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    Practice question 2

    The diagram below shows the results gained from an experiment to compare the rates

    of transpiration in two species, Pand Q. Both species were kept under the sameconditions during the course of the experiment.

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    [Total 6 marks]

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    Stem Structure

    epidermiscortexphloemcambiumxylempith

    vascular

    bundle

    Epidermis

    . One cell thick. In young plants the

    epidermis cells may secrete a waterproof

    cuticle, and in older plants the epidermis may

    be absent, replaced by bark.

    Cortex

    . Composed of various packing cells,

    to give young plants strength and flexibility,

    and are the source of plant fibres such as sisal

    and hemp.

    Vascular Tissue. This contains the phloem andxylem

    tissue, which grow out from the

    cambium. In dicot plants (the broad-leafed

    plants), the vascular tissue is arranged in

    vascular bundles, with phloem on the outside

    and xylem on the inside. In older plants the

    xylem bundles fuse together to form the bulk

    of the stem.

    Pith

    . The central region of a stem, used for

    food storage in young plants. It may be absent

    in older plants (i.e. theyre hollow).

    Root Structure

    epidermiscortexendodermispericyclephloemcambiumxylem

    vascular

    tissue

    roothairs

    Epidermis. A single layer of cells often with

    long extensions called root hairs

    , which

    increase the surface area enormously. A single

    plant may have 1010

    root hairs.

    Cortex

    . A thick layer of packing cells often

    containing stored starch.

    Endodermis. A single layer of tightly-packed

    cells containing a waterproof layer called the

    casparian strip

    cellwall

    cellmembrane

    cytoplasm vacuolecasparian

    strip

    . This prevents the movement of

    water between the cells.

    Pericycle

    . A layer of undifferentiated

    meristematic (growing) cells.Vascular Tissue

    . This contains xylem and

    phloem cells, which are continuous with the

    stem vascular bundles. The arrangement is

    different, and the xylem usually forms a star

    shape with 2-6 arms.

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    (Total 15 marks)

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