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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
МУНИЦИПАЛЬНОЕ АВТОНОМНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
ГИМНАЗИЯ С УГЛУБЛЕННЫМ ИЗУЧЕНИЕМ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ №21
Кафедра иностранных языков
Реферат
по английскому языку на тему:
«American Cinema»
Выполнила: ученица 6 «Б» класса
Трофимова Елизавета
Проверил: преподаватель
кафедры иностранных языков
Емельянова Мария Валерьевна
Тюмень 2016
Contents:1
Introduction………………………………………………………………………
Chapter I «History of American cinema»
1.1. Bearing
1.2. Formation
1.3. Classic Hollywood
1.4. New Hollywood …………………………………………………………..6
Chapter II «Genres of Cinema»
2.1 . Pepla Plural, Teenpick, Slasher movie, Vampire movie, Zombie film ………7
2.2. Film Noir ……………………………………………………………………82.3. Musical ……………………………………………………………………...92.4. Western .........................................................................................................10
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...12
References………………………………………………………………………...13
Vocabulary………………………………………………………………………..1
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2
Introduction
This report is devoted to the topic “American Cinema”. In this report we consider
the history of American cinema. The aim of the report is to learn the basic
information about some genres of cinematography and film companies.
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Chapter I «History of Hollywood cinematography»
1.1.Bearing
As you know, American cinema is the most popular and the most advanced.
That is why at the beginning of 20th century several dozens of small companies
producing movies existed. The bearing of American film industry began in 1892,
when Thomas Edison constructed the kinetoscope. Kinetoscope is the technology
of cinematography for showing picture in motion. The first public screening took
place in New-York. This screening consisted of small humorous and dancing
performances.
1.1. Formation
In 1901 ``nickelodeons`` - cheap cinemas appeared in the USA. The
entrance cost 5 pennies, and by 1908 more than three thousands nickelodeons
existed. The first dream factory appeared in 1911 and the major association like
``Universal Studio`` and ``Paramount Pictures`` appeared in 1912, ``United
Artists`` - in 1919, ``Warner Brothers``- in 1923, ``Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer`` and
``Columbia Pictures``- in 1924. Western «The Squaw Man» was shot in 1913 in
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Hollywood. It was the beginning of Hollywood as a cinematography center. By
1920 800 films were shot every year. During 15 years the village became the
capital of American film industry.
1.2. Classic Hollywood
Classic Hollywood began at the end of 1920 when a sound motion picture
appeared. Film companies developed animated cartoon and film makers from Walt
Disney`s firm released films in channels of United Artists.
Also, it is difficult to imagine the history of the cinema without David Wark
Griffith. Griffith was an American director who pioneered cinema techniques such
as using of advanced camera and techniques and, of course, he popularized feature-
length film.
The most famous films are The Birth of Nation and Intolerance. Film
historians as one of the first feature length American films (most previous films
had been less than one hour) consider the Birth of Nation. In his next
film, Intolerance, Griffith portrayed the effects of intolerance in four different
historical periods.
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David Wark Griffith discovered edition like a creative process – close-up
and long-shot. David was called as the «father» of cinema. At the practice of
American cinema the Griffith’s ways of montage got a special names: cross-cut,
flash-back and switch-back.
1.3. New Hollywood
New period began at the end of 1960s. The interest for films with traditional
stars was falling. A lot of dream factories were close to ruin. Filmmakers invited
young producers. People liked these films and wave of something new and unusual
occupied viewers. New epoch began. Films by S. Kubrick, F. Coppola, M.
Scorsese, R. Polanski, W. Allen, and R. Altman differed high artistic level. The
interest for experiments disappeared at the end of 1970, because «Star Wars» by G.
Lucas and «Jaws» by S. Spielberg were very popular.
Chapter II «Film Genres»
2.1. Pepla Plural, Teenpick, Slasher movie, Vampire movie, Zombie film. 6
System of genres for classic Hollywood is characterized by:
Comedies of M. Linder, Ch. Chaplin, B. Kiton, Marks brothers
Lyric comedies of Ernst Lubitsch and George Cukor
Eccentric comedies of K. Frank and H. Houks
Soap operas with Errol Flynn
Westerns of John Ford
Film-noir with H. Bogart and B. Stanwyck
Musical with F. Astaire and G. Kelly
Thrillers of A. Hitchcock
At the end of 1930 films were shot in color (epoch of Technicolor).
Genre «pepla plural» appeared in post-war period - amplitudinous reels of
films, which were shot by antique plots with grandiose scenes, for example «Ben-
Hur». Popularity of cinemascopic film began from alike films.
Most often narrative films are classified by both the producers of films and
audiences according to the concept of genre; that is they are seen in terms of
categories such as sci-fi, or musical, or western, or horror, or even sub-genres such
as spaghetti western or ‘slasher’ movie.
Teenpick is a film featuring teenagers as the central characters and aimed at
teenage audiences.
Slasher movie is a type of horror film in which the story revolves around
psychotic males with plans to murder a group of young people. This sub-genre
was at its height in the 1970s and early 1980s with films such as The Texas Chain
Saw Massacre (Hooper, 1974), Friday the 13th (Cunningham, 1980) and
Nightmare on Elm Street (Craven, 1984).
Vampire movie is a horror sub-genre that owes a lot to Bram Stoker’s novel
Dracula (1897) and again tends to feature male characters preying upon female
victims, on this occasion by sucking their blood.7
Zombie film is a horror sub-genre in which the dead (the zombies) come
back to life and attack the living. See Night of the Living Dead (Romero, 1968)
and Shaun of the Dead (Wright, 2004).
2.2. Film Noir
Film noir was a term initially used by French critics (literally ‘dark’ or ‘black
film’) to describe Hollywood films of the 1940s and early 1950s. They are
characterized by cynicism and pessimism and set within an oppressive urban world
of crime and corruption. The ‘heroes’ are usually disillusioned men who face an
uncertain future alone. Friendship is difficult and only possible at a certain
distance. Love is most usually perverted in some way, and innocence cannot
survive.
The films are usually dark and bleak. The 1940s and 1950s are generally
regarded as the "classic period" of American film noir. Films noir put an emphasis
on women of questionable virtue that had become rare in Hollywood films after
the mid-1930s, for example « Double Indemnity».
The iconic noir is counterpart to the femme fatale in films such as «The Maltese
Falcon» with
Humphrey Bogart as
Sam Spade, and
«Murder, My Sweet»
with Dick Powell as
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Philip Marlowe. Also, noir sleuths exist, Dana Andrews played police detective in
«Laura».
2.3. Musical
Musical won the audience its ease and commonplace storyline. The
audience in the cinema fascinated not only the obligatory happy ending and the
presence of dance and songs. Appearing in the early 30s, the musical was
developed. It was originally Broadway productions ("42 Street") and the usual
musical perfomances. With the coming of stars musical, the genre began to take
his face and he has got its own audience. By the way, studio Metro Goldwyn
Mayer was the main forge musicals in the 40s and 50s.
Uncomplicated storyline is «a father comes home from work and says that
he was offered a job in New York, followed by the immediate negative reaction of
the family and the whole movie they're going to New York». All experiences and
suffering of the protagonist, we learn of the songs that are already considered
classics - Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas, The Trolley Song, and, of
course, Meet me in Saint Louis. These films will clearly see the director's style, in
which the main thing - to tell an
original story with the help of
musical numbers.
2.4. Western
The Western is a genre of
various arts, often centering on
the life of a nomadic cowboy or
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gunfighter. Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently
set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Specific
settings include ranches, small frontier towns and saloons of the Wild West.
Characters also include Native Americans, bandits, law men, outlaws and soldiers.
The Western film was popular in the 1930s and the 1950s and 1960s.
Classical Western
The Great Train Robbery (1903), Edwin S. Porter's film starring Broncho
Billy Anderson, is considered as the first Western. The films` popularity opened
the door for Anderson to become the screen's first cowboy star; he made several
hundred Western film shorts.
The Golden Age of the Western is works of several directors, most
prominent among them, John Ford (My Darling Clementine). Others: Howard
Hawks (Red River), Anthony Mann (Man of the West), Budd Boetticher (Seven
Men from Now), Delmer Daves (The Hanging Tree), John Sturges (The
Magnificent Seven), and Robert Aldrich (Vera Cruz).
Spaghetti Western
During the 1960s and 1970s, a revival of the Western was appearance in
Italy with the "Spaghetti Westerns" also known as "Italo-Westerns". The most
famous of them is The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly (1966). Many of these films
are low-budget affairs, shot in locations (for example, the Spanish desert region of
Almería) chosen for their inexpensive crew and production costs as well as their
similarity to landscapes of the Southwestern United States. Spaghetti Westerns
were characterized by the presence of more action and violence than the
Hollywood Westerns. Also, the protagonists usually acted out of more selfish
motives (money or revenge being the most common) than in the classical westerns.
Veteran American actors Charles Bronson, Lee Van Cleef and Clint
Eastwood became famous by starring in Spaghetti Westerns, although the films
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also provided a showcase for other noted actors such as James Coburn, Henry
Fonda, Klaus Kinski, and Jason Robards. Eastwood, previously the lead in the
television series Rawhide, unexpectedly found himself catapulted into the
forefront of the film industry by Leone's a fistful of dollars.
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Conclusion
We have considered the history of American cinema and we have learnt the basic
information about some popular actors and some genres: Pepla Plural, Teenpick,
Slasher movie, Vampire movie, Zombie film, Film Noir, Musical and Western.
We`ve known about major association, which is popular nowadays, such as,
``Universal Studio``, ``Paramount Pictures``, ``Warner Brothers``, ``Metro-
Goldwyn-Mayer`` and ``Columbia Pictures``.
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References
1. Sarah Casey Benyahia, Freddie Gaffney and John White, As Film Studies, The
essential introduction (book)
2. David Bordwell, Film Art (book)
3. https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_noir
4. http://reflexions.ulg.ac.be/upload/docs/image/jpeg/2010-01/
kinetoscope_copie.jpg
5. http://vk.com/doc68236936_437151509?
hash=9002d5f42bdc3d0098&dl=2c13cdeb5bffe057ed
6. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/D_W_Griffith.jpeg
7. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD
%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE
%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90#
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States
9. https://movieclassics.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/fred-and-ginger-6.jpg
10.http://filmforum.org/do-not-enter-or-modify-or-erase/client-uploads/thumbs/
DOUBLE-INDEMNITY_UNDER-TEXT1520.jpg
11. http://www.cityspb.ru/f/a0/ru/auto/201505/13152326.1.jpg
Vocabulary
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1. Kinetoscope is the technology of cinematography for showing picture in motion.
2. Nickelodeons - cheap cinemas in the USA.3. Dream factory – киностудия.4. Sound motion picture – звуковое кино.5. Advanced camera – продвигающаяся камера.6. Feature-length film – полнометражный фильм.
7. Reels – катушка киноплёнки.8. Pepla plural is a genre with amplitudinous reels of films, which were shot by
antique plots with grandiose scenes.9. Cinemascopic – широкоэкранный.10. Sub-genres – производное направление.11. Teenpick is a film featuring teenagers as the central characters and aimed at
teenage audiences.
12. Slasher movie is a type of horror film in which the story revolves around psychotic males with plans to murder a group of young people.
13. Commonplace storyline – банальный сюжет.14. Fascinated – очаровывать.15. Protagonist – главный герой.
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