale Physeter macrocephalus 7 7 Unidentified Baleen Whale Mysticeti 1 1 Unidentified Large Whale Cetacea 9 10

Total 73 105 Other Marine Mammals Bottlenose Dolphin Tursiops truncatus 15 144 Bottlenose/Risso's Dolphin Tursiops/Grampus 1 1 Common Dolphin Delphinus delphis 30 2,713 Cuvier's Beaked Whale Ziphius cavirostris 1 2 Delphinus/Tursiops/Stenella Delphinus/Tursiops/Stenella 28 699 Minke Whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata 9 9 Pilot Whale Globicephala melas 8 279 Risso's Dolphin Grampus griseus 96 788 Unidentified Beaked Whale Ziphiidae sp. 3 8 Unidentified Cetacean Cetacea 2 2 Unidentified Dolphin Delphinidae sp. 126 3,108 Unidentified Whale Cetacea 2 2

Total 321 7,755 Sea Turtles Leatherback Turtle Dermochelys coriacea 7 7 Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta 1 1 Unidentified Sea Turtle 215 248

Total 223 256 Other Marine Species Atlantic Manta Ray Manta birostris 2 2 Basking Shark Cetorhinus maximus 17 86 Fish School 93 NA** Hammerhead Shark Sphyrnidae sp. 5 12 Ocean Sunfish Mola mola 86 93 Other Unknown 5 5 Small Ray Batoidea 1 6 Unidentified Ray Batoidea 38 3,478 Unidentified Shark Selachimorpha 92 127

Total 339 3,809 All Sightings Total 956 11,925

Notes: *Species are listed in alphabetical order (for all tables in Section 3.0). **Not applicable; estimated Individuals were not calculated for fish schools.

26 May 2018

3.2.1 Six Priority Whale Species

A total of 73 priority large whale sightings of an estimated 105 total individuals (Table 10) were recorded. Of these sightings, 62 groups (85%) totaling 93 individuals were identified to species. The remaining 11 sightings (12 individuals) were of blue/fin/sei whale, unidentified baleen whale, and unidentified large whale.

TABLE 10. YEAR 1 PRIORITY WHALE SIGHTINGS

Common Name # Groups

Total # Individuals

Mean Group Size

S.D. Minimum

Group Size

Max Group Size

Blue Whale 2 4 2 1.41 1 3 Blue/Fin/Sei Whale 1 1 1 NA 1 1 Fin Whale 23 33 1.43 0.95 1 5 Humpback Whale 22 36 1.64 1.53 1 8 North Atlantic Right Whale 8 13 1.63 0.52 1 2 Sperm Whale 7 7 1 NA 1 1 Unidentified Baleen Whale 1 1 1 NA 1 1 Unidentified Large Whale 9 10 1.11 0.33 1 2 Total 73 105

Notes:

NA = Not applicable S.D. = Standard deviation

3.2.1.1 North Atlantic Right Whale

A total of eight sightings (estimated 13 total individuals) of North Atlantic right whales (Table 10) were recorded. North Atlantic right whales were observed during winter (two whales in January and one whale in February), spring (three whales in March and five whales in April) and two whales during fall (November) (Table 11). No North Atlantic right whale sightings occurred during summer months. Sighting rates for North Atlantic right whales were highest during spring (0.69 whales/1,000 km effort) followed by winter (0.24 whales/1,000 km effort) and fall (0.13 whales/1,000 km effort) (Tables 12 and 13). All North Atlantic right whales were observed exhibiting Travel behavior; eight whales exhibited Rest/Slow Travel; three whales exhibited Medium Travel; and two whales exhibited Fast Travel (Table 14).

3.2.1.2 Fin Whale

A total of 23 sightings (estimated 33 total individuals) of fin whales (Table 10) were recorded. Fin whales were recorded in all four seasons and all months, with the exception of April and June. Fin whales were observed most frequently during spring (two whales in March and 16 whales in May), followed by winter (four in December, two in January, two in February) (Table 11). Four fin whales were recorded during fall (one in September, one in October, and two in November) and

27 May 2018

three during summer (one during July and two during August) (Table 11). Sighting rates for fin whales were highest during spring (1.56 whales/1,000 km effort) followed by winter (0.63 whales/1,000 km effort), summer (0.30 whales/1,000 km effort), and fall (0.26 whales/1,000 km effort) (Tables 12 and 13). Fin whales were observed most frequently exhibiting Rest/Slow Travel (15 whales) followed by Probable Foraging (nine whales) (Table 14). All Probable Foraging behavior occurred during spring (March and May) months.

3.2.1.3 Humpback Whale

A total of 22 sightings (estimated 36 total individuals) of humpback whales (Table 10) were recorded. Humpback whales were recorded during all four seasons and most frequently during spring (11 whales [three in March, two in April, and six in May]) and winter (11 whales [two in January, nine in February]). Nine humpback whales were recorded during fall (seven in October and two in November) and five during summer (in August) (Table 11). Sighting rates for humpback whales were highest during spring (0.96 whales/1,000 km effort) followed by winter (0.87 whales/1,000 km effort), fall (0.60 whales/1,000 km effort), and summer (0.49 whales/1,000 km effort) (Tables 12 and 13). Humpback whales were recorded most frequently exhibiting Mill behavior (18 whales) followed by Medium Travel (11 whales) (Table 14). Three whales were observed exhibiting Surface-Active Mill and two Rest/Slow Travel (Table 14). Two whales were observed Probable Foraging, both occurring during May.

28 May 2018

TABLE 11. YEAR 1 INDIVIDUAL PRIORITY WHALE SIGHTINGS BY MONTH AND SEASON

Common Name Spring Summer Fall Winter

Mar Apr May Total Jun Jul Aug Total Sep Oct Nov Total Dec Jan Feb Total

Blue Whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 4 Blue/Fin/Sei Whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Fin Whale 2 0 16 18 0 1 2 3 1 1 2 4 4 2 2 8 Humpback Whale 3 2 6 11 0 0 5 5 0 7 2 9 0 2 9 11 North Atlantic Right Whale 3 5 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 1 3 Sperm Whale 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 3 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 Unidentified Baleen Whale 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Unidentified Large Whale 3 0 0 3 0 2 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 4 Total 12 8 22 42 0 6 8 14 2 9 6 17 4 12 16 32

29 May 2018

TABLE 12. SIGHTING RATES BY SEASON FOR PRIORITY WHALE SPECIES

Common Name

Spring Summer Fall Winter All Seasons

Whales

Whales/ 1,000 km

effort (Spring =

11,521 km of effort)

Whales

Whales/ 1,000 km

effort (Summer = 10,169 km of effort)

Whales

Whales/ 1,000 km

effort (Fall =

15,138 km of effort)

Whales

Whales/ 1,000 km (Winter =

12,685 km of effort)

Whales

Whales/ 1,000 km

(All Seasons = 49,513 km of effort)

Blue Whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0.315 4 0.081 Blue/Fin/Sei Whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.079 1 0.020 Fin Whale 18 1.562 3 0.295 4 0.264 8 0.631 33 0.666 Humpback Whale 11 0.955 5 0.492 9 0.595 11 0.867 36 0.727 North Atlantic Right Whale 8 0.694 0 0 2 0.132 3 0.236 13 0.263 Sperm Whale 1 0.087 3 0.295 2 0.132 1 0.079 7 0.141 Unidentified Baleen Whale 1 0.087 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.020 Unidentified Large Whale 3 0.260 3 0.295 0 0 4 0.315 10 0.202 All Priority Whales Identified to Species* 38 3.298 11 1.082 17 1.123 27 2.128 93 1.878

All Priority Whales** 42 3.645 14 1.377 17 1.123 32 2.523 106 2.141

Notes:

Pooled observation effort by season includes Transect, Cross-leg, Transit, Random, and Circling Efforts, does not include Overland Effort. *Includes all large whales identified to species. **Includes all large whales including unidentified to species. NA = Not applicable

30 May 2018

TABLE 13. SIGHTING RATES BY MONTH FOR PRIORITY WHALE SPECIES

Common Name

Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Total Month Effort (km)

3,930 3,488 4,103 1,542 4,684 3,942 5,968 4,429 4,741 4,243 4,485 3,957

Sighting Rates (whales / 1,000 km of effort) Blue Whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.669 0.253 Blue/Fin/Sei Whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.223 0 Fin Whale 0.509 0 3.899 0 0.213 0.507 0.168 0.226 0.422 0.943 0.446 0.505 Humpback Whale 0.763 0.573 1.462 0 0 1.268 0 1.580 0.422 0 0.446 2.274

North Atlantic Right Whale 0.763 1.433 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.422 0 0.446 0.253

Sperm Whale 0.254 0 0 0 0.640 0 0.168 0.226 0 0 0.223 0

Unidentified Baleen Whale 0 0.287 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Unidentified Large Whale 0.763 0 0 0 0.427 0.254 0 0 0 0 0.223 0.758

All Priority Whales Identified to Species* 2.290 2.007 5.362 0 0.854 1.776 0.335 2.032 1.266 0.943 2.230 3.285

All Priority Whales** 3.053 2.293 5.362 0 1.281 2.029 0.335 2.032 1.266 0.943 2.676 4.043

Notes:

Pooled observation effort by month includes Transect, Cross-leg, Transit, Random, and Circling Efforts, does not include Overland Effort. *Includes all large whales identified to species. **Includes all large whales including unidentified to species. NA = Not applicable

31 May 2018

TABLE 14. PRIORITY WHALE SPECIES’ INITIAL BEHAVIOR STATE OBSERVED DURING YEAR 1

Common Name Rest/Slow Travel

Medium Travel

Fast Travel

Surface Active Travel

Mill Surface Active

Mill Probable Foraging Unknown Total*

Blue Whale 3 1 4 Blue/Fin/Sei Whale 1 1 Fin Whale 15 4 1 4 9 33 Humpback Whale 2 11 18 3 2 36 North Atlantic Right Whale 8 3 2 13 Sperm Whale 2 4 1 7 Unidentified Baleen Whale 1 1 Unidentified Large Whale 2 3 1 2 2 10 Total 33 27 4 1 22 5 11 2 105

Note:

*Based on total number of whales (individuals).

32 May 2018

3.2.1.4 Sei Whale

No sei whales were confirmed to species. One sighting of a blue/fin/sei could not be ruled out as a sei whale, however, was coded in the combined category.

3.2.1.5 Sperm Whale

A total of seven sightings (estimated seven total individuals) of sperm whales (Table 10) were recorded. Sperm whales were recorded during all four seasons and most frequently during summer (3 whales in July) and fall (two whales [one in September, one in October]) (Table 11). One sperm whale was recorded during March, and one in January. Sighting rates for sperm whales were highest during summer (0.30 whales/1,000 km effort) followed by fall (0.13 whales/1,000 km effort), spring (0.09 whales/1,000 km effort), and winter (0.08 whales/1,000 km effort) (Tables 12 and 13). All sperm whales were observed exhibiting travel behavior: four whales exhibited Medium Travel, two whales exhibited Rest/Slow Travel, and one whale exhibited Fast Travel (Table 14).

3.2.1.6 Blue Whale

A total of two sightings (estimated four total individuals) of blue whales (Table 10) were recorded. All blue whales were recorded during winter months: three in January and one in February (Table 11). Sighting rates for blue whales were only calculated during winter (0.32 whales/1,000 km effort) (Tables 12 and 13). Blue whale behaviors observed included three whales exhibiting Rest/Slow Travel and one whale exhibiting Medium Travel (Table 14).

3.2.2 Distribution and Location

Given the small sample size for Year 1, it was not possible to conduct any statistically meaningful, geographically-referenced hot spot, spatial density, or sightings per unit effort (SPUE) analyses. Furthermore, the small sample sizes by species limit the ability to make any meaningful general analyses or description of trends in distribution and location, particularly by season or survey month. For example, the largest sample sizes were for the fin and humpback whale (23 and 22 total sightings each, respectively), with the next largest sample sizes being unidentified large whales and North Atlantic right whales (nine and eight sightings, respectively) (Table 9). Distribution and locations of all large whale sightings including by confirmed species are presented in Figures 32 through 36. See Section 4.0 for initial preliminary discussion of interpretation of trends in distribution and location relative to a limited review of other studies in the general region.

3.2.3 Sighting Rates

Sighting rates for priority large whale species were calculated by month (Figure 9, Table 13), season (Figures 5 through 8, Table 12), and for Year 1 (Figure 4, Table 12). Additionally, sighting rates were calculated for all large priority whales identified to species and all large whales (including unidentified whales) by pooling sightings (Tables 12 and 13). For all large whales,

33 May 2018

sighting rates were highest for humpback whales (0.73 whales/1,000 km of effort), followed by fin whales (0.67 whales/1,000 km effort), North Atlantic right whales (0.26 whales/1,000 km of effort), sperm whales (0.14 whales/1,000 km of effort) and blue whales (0.08 whales/1,000 km of effort) (Table 12, Figure 4).

Sighting rates varied seasonally:

• During spring, fin whales had the highest sighting rate (1.56 whales/1,000 km effort) followed by humpback whales (0.96 whales/1,000 km effort) and North Atlantic right whales (0.69 whales/1,000 km effort) (Table 12, Figure 5).

• During summer, humpback whales had the highest sighting rate (0.49 whales/1,000 km effort) followed by fin and sperm whales (both at 0.30 whales/1,000 km effort) (Table 12, Figure 6).

• During fall, humpback whales had the highest sighting rate (0.60 whales/1,000 km effort) followed by fin whales (0.26 whales/1,000 km effort), and North Atlantic right and sperm whales (both at 0.13 whales/1,000 km effort) (Table 12, Figure 7).

• During winter, humpback whales had the highest sighting rate (0.87 whales/1,000 km effort) followed by fin whales (0.63 whales/1,000 km effort), blue whales (0.32 whales/1,000 km effort) and sperm whales (0.24 whales/1,000 km effort) (Table 12, Figure 8).

Sighting rates varied monthly:

• For all large whales, sighting rates were highest during May (5.36 whales/1,000 km of effort), followed by February (4.04 whales/1,000 km effort), and March (3.05 whales/1,000 km effort) (Table 13, Figure 9).

• For all large whales, sighting rates were lowest during June (0 whales/1,000 km of effort), followed by September (0.33 whales/1,000 km effort) (Table 13, Figure 9). This result is likely influenced by the fact that the June survey was only partially completed due to weather and plane mechanical issues.

34 May 2018

Figure 4. Sighting Rates for Priority Whale Species during Year 1

Figure 5. Sighting Rates for Priority Whale Species during Spring of Year 1

0

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35 May 2018

Figure 6. Sighting Rates for Priority Whale Species during Summer of Year 1

Figure 7. Sighting Rates for Priority Whale Species during Fall of Year 1

0

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ort

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36 May 2018

Figure 8. Sighting Rates for Priority Whale Species during Winter of Year 1

Figure 9. Sighting Rates for All Priority Whale Species for All Months of Year 1

(March 2017 – February 2018) Aerial Surveys

0

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North AtlanticRight Whale

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Year 1: All Priority Whales

37 May 2018

3.2.3.1 Behavior

Table 14 shows the breakdown of behavioral state for each species or species category sighted during the surveys. Most whales sighted were traveling, followed by milling and probable foraging. There were very few incidences of surface activity. Behaviors observed per priority species is noted in species Sections 3.2.1.1 through 3.2.1.6.

3.2.3.2 Interannual Variability

Interannual variability will be addressed in the Year 2 Annual Survey Report and the Final Report.

3.2.4 Density

The size of the NYB Survey Area was calculated as 43,449 km2 (12,668 nm2) using Albers Equal Area Conic USGS Version in Mysticetus. After filtering, the “useable” survey effort amounted to 27,408 km2 (14,799 nm2). Including sightings classified only as “unidentified large whale,” which would be one of the six priority large whale species, 50 On Effort sightings were available for the line-transect analysis.

Several sets of exploratory analyses were conducted to determine the best truncation distance and modeling strategy. For the final analysis, the data were right-truncated at 1.0 km, and left-truncated at 0.2 km (the latter to avoid analysis issues related to potential restricted visibility below the aircraft despite the bubble windows), leaving 36 sightings available for modeling (Table 15).

Data convergence was not achievable with MCDS, likely due to very small sample sizes. Therefore, the final estimates used CDS. The best-fit model was chosen through Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC). The AIC is an empirical method to determine which of several competing models fit the data best and is standard practice in line-transect surveys. The best-fit model was a half-normal model with a hermite polynomial adjustment (right truncation at 1.0 km and left truncation at 0.2 km). The PSD histogram and fitted model are shown in Figure 10. The detection function [f(0)] was estimated to be 2.171/km. Total density of the pooled priority species was 0.00138 individuals/km2, and abundance was estimated to be 60 whales (CV = 26.08%), representing the average estimated year-round abundance in the entire NYB Survey Area for the priority species. After applying multipliers corresponding to the proportion of each priority species among the total identified sightings, density and abundance were estimated for each species, as shown in Table 15. The species proportions were based on a total of 62 (group) sightings of large whale species. Species sightings totals are detailed in Table 10. Individual density and abundance are determined by multiplying group density and abundance by an average group size for each species.

38 May 2018

TABLE 15. ESTIMATES OF DENSITY AND ABUNDANCE FOR THE SIX PRIORITY WHALE SPECIES

Common Name n# Proportion* Density

(Individuals/1,000 km2)

Abundance

Blue Whale 1 0.032 0.046 2 Fin Whale 18 0.371 0.506 22 Sei Whale 0 0.000 0.000 0 Humpback Whale 8 0.355 0.483 21 North Atlantic Right Whale 6 0.129 0.184 8 Sperm Whale 3 0.113 0.161 7 Total Priority Species 36^ 1.000 1.380 60

Notes:

# Sightings of that species used in the line-transect analysis after filtering and truncation. * The proportion of that species among the total identified sightings (Table 10). ^ After filtering and truncation.

Figure 10. PSD Histogram and Fitted Detection Function for the Priority Species

39 May 2018

3.2.5 Other Marine Mammal Species

In addition to the priority large whale species, 13 other types of marine mammal (all cetaceans) sightings were recorded (Table 16). To focus observation efforts on searching for priority large whale species, sightings details were recorded opportunistically only, into the voice recordings (e.g., time, estimated body length and coloration, behavior, and group size). The survey team used hot keys on the laptop running the Mysticetus software to mark the locations of these sightings when doing so would not interfere with priority observation efforts (e.g., in areas where all sightings were relatively low). The sightings consist of those for which locations were noted using the computer in the field; thus should be considered minimum numbers of sightings. Review of the voice recorder data would be required to fully enumerate these sightings and locations (e.g., orally recorded times of sightings, which could be merged with GPS in the future to determine locations).

The most frequently recorded other marine mammal was the unidentified dolphin (126 groups; estimated 3,108 individuals), followed by Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) (96 groups; estimated 788 individuals). Additionally, there were nine sightings of single minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) whales, 8 groups (estimated 279 individuals) of pilot whales (Globicephala melas), and 3 groups (estimated 8 individuals) of unidentified beaked whales (Ziphiidae sp.) (Table 16). For information on sightings and mapped locations by monthly survey, see individual monthly survey reports submitted to the NYSDEC.

TABLE 16. YEAR 1 SIGHTINGS OF OTHER MARINE MAMMAL SPECIES

Common Name # Groups

Estimated Total #

Individuals

Mean Group Size

S.D. Minimum

Group Size

Max Group Size

Bottlenose Dolphin 15 144 9.60 9.22 1 35 Bottlenose/Risso's Dolphin 1 1 1.00 n/a 1 1 Common Dolphin 30 2,713 90.43 126.42 2 500 Cuvier's Beaked Whale 1 2 2.00 n/a 2 2 Delphinus/Tursiops/Stenella Sp. 28 699 24.96 21.16 1 80 Minke Whale 9 9 1.00 0.00 1 1 Pilot Whale 8 279 34.88 33.11 3 110 Risso's Dolphin 96 788 8.21 9.82 1 55 Unidentified Beaked Whale 3 8 2.67 2.08 1 5 Unidentified Cetacean 2 2 1.00 0.00 1 1 Unidentified Dolphin 126 3,108 24.67 45.67 1 300 Unidentified Whale 2 2 1.00 0.00 1 1 Total 321 7,755

40 May 2018

3.2.6 Sea Turtle Sightings

A total of 223 sea turtle sightings of an estimated 256 total individual sea turtles (Table 17) were recorded. Of these sightings, eight groups totaling eight individuals were identified to species these included seven leatherback sea turtles and one loggerhead sea turtle. The remaining 215 sightings (248 individuals) were of unidentified sea turtles. For information on sightings and mapped locations by monthly survey, see individual monthly survey reports submitted to the NYSDEC.

TABLE 17. YEAR 1 SEA TURTLE SIGHTINGS

Common Name # Groups

Estimated Total #

Individuals

Mean Group Size

S.D. Minimum

Group Size

Max Group Size

Leatherback Turtle 7 7 1.00 0.00 1 1 Loggerhead Turtle 1 1 1.00 0.00 1 1 Unidentified Sea Turtle 215 248 1.15 0.50 1 5 Total 223 256

3.3 STRANDING AND ENTANGLEMENT REPORTS

No sightings of dead, injured, stranded, or entangled marine mammals or sea turtles were recorded. On December 4, 2017, others reported an entangled humpback whale off of Long Island, New York. Marine Animal Entanglement Response from Center for Coastal Studies (CCS) and U.S. Coast Guard Jones Beach set out to attempt a disentanglement of the whale but after searching the area for multiple hours, the whale was not sighted. The December 2017 aerial survey was in progress and the survey team was alerted of the possible entangled animal; however, the survey team did not observe the animal.

3.4 OTHER SIGHTINGS

In addition to those described above, 13 other types of marine mammal (all cetaceans) sightings (Table 18) were recorded. To focus observation efforts on searching for priority large whale species, details on these sightings were collected opportunistically and limited to date, time, species, group size (when possible), and location of the plane (latitude/longitude; no declination angle was recorded). Additional sighting details were sometimes recorded into the voice recordings (e.g., estimated body length and coloration, behavior, group size). Hot keys on the laptop running the software Mysticetus were used to mark the locations of these sightings when doing so would not interfere significantly with priority observation efforts (e.g., in areas where all sightings were relatively low); Mysticetus automatically generated date, time, and GPS position when a sighting hot key was used. The sightings consist of those for which locations were noted using the computer in the field; thus should be considered minimum numbers of sightings. Review of the voice recorder data would be required to fully enumerate these sightings and their locations (e.g., orally recorded times of some sightings, which could be merged with GPS in the future to determine locations).

41 May 2018

TABLE 18. YEAR 1 SIGHTINGS OF OTHER MARINE SPECIES

Common Name # Groups

Total # Individuals

Mean Group Size

S.D. Minimum

Group Size

Max Group Size

Atlantic Manta Ray 2 2 1.00 0.00 1 1 Basking Shark 17 86 5.06 8.99 1 30 Fish School* 93 NA NA NA NA NA Hammerhead Shark 5 12 2.40 1.34 1 4 Mola Mola 86 93 1.08 0.28 1 2 Other - Unknown 5 5 1.00 0.00 1 1 Small Ray 1 6 6.00 n/a 6 6 Unidentified Ray 38 3,478 91.53 260.79 1 1,500 Unidentified Shark 92 127 1.38 1.32 1 12 Total 339 3,809

Note: *Estimated individuals were not calculated for fish schools. NA = Not applicable

42 May 2018

4.0 DISCUSSION

For several decades, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and other groups have been conducting systematic aerial and vessel-based surveys and passive acoustic monitoring studies for marine mammals and/or sea turtles along the east coast of the U.S., from coastal to offshore waters within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (reviewed in Roberts et al. 2016 and Hayes et al. 2017; CETAP 1982; Clark et al. 2010; Cornell 2010; DiGiovanni and DePerte 2013; Whitt et al. 2015; NOAA 2015a, 2016b; Kraus et al. 2016; Stone et al. 2017). Relatively few of these studies have been located within the NYB. Thus, results from Year 1 of the New York Bight Whale Monitoring Aerial Surveys represent the most intensive and expansive systematic year-round study focused on large whales conducted to date in New York State and adjacent U.S. EEZ offshore waters. Although species-specific sample sizes were relatively small during this first year of surveys, these data provide important preliminary insight into the general baseline distribution, relative abundance, and density and abundance of large whale species in areas characterized by busy shipping lanes and targeted for offshore energy development.

4.1 SIX PRIORITY WHALE SPECIES

In the following subsections, results of Year 1 aerial surveys are discussed separately for each of the six priority species of large whales. Results are discussed in the context of a review of literature focused on other historical and recent systematic studies conducted in northwestern Atlantic Ocean waters within the U.S. EEZ that encompasses the NYB Survey Area.

In general, results followed expected species-specific and seasonal patterns of density, relative abundance, and distribution based on literature review. Preliminary results by each species of priority large whale are discussed in the context of reported expected versus observed patterns and numbers, recognizing that Year 1 sample sizes for most species are small and that inter-annual variability is likely to occur, per previous reported studies.

Discussion is focused on Year 1 findings with preliminary comparisons to other regional studies. A more extensive review of results in the context of other available data will be provided in the Final Report summarizing results of the full 3-year survey period. The latter is anticipated to include comparisons with ongoing studies and pending results in the same project region, including:

• NYSDEC-sponsored passive acoustic monitoring studies (NYSDEC 2017);

• New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA)-sponsored digital aerial baseline surveys of marine wildlife (NYSERDA 2017a, 2017b);

• NOAA AMAPPS aerial and vessel surveys (e.g., NOAA 2015a, 2016b);

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• Joint passive acoustic monitoring studies being conducted by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the Wildlife Conservation Society New York Aquarium, and NOAA; and

• Small vessel-based humpback whale photo-identification studies near New York conducted by Wildlife Conservation Society.

Discussions below are focused on sightings identified to species, with the caveat that 11 of the 73 total large whale sightings were not identified to species. Estimated densities were prorated and overall sighting rates were adjusted to account for these unidentified whales (Section 2.5.2).

4.1.1 North Atlantic Right Whale

Little is known about the distribution and habitat-use patterns of the endangered North Atlantic right whale in waters off New York State. Though relatively well-described in their more northern spring–fall feeding grounds in the northwestern Atlantic including New England waters, and a small number are found during the winter calving/breeding period in more southern coastal areas primarily off Florida and Georgia (e.g., Kraus et al. 1986; Hayes et al. 2017), the distribution of most of the population during winter remains unclear (Hayes et al. 2017). Studies suggest spatio-temporal habitat-use patterns may be changing (e.g., Weinrich et al. 2000; Cole et al. 2013; Whitt et al. 2013; Khan et al. 2014; Davis et al. 2017). Based on current data, the North Atlantic right whale is expected to migrate through waters off New York primarily during spring and fall, en route to and from feeding and breeding/calving regions (Hayes et al. 2017). However, this species has been acoustically detected year-round in U.S. east coast waters (Davis et al. 2017). Extensive bi-monthly aerial surveys in the Massachusetts and Rhode Island Wind Areas during 2011–2015 found this species present consistently each year during winter and spring from December through May, where they were observed feeding (Leiter et al. 2017). Whitt et al. (2013, 2015) reported sightings of this species during all four seasons in New Jersey waters within approximately 40 km from shore, based on year-round shipboard and aerial surveys spanning February 2008 through December 2009 (the latter survey area is located approximately 50–100 km southwest of the NYB Survey Area).

Based on a relatively small sample size of 8 total sightings of an estimated 13 individuals, Year 1 preliminary results indicate the presence of North Atlantic right whales during five of 12 months, primarily from November to April, with a continuous lack of sightings from May through October. Relatively highest sighting rates and densities were found primarily during early/mid-spring, followed by winter, then fall, with no sightings made during summer. This is similar to results reported by Whitt et al. (2013, 2015) nearby off New Jersey, where sightings occurred in every season except summer, and acoustic detections were made year-round. The Year 1 peak sighting rate in early spring followed by no sightings during summer also fits with the later spring peak of feeding North Atlantic right whales further north, off Massachusetts and Rhode Island (Kraus et al. 2016; Leiter et al. 2017), as well as results of NMFS AMAPPS shipboard and aerial surveys in the region (e.g., NOAA 2016b).

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With respect to distribution, all eight North Atlantic right whale sightings occurred in relatively shallow shelf waters ranging from approximately 10 to 100 km from the closest shoreline of New York. These sightings appeared to be scattered in no other readily apparent pattern in these waters based on the small sample size. No apparent behavioral patterns were readily evident, including no consistency to directional headings by season. Photo-identification photographs (and associated metadata) of this species taken during Year 1 aerial surveys were submitted by Tetra Tech to the North Atlantic right whale catalogue managed by the New England Aquarium for further analysis. Appendix A contains detailed summaries of information on these sightings (when available), which were received from the New England Aquarium right whale group following our photographic submittals.

4.1.2 Fin Whale

The fin whale is the most commonly documented large whale species in U.S. Atlantic EEZ waters where it occurs year-round, though residency periods of individuals are little known (Whitt et al. 2015; NOAA 2016b; Hayes et al. 2017). Waters off New England provide important spring–fall feeding ground for fin whales; however, calving and wintering areas remain unknown (Hayes et al. 2017).

The fin whale, along with the humpback whale, was the most commonly seen large whale species and was observed during 10 of the 12 survey months, similar to previous historical and more recent studies within the U.S. Atlantic EEZ (e.g., Edwards et al. 2015; Whitt et al. 2015; Kraus et al. 2016; NOAA 2016b; Hayes et al. 2017; Stone et al. 2017). Also, like previous studies, relative abundance and density peaked during spring, was similarly lower during summer and fall, and was lowest during winter. Fin whales were commonly observed engaged in Probable Foraging behavior but only during spring. A peak in numbers and foraging during spring is consistent with year-round systematic studies reported off adjacent New Jersey and Connecticut/Massachusetts/Rhode Island waters (Whitt et al. 2015; Stone et al. 2017).

Distribution of sightings of fin whales were scattered across the extensive shallow shelf waters to near the edge of continental slope waters; no sightings occurred in deeper waters beyond the slope. This is similar to distributions reported off New Jersey by Whitt et al. (2015) and off Massachusetts/Rhode Island by Stone et al. (2017). AMAPPS summer-fall surveys found fin whales over shelf and slope waters up to 2000 m deep off New York (NOAA 2016b).

4.1.3 Humpback Whale

Humpback whales are known to feed and migrate during spring through fall along the U.S. Atlantic coast, with most animals migrating south to more tropical waters (e.g., the West Indies) during winter for breeding and calving (Katona and Beard 1990; Stevick et al. 1998; Hayes et al. 2017). However, humpbacks have also been documented year-round in waters off the U.S. east coast (Clapham et al. 1993; Swingle et al. 1993; Hayes et al. 2017). In the Massachusetts Bay area, humpbacks have been acoustically detected nearly year-round, peaking from March through May, and again from September through December (Clark and Clapham 2004; Vu et al. 2012; Murray et al. 2014).

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Overall, the humpback whale was the most commonly seen large whale species and was observed during 8 of the 12 survey months and during all 4 seasons. Relative abundance by season (based on sighting rates) peaked during spring and was similarly high during winter. This is consistent with studies indicating that this species, including lunge-feeding individuals, has been increasing in nearshore coastal waters of New York and New Jersey, particularly during spring through fall (Whitt et al. 2015; Hayes et al. 2017). For example, numbers have been sufficient in recent years during late spring through early fall to support a growing whale watch industry in Long Island Sound and near the coast of Long Island, where humpbacks have frequently been observed feeding on large schools of fish, including menhaden (Pierre-Louis 2017). Probable Foraging and Mill behavior was observed among 23 of the total 36 individuals observed. Several relatively large aggregations (compared to other whale species observed) of up to eight whales were seen scattered across several square kilometers, also indicative of foraging.

With respect to distribution, humpback whales were only seen over offshore shelf waters, in nearshore waters, and with apparent concentrations primarily within approximately 10 km of the Long Island shoreline, including within the New York OPA and shipping lanes. This distribution is consistent with systematic year-round vessel and aerial surveys conducted off New Jersey (Whitt et al. 2015) and aerial surveys off Massachusetts/Rhode Island (Stone et al. 2017). During the summer–fall 2016 AMAPPS surveys (NOAA 2016b), humpback whales off New York and Massachusetts were seen concentrated along the continental shelf edge and slope, with no sightings over shallower shelf waters (though effort was relatively small over the shelf). Recent photo-identification and tagging studies of humpback whales have also been conducted in nearshore waters of New York (Tetra Tech 2017a). Within the NYB Survey Area humpback whales were sighted in both nearshore and offshore waters.

4.1.4 Sei Whale

Documented sei whale sightings along the U.S. Atlantic coast are relatively uncommon compared to other baleen whales, though they are difficult to differentiate from fin whales (Jefferson et al. 2015; Hayes et al. 2017). Highest reported numbers in U.S. east coast waters occur during spring and summer, primarily in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank, and into more northern waters. Sei whales are believed to associate closely with deeper waters compared to other baleen whales off the U.S. Atlantic coast, and are typically reported along the continental shelf region (Hain et al. 1985). However, occasional forays into shallow waters, likely in association with prey, have been reported, including at Stellwagen Bank off Massachusetts (Hayes et al. 2017).

Though no sei whale sightings were confirmed during Year 1 aerial surveys, it is possible sightings of unidentified whales may have been sei whales. One of the January 2018 sightings was narrowed down to a blue, fin, or sei whale but could not be relocated to confirm species identification. One sei whale was observed during the summer–fall 2016 AMAPPS surveys approximately 200 km southeast of Long Island over the continental shelf break (NOAA 2016b). During 2011–2015 aerial surveys off Massachusetts and Rhode Island, Stone et al. (2017) reported 25 sightings of 41 sei whales in offshore shelf waters. Whitt et al. (2015) reported no sei whale sightings over New Jersey shelf waters up to approximately 40 km offshore during year-round systematic aerial and shipboard surveys.

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4.1.5 Sperm Whale

Sperm whales in the U.S. Atlantic EEZ are associated primarily with deeper offshore waters over the continental shelf edge, over the continental slope, and over deeper mid-ocean regions (Wong and Whitehead 2014; Waring et al. 2015), with occasional forays into shelf waters off New England (CETAP 1982; Scott and Sadvoe 1997; Kenney and Vigness-Raposa 2010). Seasonal sex-age segregation occurs among this species, with females and young remaining together in long-term group formations while inhabiting primarily tropical and sub-tropical waters; mature males range considerably farther north to feed, particularly during summer, then travel south to breed with females during winter (Jefferson et al. 2015; Waring et al. 2015). Past systematic surveys in the U.S. Atlantic EEZ have documented mixed schools of females with calves as well as single large adults (e.g., NOAA 2016b; Waring et al. 2015), which are likely males based on what is known about the species’ social behavior. However, survey data for this species during winter in the U.S. Atlantic EEZ are notably sparse (Waring et al. 2015).

Year 1 aerial surveys resulted in seven sightings of sperm whales across all four seasons. Similarly, Stanistreet et al. (2018) recorded sperm whale sounds year-round on the continental slope between North Carolina and Georges Bank, off southern New England. They noted distinct seasonal patterns, with a winter peak off North Carolina followed by a spring peak in waters off southern New England. Consistent with typical species distribution patterns, all seven sperm whale sightings were made over offshore slope and deeper waters, though one sighting was just off the shelf edge over a narrow deep canyon. Summer–fall AMAPPS surveys in 2016 (NOAA 2016b) documented numerous sperm whales over the continental slope and deeper waters off New York, including in areas overlapping the Year 1 offshore portion of the transect lines, as well as one sighting on the shelf south of Massachusetts. Whitt et al. (2013, 2015) did not observe sperm whales in their survey area, which was about 50–100 km southwest of the NYB Survey Area off New Jersey during 2008–2009; though their survey area only encompassed shelf waters. Stone et al. (2017) observed four sightings of sperm whales during summer–fall offshore Massachusetts waters during aerial surveys in 2011–2015, with most individuals seen during summer; however, their survey similarly did not encompass slope and deeper waters like the Year 1 NYB Survey Area did.

All seven of the Year 1 sightings consisted of single animals engaged in travel behavior. Given the social patterns of this species where mature single whales tend to be males, the single adult sperm whales observed were likely single males.

4.1.6 Blue Whale

The blue whale is considered rare in U.S. EEZ waters of the northwestern Atlantic encompassing the NYB Survey Area (Jefferson et al. 2015; Waring et al. 2010). It has been proposed that this area could be the southernmost extent of the species’ feeding range in the region (CETAP 1982; Wenzel et al. 1988). The only documented sightings of this species in U.S. east coast waters have occurred in August (Waring et al. 2015). Most of what is known about the blue whale in the northwestern Atlantic comes from long-term photo-identification studies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Canada, where animals regularly feed from spring through fall (Waring et al. 2015).

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However, acoustic recordings of blue whales have been made from Atlantic sub-tropical waters through much of the North Atlantic, particularly in offshore waters (Waring et al. 2015).

Unlike previous August/summer sightings of blue whales off the U.S. east coast, both of the confirmed blue whale sightings in this effort occurred during winter, in January and February. In addition, a possible blue whale (identified as a blue, fin or sei whale) was seen during January 2018. Winter is believed to be the breeding/calving period for blue whales in the western Atlantic (Jefferson et al. 2015), though actual breeding/calving areas have not been documented. Compared to other baleen whale species, blue whales tend to be seen more frequently alone or in smaller mean group sizes. Thus, sightings of three whales (one of which was notably smaller than the other accompanying whales) in this effort during winter may have represented a social/courtship group, though larger sample sizes are needed to expand upon this hypothesis. Both blue whales were seen while traveling over deep slope/pelagic waters. Similarly, three blue whales observed during summer 2016 during an AMAPPS survey occurred in offshore slope waters where water depth was 100–2000 m (NOAA 2016b); these sightings occurred approximately 250 km east of the Year 1 aerial survey area.

4.2 UNUSUAL OR RARE MARINE MAMMAL SIGHTINGS

The only historically relatively unusual or rare sightings of marine mammals made during the survey were the blue whale, beaked whales (Cuvier’s [Ziphius cavirostris] and unidentified), and pilot whales.

4.3 SEA TURTLES

The four species of sea turtles occurring off waters of New York are historically most common from late spring through summer/early fall (the green, Kemp's ridley, leatherback and loggerhead sea turtles). During these seasons of warmer water, these species are commonly found off Long Island, including in Long Island Sound and the eastern bays of Long Island.

Overall, the first year of survey results support the historical seasonal abundance patterns of sea turtles off New York: the highest relative numbers were seen during summer, with very few sightings during winter. Since survey effort was focused on large whale species, no circling of sea turtles was conducted to confirm species. Thus, given the relatively high survey altitude of 1,000 ft and the brief period small turtles would have been in view while flying by, only a small number of large sea turtles were confidently identified to species. Species identified included the leatherback sea turtle and loggerhead sea turtle. With sufficient time to circle sea turtles and observe them with binoculars, and potentially at lower flight altitude, sea turtle species could be identified with more confidence and more frequently.

4.4 STRANDING AND ENTANGLEMENT REPORTS

No stranding or entanglement observations were made during Year 1 aerial surveys. The survey team kept in regular communication with the NYSDEC just prior to and during each of the aerial

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surveys, in case any stranding and entanglement reports were made to the NYSDEC. The survey team also tracked any recent such events via the CCS disentanglement electronic notices sent to the Survey Team Project Manager.

4.5 OTHER SIGHTINGS

Opportunistic sightings of species other than priority large whales and sea turtles (e.g., other marine mammals, sharks, rays, fish) are not discussed in detail herein, as effort was focused on the priority species. Monthly reports submitted to NYSDEC provide further details on these sightings, including numbers and mapped locations by species or highest taxonomic order.

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5.0 CONCLUSION/SUMMARY

This report summarizes results of the first year-round intensive systematic aerial survey of marine mammals and sea turtles focused on large whale species. Although numbers of sightings by species are relatively small (the most commonly sighted species of whales were 23 groups of fin whales and 22 groups of humpback whales), results provide new insight into the occurrence, relative abundance, distribution, behavior, and preliminary densities, and abundance. Of particular note is that North Atlantic right whales were observed widely across the shelf waters out to approximately 100 km offshore and during three of four seasons. Feeding/foraging humpback whales and fin whales were also seen during all four seasons, most commonly during spring, fall, and/or winter. Humpback whales, in particular, were seen in nearshore and offshore waters and in relatively large aggregations compared to other large whale species. A particular highlight was confirmation of two groups of blue whales during January and February, including confirmation by photographic identification (Appendix B). Blue whales are considered rare in U.S. North Atlantic waters, and previously had been reported in the region only during summer.

By the end of Year 2 of this study, more robust sample sizes for all species, especially the three most commonly seen species (humpback, fin, and North Atlantic right whales), will facilitate estimation of more robust density and abundance estimates and increase the statistical power (i.e., the ability to detect any statistically significant differences) of the analyses. Additional data collection will also help to substantiate preliminarily observed species-specific trends in spatio-temporal habitat-use patterns and numbers.

Further, Year 1 surveys collected sufficiently robust samples sizes for Risso’s dolphins to estimate density and abundance of this species in slope waters where they were predominantly observed. Future surveys over the next 2 years will likely result in sufficient sample sizes for common dolphins.

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6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR YEARS 2 AND 3

6.1 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPATIAL DENSITY AND HOT SPOT ANALYSES OF PRIORITY WHALE DATA

Sample sizes during Year 1 were too small to meet recommended minimum sizes to estimate density and abundance with a reasonable coefficient of variation and facilitate confidence in the estimates. However, by Year 2 or Year 3, the sample sizes will likely double or triple and be sufficient for more robust estimates of density and abundance for some species. Further, sample sizes may be sufficiently large to address the NYSDEC goal of spatially representing density of large whale species including via hot spot analysis. The goal of hot spot analysis is to identify and predict any areas of relatively more importance for certain large whale species that may merit special management and conservation measures, relative to offshore development and activities that may disturb or displace large whales. For example, with sufficient sample sizes, spatial density and hot spot analysis may be compared to and predicted for areas within and outside of designated wind areas, offshore energy lease areas, and shipping lanes, as well as relative to areas associated with features known to influence marine mammal density, abundance, and distribution, including by season (e.g., by inshore, shelf, slope/break, and off-slope).

One recommended approach should sample sizes be sufficient (ideally 60 to 80 sightings per species), is density surface modeling (DSM) analysis. DSM methodology expands standard distance sampling methods, allowing incorporation of spatial analyses to provide more in-depth estimates of density and abundance from line-transect and point-transect survey data. The method follows a 3-step process following distance sampling methodology (Buckland et al. 2001, 2015; Thomas et al. 2010; Miller et al. 2013; Miller 2016). In short, the first step involves fitting a detection function to the sighting data, as one would do in conventional distance sampling. The detection function model is then expanded into a spatial model using a generalized additive model approach that allows both spatial and temporal covariates to be considered, in relation to the sightings data (Wood 2016). Finally, the results of the spatial model are used to predict a 2-D density surface for the sightings of species of interest across the study area to assess the spatial and temporal use of the study area by the focal species. This 2-D density surface can provide insights into not only where hot spots may occur within the NYB Survey Area but also when they might occur, and whether density hot spots are related to specific environmental characteristics (e.g., depth, chlorophyll concentration, etc.), and how they may vary over time (e.g., in relation to migration timing). This general approach has been applied by Roberts et al. (2016) and accepted by NOAA Fisheries for the U.S. western North Atlantic EEZ. The data that will be collected during Years 2 and 3, compared to the data analyzed by Roberts et al. (2016), should afford a stronger baseline for spatially and temporally estimating and predicting hot spots for the species of concern.

Another potential hot-spot analysis approach that would facilitate comparisons with aerial survey data conducted in the nearby Rhode Island and Massachusetts Wind Energy Areas is the methodology used and described by Kraus et al (2016) and Leiter et al. (2017). The goal of this approach is to identify sub-areas characterized by statistically higher clustering of given whales or whale species relative to surrounding sub-areas/regions (i.e., hot and cold spots of distribution). This approach involves calculating an index of sightings per unit effort (SPUE) within a grid

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system in the survey area (in this case, 5-foot by 5-foot cells). SPUE per grid cell is then mapped in ESRI ArcMap version 10.3.1. A hot spot analysis is then conducted to assess the statistical validity of clustered species distributions using a statistical test in ArcMap.

Another potential approach would be to model the groupings of species as done in the NYSERDA (2017) report where analyses were organized by categories of (a) low-, mid-, and high-frequency cetaceans; (b) deep-diving and shallow-diving cetaceans; (c) endangered cetaceans; and (d) a separate category for right whales.

Finally, it may be useful to focus additional data collection on the 200-m isobath where the shelf break occurs and beyond, since the highest species diversity likely occurs at the shelf break and slope. Gaining an understanding of species occurrence and distribution in this area would benefit overall understanding of cetaceans in the NYB and inform planning efforts. The 200-m isobath is far offshore, so increased survey coverage to include this area would require additional time. If no additional days were added, the only way to increase data collection this far offshore would be to have less coverage in other areas (i.e., a tradeoff to the current survey design). The total OPA beyond 200 m is 9,562 km2 (3,692 mi2 or 2,788 nm2), or approximately 22% of the NYB Survey Area.

6.2 ANALYSIS OF BELLY VIDEO FOR PRIORITY WHALE PRESENCE FOR IMPROVED DENSITY/ABUNDANCE ESTIMATION

In accordance with the project scope of work, this study utilized two observers and a camera deployed in the belly window of the plane versus three observers. The camera provided additional coverage and ensured no large whales directly under the plane were missed by the two observers. The camera was mounted and deployed and was continuously recording directly below the aircraft through the belly window. Detecting all whales directly under and near the aircraft on systematic transect lines is a critical assumption for distance sampling analysis estimates of density and abundance. The chances of missing a large whale on or near the trackline itself are considered very low because the aircraft used in this study is equipped with bubble windows and observers were aware of the importance of detecting whales on and close to the trackline. In addition, Kraus et al. (2016) found that very few visual detections of large whales were missed directly under their small aircraft during over 67,000 km of aerial surveys conducted from a small fixed-wing aircraft equipped with flat windows. Their observers could not see directly below the airplane, while the observers on this survey could see directly below the airplane due to the bubble windows, which facilitate a small area of visual overlap under our aircraft. Nevertheless, the graphic plot of the PSD data from Year 1 (see Figure 10) suggests that some sightings within approximately 200 m of either side of the trackline may have been missed by observers because the number of detections within this distance category was less than the next farthest distance bin (further from the trackline).

Preliminary findings and the lower-than-expected detection numbers within 200 m of either side of the plane suggest that reviewing the belly video could be important and might yield some sightings inadvertently missed by the observers. Therefore, adding this task to the existing work is recommended. If analysis of the belly video finds that any priority large whales were missed on

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or near the trackline, the additional data could impact (likely by increasing) sample sizes and thus affect density and abundance results. This analysis would involve reviewing all video recordings from each flight along transect lines, recording information on whales observed (e.g., date, time, location), and comparing detected whales with visual sightings made by observers to avoid duplication. Identifying any potential missed detections under the aircraft near and along the transect line has the potential to strengthen the robustness, accuracy, and statistical power of the density and abundance estimates by ensuring that assumptions of line transect theory are met (Buckland et al. 2001).

6.3 OTHER (NON-PRIORITY WHALE OR NON-CETACEAN) SPECIES AS CANDIDATES FOR ABUNDANCE/DENSITY ESTIMATES BASED ON THE DATA COLLECTED

Non-priority large whale sightings were not a focus of this study; however, they are important and will provide additional baseline data for future management of area waters. Current protocols do not include circling to confirm other marine mammal species. NYSDEC project goals state North Atlantic right whales are a priority and are specifically identified in this study as a species for which the survey team will always circle for photographs. In-air decisions for circling any species other than North Atlantic right whales or other than for purposes of confirming species identifications of observed whales (all species) involve several decision factors. Decision factors include weather conditions, location, fuel consumption, and other specifics such as recent Unusual Mortality Events (UMEs).

During Year 1, the importance of establishing guidelines for circling became apparent. The survey team coordinated with NYSDEC to expand upon circling guidance and to develop guidelines to inform future survey efforts and protocols. Table 19 details circling and photographing priority guidelines.

One recommendation, should there be interest in establishing other marine mammal sighting rates, would be to expand circling efforts to include non-priority species. These species may also be affected by future activities in the NYB Survey Area, so establishing baseline data on their occurrence would enhance the regionalized database for species in the NYB. However, implementing this recommendation would involve additional survey day(s) and the successful survey completion of the 15 transect lines is the target of each survey. Finally, circling also provides an opportunity for photographs of species sighted that may be useful for future mark-recapture studies or other photo-identification efforts.

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TABLE 19. SPECIES AND PRIORITIES FOR CIRCLING AND PHOTOGRAPHY WORK Overall Circling Priority to Confirm ID

Species Category and Scope Status Species

Photo ID Circling Priority

High

Large whales; in scope

North Atlantic right whale* Mandatory Fin whale* High

Humpback whale High due to UME

Sei whale * High Blue whale* High

Sperm whale* High

Best of Photos Right*, fin*, humpback, sei*, blue*, sperm* High

Deep diving odontocetes; not in scope Beaked whales Medium

Other odontocetes whales; not in scope

Pygmy sperm or dwarf sperm whale Medium

False and pygmy killer whales Medium

Other baleen whales; not in scope Minke High due to

UME

Medium Dolphins; not in scope Killer whale Medium

Low

Dolphins; not in scope

Bottlenose dolphin Low Pantropical spotted dolphin Low

Atlantic spotted dolphin Low Spinner dolphin Medium Clymene dolphin High

Rough toothed dolphin Medium Striped dolphin Low

Common dolphin Medium White-beaked dolphin Low

Atlantic white sided dolphin Low Risso’s dolphin Medium

Pilot whale (long- or short-finned) Low Porpoise; not in scope Harbor porpoise Low

Sea Turtles; not in scope Any sea turtle* species

Medium (e.g., if large aggregates, take photos)

Non-marine mammal or sea turtle; not in scope

Shark or rays; not in scope Any species

Only if unusual

aggregates, or rare sighting

Note:

* Federally listed threatened and endangered species.

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Using dolphins as a case study, 154 groups of delphinids (unidentified dolphins and Delphinus/Tursiops/Stenella [Table 9]) observed during Year 1 were not identified to species, representing 56% of all delphinid sightings. Of those delphinids identified to species, most (79%) were Risso’s dolphins, which are typically readily identifiable from passing aircraft. During the development of this project’s survey work plan (Tetra Tech and Smultea Sciences 2017), NOAA NEFSC (Tetra Tech 2017b) indicated interest in the acquisition of species identification and line-transect data on non-whale cetacean species (e.g., delphinids) suitable for density analyses (e.g., time, location, declination angle, bearing, species, group size). The question of additional target species during years 2 and 3 is a discussion point to be addressed and must be considered in light of current survey plans, data collection requirements (i.e., subsequent analyses), and data collection consistency (i.e., data must be comparable across years).

Additional circling could also include at least a proportion of delphinids sighted to confirm species identification by using binoculars and/or photography during future surveys. Species confirmation of delphinids and other non-whale marine mammals can typically be accomplished with brief circling by the aircraft (Smultea Sciences, unpublished data, 2008–2013). Sightings unidentified to species because they cannot be circled for species confirmation weakens the data’s utility for estimating density and describing seasonal distribution and occurrence of non-large whale species.

NYSDEC could consider circling a proportion of other non-large whale or non-cetacean species to facilitate future potential estimation of density and abundance and to provide additional data on species-specific distribution and habitat use. Even identifying a small proportion of the unidentified dolphin sightings would facilitate prorating of unidentified dolphins to species, as done for this study for unidentified species (Section 2.5.3). For example, by identifying a proportion of unidentified species to species, the resulting ratio of known species can be multiplied against the remaining unidentified species to extrapolate/estimate species density and abundance (as was done for unidentified whales in this study – see Results Section 3.2.4; also see Jefferson et al. 2014). A substantive review of methods would be undertaken to verify if analyses across years would be viable and then the study design would be formulated.

Expanding circling efforts, both to photograph select priority large whale sightings and to circle select non-priority species sightings, would add an estimated 1 day to each survey (additional survey goals such as this would necessitate changes to the current project protocols and resultant effort would require additional resources). Notably, even if circling efforts were expanded, not all sightings would be circled. While observers would continue to prioritize the six target large whale species, in-air decisions about which sightings to circle always involve multiple decision factors and unknown future conditions (e.g., changing weather, other animals in the area). A decision to circle a particular sighting could result in not being able to circle a sighting assigned a higher priority (see Table 19) later in the flight due to fuel restrictions, changing weather conditions, or other factors.

Notably, 96 Risso’s dolphin sightings were made during Year 1. This total exceeds the recommended minimum sample size for estimating general abundance and density (see Section 3.2.4). Thus, NYSDEC could consider conducting distance sampling analyses for this species as well as other non-large whale species where sample sizes exceed approximately

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80 sightings. The analysis/reporting component would require relatively little additional effort. Such information would facilitate robust density and abundance estimation needed to estimate impacts to marine mammals in association with offshore wind energy and other developments as required per the Marine Mammal Protection Act and by NMFS and Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM). This information would also contribute to the NOAA NEFSC interest in obtaining cetacean density and abundance estimates in the U.S. Atlantic EEZ.

6.4 IMPROVING SPECIES IDENTIFICATION OF SEA TURTLES

There is interest by stakeholders, including the NYSDEC, in identifying sea turtles observed during the aerial surveys to species. Currently, the survey effort is focused on six large whale species. As mentioned previously, confidently identifying most sea turtle sightings to species is difficult at the current survey altitude of 1,000 ft and speed of around 100 kn passing by without circling (an exception is large leatherback sea turtles which are sufficiently large and distinctive to facilitate species identification in most cases). There are currently insufficient resources to allow circling and/or photographing sea turtles. However, if circling a proportion of unidentified sea turtle sightings and taking photographs and/or look at the turtles through binoculars at a lower altitude when no cetaceans are present, it would be possible to identify many such sightings to species in good Beaufort SS conditions (ideally Beaufort SS <3). Smaller juvenile sea turtle identification would be more problematic, but flying at lower altitudes and/or using a longer camera lens, ideally with a wider aperture (allowing more light), could potentially identify smaller sea turtles as well.

A small pilot study is recommended in Year 2 to identify a proportion of unidentified sea turtles to species. The resulting ratio of known species can then be multiplied against the remaining unidentified species to estimate species density, abundance, distribution, and abundance on a seasonal basis. To conduct the pilot study, NYSDEC could consider adding one half day to at least 4 survey months in Year 2 (additional survey goals such as this would necessitate changes to the current project protocols and resultant effort would require additional resources). The pilot study would be used to refine a methodology for integrating sea turtle data collection into the current survey methodology, including additional time needed per survey, and flight altitude needed to identify at least a proportion of sea turtles to species.

6.5 OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS

Adding the optional fourth year to the survey duration is recommended to provide increased detections and create a more robust sample size, increasing the statistical power of the analyses. A fourth year would also provide an opportunity for assessing abundance and distribution over a longer period of time to accommodate any shorter-term climate variations that might affect presence or absence of cetaceans in the NYB Survey Area.

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7.0 LITERATURE CITED

Akaike, H. 1974. “A new look at the statistical model identification.” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control. Vol. 19(6). Pages 716–723.

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Jefferson, T.A., M.A. Webber, and R.L. Pitman. 2015. Marine mammals of the world: a comprehensive guide to their identification (2nd edition). Elsevier/Academic Press, San Diego, CA

Jefferson, T.A., M.A. Smultea, S. Courbis and G. Campbell. 2016. “Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) recovery in the inland waters of Washington: Estimates of density and abundance from aerial surveys, 2013–2015.” Canadian Journal of Zoology. 94(7): 505-515.

Katona, S.K. and J.A. Beard. 1990. “Population size, migrations and feeding aggregations of the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the western North Atlantic Ocean.” Report of the International Whaling Commission 12:295-306.

Kenney, R.D and K.J. Vigness-Raposa. 2010. Marine mammals and sea turtles of Narragansett Bay, Block Island Sound, Rhode Island Sound, and nearby waters: an analysis of existing data for the Rhode Island Ocean Special Area Management Plan. Ocean SAMP, Vol 2. Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council, Wakefield, RI.

Khan, C, P. Duley, A. Henry, J. Gatzke, and T. Cole. 2014. North Atlantic right whale sighting survey (NARWSS) and right whale sighting advisory system (RWSAS) 2013 results summary. NEFSC Ref Doc 14-11. NMFS, Woods Hole, MA.

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Kraus, S.D., J.H. Prescott, A.R. Knowlton, and G.S. Stone. 1986. Migration and calving of right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in the western North Atlantic. International Whaling Commission 10:139-144.

Kraus, S.D., S. Leiter, K. Stone, B. Wikgren, C. Mayo, P. Hughes, R.D. Kenney, C.W. Clark, A. N. Rice, B. Estabrook and J. Tielens. 2016. Northeast Large Pelagic Survey Collaborative Aerial and Acoustic Surveys for Large Whales and Sea Turtles. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Sterling, Virginia. OCS Study BOEM 2016-054. 117 pp. + appendices.

Leiter, S.M., K.M. Stone, J.L. Thompson, C.M. Accardo, B.C. Wikgren, M.A. Zani, T.V.N. Cole, R.D. Kenney, C.A. Mayo, and S.D. Kraus. 2017. "North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis occurrence in offshore wind energy areas near Massachusetts and Rhode Island, USA." Endangered Species Research Vol. 34. Pages 45–59.

Lomac-MacNair, K. and M.A. Smultea. 2016. “Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) behavior and group dynamics as observed from an aircraft off Southern California.” Animal Behavior and Cognition. Vol. 3. Pages 1–21.

Miller, D.L., M.L Burt, E.A. Rexstad, and L. Thomas. 2013. “Spatial models for distance sampling data: recent developments and future directions.” Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Volume 4(11). Pages 1001–1010.

Miller, D. 2016. Distance: Distance Sampling Detection Function and Abundance Estimation. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Distance

Murray, A., A. Rice, and C. Clark. 2014. “Extended seasonal occurrence of humpback whales in Massachusetts Bay.” Journal Marine Biological Association of the U.K. 94:1117–1125.

Natural Earth. 2018. Natural Earth 200-meter Bathymetry Polygon Shapefile, 2018. Digital Data. Downloaded April 18. 2018. http://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-physical-vectors/10m-bathymetry/

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NYS. 2018. New York State Office of Information Technology Services GIS Program Office (GPO). New York State Civil Boundaries. April 2018. Digital Data. Downloaded April 13, 2018. http://gis.ny.gov/gisdata/inventories/details.cfm?DSID=927

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). 2017. NYSDEC-sponsored passive acoustic monitoring studies. Available at: https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/108573.html

New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA). 2017a. Offshore Wind Master Plan. Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles Study Report 17-25. November.

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NYSERDA. 2017b. NYSERDA-sponsored digital aerial baseline surveys of marine wildlife. Available at: https://www.offshorewind.biz/2016/12/09/nyserda-keeps-an-eye-on-wildlife-offshore-long-island.

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NOAA. 2015a. Annual Report of a Comprehensive Assessment of Marine Mammal, Marine Turtle, and Seabird Abundance and Spatial Distribution in U.S. Waters of the Western North Atlantic Ocean – AMAPPS II. Report by the Northeast Fisheries Science Center and Southeast Fisheries Science Center.

NOAA. 2015b. Office of Coast Survey. Shipping Fairways, Lanes, and Zones for US Waters. December 4, 2015. Digital Data. Downloaded April 13, 2018. https://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/data/gis-data-and-services.html#enc-direct-to-gis

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Palka, D. 2005. "Aerial surveys in the northwest Atlantic: estimation of g (0)." In European Cetacean Society’s 18th Annual Conference, Estimation of g (0) in Line-transect Surveys of Cetaceans, ECS Newsletter No. 44. April. pp. 14-9.

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Roberts, J.J., B.D. Best, L. Mannocci, E. Fujioka, P.N. Halpin, D.L. Palka, L.P. Garrison, K.D. Mullin, T.V. Cole, C.B. Khan and W.A. McLellan. 2016. Habitat-based cetacean density models for the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico.Scientific Reports 6: 22615.

Scott, T.M. and S.S. Sadove. 1997. “Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) sightings in the shallow shelf waters off Long Island, New York.” Marine Mammal Science. 13:317-321.

Smultea, M.A. 2016. “Behavioral ecology of cetaceans in the Southern California Bight.” Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX.

Smultea, M.A., and C.E. Bacon. 2012. A comprehensive report of aerial marine mammal monitoring in the Southern California Range Complex: 2008-2012. Prepared for Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Submitted to Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest (NAVFAC SW), EV5 Environmental, San Diego, 92132 under Contract No. N62470-10-D-3011 issued to HDR, Inc., San Diego, California.

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Stanistreet, J.E., D.P. Nowacek, J.T. Bell, D.M. Cholewiak, J.A. Hildebrand, L.E. Hodge, S.M. Van Parijs, and A.J. Read. 2018. “Spatial and seasonal patterns in acoustic detections of sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus along the continental slope in the western North Atlantic Ocean.” Endangered Species Research. Vol. 35. Pages 1–13.

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Stone, K.M., S.M. Leiter, R.D. Kenney, B.C. Wikgren, J.L. Thompson, J.K. Taylor, and S.D. Kraus. 2017. “Distribution and abundance of cetaceans in a wind energy development area offshore of Massachusetts and Rhode Island.” Journal of Coastal Conservation. 21:527-543.

Swingle, W.M., S.G. Barco, T.D. Pitchford, W.A. McClellan, and D. Pabst. 1993. “Appearance of juvenile humpback whales feeding in the nearshore waters of Virginia.” Marine Mammal Science. 9:309-315.

Tetra Tech. 2017a. Record of telephone conversation regarding Howard Rosenbaum vessel research between Ann Zoidis, Project Manager (Tetra Tech), and Dr. Howard Rosenbaum, Director, Wildlife Conservation Society. May 10.

Tetra Tech. 2017b. Record of telephone conversation regarding content of Survey Work Plan and input from NOAA on study design. Between Ann Zoidis, Project Manager (Tetra Tech) and Emmy Andrews, Deputy Project Manager (Tetra Tech), and Debra Palka, Research Biologist, NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center. March 1.

Tetra Tech and Smultea Sciences. 2017. Survey Plan for New York Bight Whale Monitoring Aerial Surveys. Technical Report prepared by Tetra Tech and Smultea Sciences under Tetra Tech contract CO9926 March 2017. Prepared for Division of Marine Resources, NY State Department of Environmental Conservation.

Thomas, L., S.T. Buckland, E.A. Rexstad, J.L. Laake, S. Strindberg, S.L. Hedley, J.R.B. Bishop, T.A. Marques, and K.P. Burnham. 2010. “Distance software: design and analysis of distance sampling surveys for estimating population size.” Journal of Applied Ecology 47:5-14.

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Vu, E.T., D. Risch, C.W. Clark, and S. Gaylord. 2012. “Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) song occurs extensively on feeding grounds in the western North Atlantic Ocean.” Aquatic Biology. 14:175-183.

Waring, G.T., E. Josephson, K. Maze-Foley, and P.E. Rosel. 2010. U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico marine mammal stock assessments – 2010. NOAA Techical Memorandum NMFS-NE 219: 1–606. [Available from: http://spo.nwr.noaa.gov/tm.htm].

Waring, G.T., E. Josephson K. Maze-Foley P.E. Rosel, editors. 2015. U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Marine Mammal Stock Assessments – 2014. NOAA Tech Memo NMFS NE 231; 361 p. doi: 10.7289/V5TQ5ZH0

Weinrich, M., R. Kenney, and P. Hamilton. 2000. “Right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) on Jeffreys Ledge: a habitat of unrecognized importance?” Marine Mammal Science. 16: 326-337.

Wenzel, F., Mattila, D.K. and Clapham, P.J. 1988. Balaenoptera musculus in the Gulf of Maine. Marine Mammal Science 4:172-175

Whitt, A.D., K. Dudzinski, and J.R. Laliberte. 2013. “North Atlantic right whale distribution and seasonal occurrence in nearshore waters off New Jersey, USA and implications for management.” Endangered Species Research. Vol. 20: 50–69.

Whitt, A., J.A. Powell, A.G. Richardson, and J.R. Bosyk. 2015. “Abundance and distribution of marine mammals in nearshore waters off New Jersey, USA.” J. Cetacean Research Management.15:45-59.

Wong, S.N. and H. Whitehead. 2014. “Seasonal occurrence of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) around Kelvin Seamount in the Sargasso Sea in relation to oceanographic processes.” Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. Volume 91:10-16.

Wood, S. 2016. MGCV: Mixed GAM computation vehicle. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mgcv.

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8.0 LIST OF PREPARERS

Individual/Title Role Degree Years of Experience

Tetra Tech, Inc.

Ann Zoidis – Biologist, Marine Mammal Scientist

Project Manager / Quality Control / Observer / Author

MS, Physiology and Behavioral Biology

32

Emmy Andrews – Environmental Scientist

Deputy Project Manager / Quality Control

MS, Environmental Management

14

Angela Lortie – Biologist, Environmental Scientist Editorial / Technical Review

BA, Environmental Conservation

16

Joel Peters – GIS Analyst GIS BA, Geography, Certificate of GIS

22

Susan Gallagher – Production Lead Word Processing / Production

BA, General Psychology

39

Patrick Wooliever – Quality Control Coordinator Quality Control Check

BS, Environmental Engineering

28

Smultea Environmental Sciences, LLC

Mari A. Smultea – Chief Scientist / Marine Resource Scientist

Principle Investigator / Observer/ Author

PhD, Marine Biology MS, Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences

33

Kate Lomac-MacNair – Senior Research Scientist

Project Manager/ Lead Observer / Author

MS, Environmental Science & Policy

12

Holly Dramis – Data Manager Data Manager BA, Business 2

Clymene Enterprises

Tom Jefferson, PhD Line-transect Analyst Expert / Author

PhD, Wildlife and Fisheries Science

35

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Suffolk

Nassau

5

76

4

89

3

1514

11

13

10

2

12

1

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71°0'0"W

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'0"N

40°0

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"N

39°0

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"N

®0 3015

Miles

Sources: NYS 2014, NOAA 2015b, USCB 2017, ESRI 2018, and NYS 2018.

Dat

e Sa

ved:

5/9

/201

8 2:

43:3

3 PM

Use

r: an

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New York

LegendSurvey Transect

Offshore Planning Area/NYB Survey Area

Shipping Lanes

State Boundary

Effort Type!( Circling

!( Transect

!( Cross-Leg

!( Transit

!( Overland

Connecticut

RhodeIsland

NewJersey

0 3015

Nautical Miles

Figure 15. Survey Lines Flown by Effort for Winter Season

$+ XW

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4

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40°0'0"N 40°0'0"N

39°0'0"N 39°0'0"N

®0 3015

Mile s

Sourc e s : NY S 2014, NO AA 2015b, USCB 2017, ESR I 2018, NY S 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.Date Saved: 5/9/2018 2:55:21 PM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_16_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_03_2017.mxd

Ne w Y ork

Legend

Surve y Trans e c tO ffs hore Planning Are a/NY B Surve y Are aShipping Lane sState Bound aryDe pth ≥ 200-Me te r Is obath

Species!( Fin Whale

#* Hum pbac k Whale

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Figure 16. Lo catio ns o f Prio rity Whales – March 2017 Aerial Survey

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Suffolk

Nassau

5

76

4

89

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2

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®0 3015

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Sourc e s : NY S 2014, NO AA 2015b, USCB 2017, ESR I 2018, NY S 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.Date Saved: 5/9/2018 2:56:43 PM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_17_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_04_2017.mxd

Ne w Y ork

LegendSurve y Trans e c tO ffs hore Planning Are a/NY B Surve y Are aShipping Lane sState BoundaryDe pth ≥ 200-Me te r Is obath

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Figure 17. Locations of Priority Whales – Ap ril 2017 Aerial Survey

!(#*!(

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Nassau

5

76

4

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®0 3015

Mile s

S ource s: NYS 2014, NOAA 2015b, US CB 2017, ES RI 2018, NYS 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.

Date Saved: 5/9/2018 2:57:40 PM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_18_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_05_2017.mxd

Ne w York

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Figure 18. Lo catio ns o f Prio rity Whales – May 2017 Aerial Survey

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®0 3015

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S ource s: NYS 2014, NOAA 2015b, US CB 2017, ES RI 2018, NYS 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.

Date Saved: 5/9/2018 2:58:48 PM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_19_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_07_2017.mxd

Ne w York

LegendS urve y Transe ctOffshore P lanning Area/NYB S urve y Are aS hipping Lane sS tate Bound aryDe pth ≥ 200-Me te r Isobath

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Nassau

5

76

4

89

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®0 3015

Mile s

S ource s: NYS 2014, NOAA 2015b, US CB 2017, ES RI 2018, NYS 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.

Date Saved: 5/9/2018 3:00:30 PM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_20_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_08_2017.mxd

Ne w York

LegendS urvey Transe ctOffshore P lanning Area/NYB S urve y AreaS hipping Lane sS tate Bound aryDe pth ≥ 200-Me te r Isobath

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#* Hum pback Whale

XW Unid e ntifie d Larg e Whale

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0 3015Nautical Mile s

Figure 20. Locations of Priority Whales – August 2017 Aerial Survey

$+

!(

Suffolk

Nassau

5

76

4

89

3

1514

11

13

10

21

12

71°0'0"W

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®0 3015

Mile s

S ource s: NYS 2014, NOAA 2015b, US CB 2017, ES RI 2018, NYS 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.

Date Saved: 5/9/2018 3:05:35 PM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_21_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_09_2017.mxd

Ne w York

Legen d

S urve y Transe ctOffshore P lanning Are a/NYB S urve y Are aS hipping Lane sS tate Bound aryDe pth ≥ 200-Me te r Isobath

Species!( Fin Whale

$+ S pe rm Whale

Conne cticut Rhod eIsland

Ne wJe rse y

0 3015Nautical Mile s

Figure 21. Location s of Priority Whales – September 2017 Aerial Survey

$+

#*!(

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#*

#*Suffolk

Nassau

5

76

4

89

3

1514

11

13

10

2

12

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72°0'0"W

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40°0'0"N 40°0'0"N

39°0'0"N 39°0'0"N

®0 3015

Mile s

Sourc e s : NY S 2014, NO AA 2015b, USCB 2017, ESR I 2018, NY S 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.

Date Saved: 5/9/2018 3:06:33 PM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_22_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_10_2017.mxd

Ne w Y ork

Legen dSurve y Trans e c tO ffs hore Planning Are a/NY B Surve y Are aShipping Lane sState BoundaryDe pth ≥ 200-Me te r Is obath

Species!( Fin Whale

#* Hum pbac k Whale

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Figure 22. Location s of Priority Whales – October 2017 Aerial Survey

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Mile s

S ource s: NYS 2014, NOAA 2015b, US CB 2017, ES RI 2018, NYS 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.

Date Saved: 5/9/2018 3:07:20 PM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_23_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_11_2017.mxd

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Legen d

S urvey Transe ctOffshore P lanning Area/NYB S urvey AreaS hipping Lane sS tate Bound aryDe pth ≥ 200-Me te r Isobath

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Figure 23. Location s of Priority Whales – November 2017 Aerial Survey

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Mile s

S ource s: NYS 2014, NOAA 2015b, US CB 2017, ES RI 2018, NYS 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.

Date Saved: 5/10/2018 10:31:32 AM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_24_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_12_2017.mxd

Ne w York

Legend

S urvey Transe ctOffshore P lanning Area/NYB S urvey AreaS hipping Lane sS tate Bound aryDe pth ≥ 200-Me te r Isobath

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0 3015Nautical Mile s

Figure 24. Locations of Priority Whales – Decem ber 2017 Aerial Survey

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Mile s

Sourc e s : NY S 2014, NO AA 2015b, USCB 2017, ESR I 2018, NY S 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.

Date Saved: 5/10/2018 10:29:16 AM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_25_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_01_2018.mxd

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Figure 25. Lo catio ns o f Prio rity Whales – January 2018 Aerial Survey

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Mile s

Sourc e s : NY S 2014, NO AA 2015b, USCB 2017, ESR I 2018, NY S 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.

Date Saved: 5/10/2018 10:28:10 AM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_26_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_02_2018.mxd

Ne w Y ork

LegendSurve y Trans e c tO ffs hore Planning Are a/NY B Surve y Are aShipping Lane sState Bound aryDe pth ≥ 200-Me te r Is obath

Species") Blue Whale

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Figure 26. Lo catio ns o f Prio rity Whales – February 2018 Aerial Survey

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S ource s: NYS 2014, NOAA 2015b, US CB 2017, ES RI 2018, NYS 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.Date Saved: 5/9/2018 3:17:18 PM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_27_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_ALL_2017.mxd

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Figure 27. Locations of Priority Whales Sighted During Year 1

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Mile s

S ource s: NYS 2014, NOAA 2015b, US CB 2017, ES RI 2018, NYS 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.

Date Saved: 5/9/2018 3:18:24 PM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_28_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_SPRING_2017.mxd

Ne w York

LegendS urve y Transe ctOffshore P lanning Are a/NYB S urve y Are aS hipping Lane sS tate Bound aryDe pth ≥ 200-Me te r Isobath

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Figure 28. Locations of Priority Whales by Season – Sp ring

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S ource s: NYS 2014, NOAA 2015b, US CB 2017, ES RI 2018, NYS 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.Date Saved: 5/9/2018 3:19:05 PM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_29_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_SUMMER_2017.mxd

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LegendS urve y Transect

Offshore P lanning Are a/NYB S urve y Are aS hipping Lane s

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Figure 29. Lo catio ns o f Prio rity Whales by Seaso n – Summer

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S ource s: NYS 2014, NOAA 2015b, US CB 2017, ES RI 2018, NYS 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.Date Saved: 5/10/2018 10:47:37 AM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_30_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_FALL_2017.mxd

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LegendS urvey Transe ct

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Mile s

Sourc e s : NY S 2014, NO AA 2015b, USCB 2017, ESR I 2018, NY S 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.

Date Saved: 5/10/2018 10:56:36 AM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_31_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_WINTER_2018.mxd

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Figure 31. Locations of Priority Whales by Season – Winter

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S ource s: NYS 2014, NOAA 2015b, US CB 2017, ES RI 2018, NYS 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.

Date Saved: 5/9/2018 2:21:02 PM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_32_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_NARW.mxd

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Figure 32. Locations of All North Atlantic Right Whale Sightings

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S ource s: NYS 2014, NOAA 2015b, US CB 2017, ES RI 2018, NYS 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.

Date Saved: 5/9/2018 2:24:31 PM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_33_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_FIN.mxd

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LegendS urve y Transe ctOffshore P lanning Area/NYB S urvey Are aS hipping Lane sS tate Bound aryDe pth ≥ 200-Me te r Isobath

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Figure 33. Locations of All Fin Whale Sightings

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Sourc e s : NY S 2014, NO AA 2015b, USCB 2017, ESR I 2018, NY S 2018, and Natural Earth 2018.

Date Saved: 5/9/2018 2:25:11 PM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_34_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_HUMPBACK.mxd

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Figure 34. Locations of All Humpback Whale Sightings

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Date Saved: 5/9/2018 2:29:01 PM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_35_SIGHTINGS_WHALES_PRIORITY_SPERM.mxd

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Surve y Trans e c tO ffs hore Planning Are a/NY B Surve y Are aShipping Lane sState BoundaryDe pth ≥ 200-Me te r Is obath

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Surve y Trans e c tO ffs hore Planning Are a/NY B Surve y Are aShipping Lane sState BoundaryDe pth ≥ 200-Me te r Is obath

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Date Saved: 5/9/2018 2:37:55 PM User: angela.lortie Path: H:\GIS\NYDEC_Y1_GIS_Deliverable\GIS_Deliverable\mxd\FIGURE_38_SIGHTINGS_TURTLES_ALL_2017.mxd

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APPENDIX A NORTH ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALE NEW ENGLAND AQUARIUM SUBMISSIONS

A-1 May 2018

NORTH ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALE NEW ENGLAND AQUARIUM SUBMISSIONS

From March 2017 to February 2018, the annual New York Bight Whale Monitoring Aerial Survey was active. During this survey, North Atlantic right whales were sighted in five of the twelve months. North Atlantic right whale sightings occurred in the following months: March 2017, April 2017, November 2017, January 2018, and February 2018. Within these five months, three of the sightings were confirmed by the New England Aquarium (NEAq). These included: March 2017, January 2018, and February 2018. Furthermore, the whales sighted in March and January 2018 were assigned ID numbers. Below are descriptions of the North Atlantic right whales that have been observed, photographed, and verified through the work conducted by Tetra Tech, Smultea Sciences, and the NEAq.

In March 2017, 29 photos were taken of the observed North Atlantic right whales. Two whales were confirmed by the NEAq. The first confirmed North Atlantic right whale was “Palmetto,” ID #1970. Palmetto is a reproductive female whale at least 28 years in age. She was first sighted in 1989 and was not a calf at this point, therefore she may be a bit older than the estimated 28 years. According to the NEAq, Palmetto has four calves. The identifier on her is the continuous callosity which extends from the rostrum just forward of the blowholes. Palmetto has a large scar on the left side of her head. The second verified North Atlantic right whale in March 2017 was ID #3020, unknown name. ID #3020 is also a reproductive female with an unknown age. She was first sighted in 2000, and has two calves. ID #3020 has a broken callosity as an identifier.

There were 21 North Atlantic right whale photos taken during the April 2017 survey. There were no confirmed comments, IDs, or notes available from the NEAq on any of the whales recorded during this time period.

During the November 2017 survey, 21 North Atlantic right whale photos were taken. No confirmed comments, IDs, or notes available from the NEAq were made regarding these sightings.

During the January 2017 survey, 133 photos of North Atlantic right whales were taken. One North Atlantic right whale, ID #2160, was confirmed by the NE Aquarium. The gender of this ID is unknown. This whale has peduncle scars as the major identifier. It is important to note that this is only the second sighting of whale #2160 with these scars present, the first of which was recorded in 2013. In 2013, ID #2160 had new, severe entanglement scars. Since this is only the second sighting with the scars, the NEAq is very careful with confirming the match since it appears that some healing has taken place. The NEAq has placed this ID on the list of injured whales they are paying close attention to.

During the February 2018 survey, there were 37 photos taken of the North Atlantic right whales observed. One whale of an unknown ID was identified. The whale is considered by the NEAq to be 2– 3 years of age, which may account for the lack of information in the catalog. There is a possibility that this whale has not yet been listed. This age range was chosen due to the size of the head documented in the photos. The head of an adult North Atlantic right whale is about 1/3 the size of the body. This whale has a relatively small head when observing the tip of the rostrum to the eyebrow callosity along with the subsurface at the end of the mouth line (smaller than 1/3 of

A-2 May 2018

the body). The second factor as to why this whale may be a younger whale is due to the orange cyamids found on the head and along both sides of the callosity. This identifier can be found in young adults. Calves often have a good amount of these orange cyamids on their head, mouth line, and flukes. Due to these two observations the NEAq believes this whale is young, and therefore may take some time to match. If this is the first recording of the whale, this may be useful documentation for future sightings. The 2–3-year age range is an estimate based on the above information.

APPENDIX B BEST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

B-1 May 2018

Photograph 1. Fin Whales Observed Feeding with Common Dolphins during the May 2017

Survey (Photographer Kate Lomac-MacNair Smultea Sciences)

B-2 May 2018

Photograph 2. Four Fin Whales Observed Lunge Feeding with Common Dolphins during

the May 2017 Survey (Photographer Kate Lomac-MacNair Smultea Sciences)

B-3 May 2018

Photograph 3. Fin Whale with Basking Sharks Observed during the May 2017 Survey (Photographer Kate Lomac-MacNair Smultea Sciences)

B-4 May 2018

Photograph 4. Sperm Whale Observed during the July 2017 Survey (Photographer Kate Lomac-MacNair Smultea Sciences)

B-5 May 2018

Photograph 5. Humpback Whale Observed during the August 2017 Survey (Photographer Kate Lomac-MacNair Smultea Sciences)

B-6 May 2018

Photograph 6. Humpback Whale Observed during the August 2017 Survey (Photographer Kate Lomac-MacNair Smultea Sciences)

B-7 May 2018

Photograph 7. North Atlantic Right Whale Observed during the November 2017 Survey (Photographer Kate Lomac-MacNair Smultea Sciences)

B-8 May 2018

Photograph 8. Blue Whales Observed during the January 2018 Survey (Photographer Kate Lomac-MacNair Smultea Sciences)