Please note: these data attempt to characterize various aspects of decentralization and state structure in countries as of the mid-1990s.

Sources:

2. Adrian Bours, in R.J.Bennett, ed., Local Government and Market Decentralization: Experiences in Industrialized, developing, and Former Eastern Bloc Countries, New York: UN University Press, 1994.

9. Information from Treasury, New Zealand.10. Westnet Information, Sweden.11. Margaret Westgaard (head of division in Ministry of Local Government and Labour, Norway), “Local Democracy in Norway,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway.

13. Information from Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Israel. http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/facts/state/fstate10.html, and http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/gov/democ.html#local

23. Information from ROC Government, “The Republic of China at a Glance”

40. Douglas E. Ashford, “Local Government and Agricultural Development in Turkey,” Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1974, p.49.

When using the data, please cite: Daniel Treisman, Decentralization Dataset, 2008, available at: http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/treisman/

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46. South American Handbook, 1995, Trade and Travel Handbooks, Bath, UK, 1994.

70. Personal communication from Omar Azfar, IRIS, University of Maryland.

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71. Embassy of Sweden in UK, “Local Government in Sweden” at www.swedish-embassy.org.uk/embassy/emb03b3.html72. Daniel J. Elazar, Federal Systems of the World: A Handbook of Federal, Confederal and Autonomy Arrangements73. Library of Congress, Spain: A Country Study, lcweb2.loc.gov.74. Library of Congress, Portugal: A Country Study, lcweb2.loc.gov.75. Library of Congress, Poland: A Country Study, lcweb2.loc.gov.76. Library of Congress, Belarus: A Country Study, lcweb2.loc.gov.77. Library of Congress, Israel: A Country Study, lcweb2.loc.gov.78. Library of Congress, Egypt: A Country Study, lcweb2.loc.gov79. Library of Congress, Saudi Arabia: A Country Study, lcweb2.loc.gov80. Library of Congress, Venezuela: A Country Study, lcweb2.loc.gov81. Library of Congress, Ecuador: A Country Study, lcweb2.loc.gov82. Library of Congress, Peru: A Country Study, lcweb2.loc.gov83. Library of Congress, Bhutan: A Country Study, lcweb2.loc.gov84. Library of Congress, Ivory Coast: A Country Study, lcweb2.loc.gov85. Government of Malta, http://www.magnet.mt/info/councils/chapt00.htm86. US Dept of State, Background Notes: Barbados, March 1998, http://www.state.gov/www/background_notes/barbados_398_bgn.html87. Library of Congress, Bahrain: A Country Study, lcweb2.loc.gov88. Nelson Amaro, “Decentralization, Local Government and Citizen Participation in Cuba,” http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/asce/cuba6/36amaro.fm.pdf89. Government of Cyprus, www.pio.gov.cy/cygov/localgov.htm90. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Local Government in Asia and the Pacific: A Comparative Study91. Government of Gambia, www.gambia.com/govt/govt.html92. Sultanate of Oman, www.omanet.com/93. Freedom House, Nations in Transit, 1998.

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117. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “Monographies sur les réformes de l’administration publique de quelques pays africains,” 1999.

119. Louis Masuko, “Zimbabwe” in Patricia L. McCarney, ed., The Changing Nature of Local Govt in Developing Countries, Toronto: University of Toronto, pp.41-62.120. DECENTRALIZATION IN ZIMBABWE, Frances Stewart, Jeni Klugman and A.H. Helmsing, 1994, Background paper to World Bank WDR 2002.121. Koffi Attahi, “Burkina Faso,” in Patricia L. McCarney, ed., The Changing Nature of Local Govt in Developing Countries, 1996, Toronto: University of Toronto, pp.65-84.122. Christie Gombay and Colleen O’Manique, “Uganda,” in in Patricia L. McCarney, ed., The Changing Nature of Local Govt in Developing Countries, 1996, Toronto: University of Toronto, pp.87-106123. Koffi Attahi, “Cote d’Ivoire,” in Patricia L. McCarney, ed., The Changing Nature of Local Govt in Developing Countries, 1996, Toronto: University of Toronto, pp.109-26.124. Orathai Kokpol, “Thailand,” in Patricia L. McCarney, ed., The Changing Nature of Local Govt in Developing Countries, 1996, Toronto: University of Toronto, pp.137-68.125. Trinh Duy Luan, “Vietnam,” in Patricia L. McCarney, ed., The Changing Nature of Local Govt in Developing Countries, 1996, Toronto: University of Toronto, pp.171-93.126. Proserpina Domingo Tapales, “The Philippines,” in Patricia L. McCarney, ed., The Changing Nature of Local Govt in Developing Countries, 1996, Toronto: University of Toronto, pp.197-219.127. Mirko Vintar, “Reengineering Administrative districts in Slovenia,” 1999, Budapest: Local Government and Public Reform Initiative.

130. OECD, “Managing Across Levels of Government: Canada,” Paris: 1997. 131. OECD, “Managing Across Levels of Government: Switzerland,” Paris: 1997.132. OECD, “Managing Across Levels of Government: Netherlands,” Paris: 1997.

134. OECD, “Managing Across Levels of Government: Australia,” Paris: 1997135. OECD, “Managing Across Levels of Government: Ireland,” Paris: 1997

137. OECD, “Managing Across Levels of Government: UK,” Paris: 1997138. OECD, “Managing Across Levels of Government: Germany,” Paris: 1997

140. OECD, “Managing Across Levels of Government: France,” Paris: 1997141. OECD, “Managing Across Levels of Government: Greece,” Paris: 1997142. OECD, “Managing Across Levels of Government: Greece,” Spain: 1997143. Council of Europe, “Structure and Operation of Local and Regional Democracy: Turkey, situation in 1998,” Strasbourg, C of E.

96. World Bank, “Village Immersion: Mandaka, Cameroon,” http://www.worldbank.org/afr/findings/english/find97.htm97. Library of Congress, South Korea: A Country Study, lcweb2.loc.gov98. Art and Life in Africa, “Mitsogo Information,” http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/Mitsogo.html99. CNN, “Clinton pledges aid, promotes democracy in Nigeria,” August 27,2000, http://www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/08/27/clinton.africa.02/ 100. Library of Congress, Turkey: A Country Study, lcweb2.loc.gov.101. Iceland Ministry of Social Affairs, “Structure and Operation of Local Democracy in Iceland 2000,” http://www.stjr.is/interpro/fel/fel.nsf/0/9FA76BF086A5974A00256A6C003BE7D2?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,local,government.102. “Tout Savoir sur le Luxembourg,” www.gouvernement.lu/gouv/fr/doss/savoirlu.103. Constitution of Uzbekistan (1992), http://www.ecostan.org/laws/uzb/uzbekistancon.html104. Sami Atallah, “Fiscal Decentralization in Lebanon,” 1998, www.worldbank.org/wbi/mdf/mdf2/papers/gov/atallah.pdf105. Program on Governance in the Arab Region, “Kuwait: Decentralization and Urban Management,” UNDP, www.pogar.org/countries/kuwait/decentralization.html106. Program on Governance in the Arab Region, “Iraq: Decentralization and Urban Management,” UNDP, www.pogar.org/countries/iraq/decentralization.html107. Interamerican Development Bank, “Local Government,” www.iadb.org/regions/re3/pdf/chapter6SU.pdf.108. www.inconstarica.net/docs/government.109. Constitution of Haiti, 1987; www.georgetown.edu/pdba/constitutions/haiti/haiti1987.html110. Kirsten Westergaard, “Decentralization in Bangladesh: Local Government and NGOs,” Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen, www.yale.edu/ycias/events/decentralization/papers/Westergaard.doc.pdf111. “Government of the Republic of Indonesia,” http://www.indonesia-ottawa.org/indonesia/general/government.html#local.112. Jonathan Kaunda, “State centralization and the decline of local government in Malawi,” International Review of Administrative Sciences113. Library of Congress, Angola: A Country Study, lcweb2.loc.gov.114. “Etat de la décentralisation en Mauritanie,” May 2000, www.pdm-net.org/french/cdr/decentralisation/Mauritanie/etat_decent_Mauritanie.PDF115. Human Rights Watch, “Uprooting the Rural Poor in Rwanda,” Chapter V, 2001, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/rwanda/index.htm#TopOfPage.116. “Etat de la décentralisation au Togo,” May 2000, www.pdm-net.org/french/cdr/decentralisation/Togo/etat_decent_togo.PDF

118. Council of Europe, Structure and Operation of Local and Regional Democracy: Greece, Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2001.

128 European Union Committee of the Regions. Regional and Local Government in the European Union: Responsibilities and Resources129. Swedish Institute, Fact Sheets on Sweden, June 1997, Stockholm: Swedish Institute. www.datenbank-europa.de/schweden/fs55.pdf

133. Australia, National Office of Local Government, download Nov 2002: http://www.nolg.gov.au/publications/national_report/99_00/chapter_2/tables_page_4.htm#table_2_12

136. The National Gazeteer of Wales, Geographical Data Services, http://homepage.ntlworld.com/geogdata/ngw/admin.htm, 2001.

139. Japan Local Government Center, “Local Government in Japan Today,” 1996, Sydney, http://www.jlgc.org.au/LGJapanToday1&2.htm#The%20Local%20Autonomy%20System

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147. Council of Europe, “Structure and Operation of Local and Regional Democracy: Poland, situation in 1999,” Strasbourg, C of E.

150. Jonathan Dunn and Deborah Wetzel, “Fiscal Decentralization in the Former Socialist Economies: Progress and Prospects”, World Bank: 1998.

167. Kirsten Westergaard, “Decentralization in Bangladesh: Local Government and NGOs” Center for Development Research, Copenhagen, 2000.

181. Khalid Naciri, “Les cadres constitutionnels, legaux, et administratifs du gouvernement local au Maroc,” 2002, University Hassan II Casablanca.

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151. Edvins Vanags, Inga Vilka, “Local Government Reform in the Baltic Countries,” University of Stuttgart, 2002, http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/soz/avps/rlg/papers/Baltic%20Countries-Vanags.pdf.152. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia 2002, p.60.153. Statistical Office of the Republic of Croatia, Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2001.154. Goskomstat Rossii, Rossiiskiy Statisticheskiy Yezhegodnik 1994, Moscow 1994. 155. Goskomstat Rossii, Rossiiskiy Statisticheskiy Yezhegodnik 1996, Moscow 1996.156. Stephan Kyutchkov, “Bulgaria”, Local Government Institute, 1994, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/untc/unpan003967.htm.157. World Bank, “Local Government Structure in Jordan”, http://www1.worldbank.org/wbiep/decentralization/menalib/Jordan.PDF158. UNDP Program on Governance in the Arab Region, “Syria: Decentarlization and Urban Management”, http://www.undp-pogar.org/countries/syria/decentralization.html159. Ali Sawi, “Governors without Governance: Constitutional, Legal, and Administrative Frameworks of Local Government in Egypt,” World Bank, http://www.worldbank.org/mdf/mdf4/papers.html#wk3, 2002.160. William Fox and el Sayed Ghanim, “Decentralization in Egypt: The First Steps Have Been Taken”, World Bank 1998, http://www.worldbank.org/mdf/mdf2/papers.html161. UNDP Program on Governance in the Arab Region, “United Arabe Emirates: Decentralization and Urban Management”, http://www.undp-pogar.org/countries/uae/decentralization.html162. Shahid Burki, Guillermo Perry, and William Dillinger, Beyond the Center: Decentralizing the State, World Bank, 1999. 163. Thailand National Statistics Office, http://www.nso.go.th/eng/stat/subject/subject.htm#cata9.164. Ke-Young Chu and John Norregaard, “Korea,” in Teresa Ter-Minassian, ed., Fiscal Federalism in Theory and Practice, 165. Koreascope, “Local Administrative Bodies”, http://www.koreascope.org/english/sub/2/nk1_13.htm166. Kelly D. Edmiston, “Fostering Subnational Autonomy and Accountability in Decentralized Developing Countries: Lessons From the Papua New Guinea Experience,”

168. Kirsten Westergaard and Muhammad Mustafa Alam, “Local Government in Bangladesh: Past Experiences and Yet Another Try,” 169. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, “Official Statistics: Geographical Data”, http://www.bbsgov.org/170. Commonwealth Local Government Forum, “Country Profile: India,” 2000, http://www.dodec.co.uk/mark/pdf/CP_India.pdf.171. Saeed Qureishi, “Decentralization to District Level,” Background Paper for UNDP Pakistan, http://www.un.org.pk/ldg_dec.htm172. Commonwealth Local Government Forum, “Country Profile: Uganda,” 2000, http://www.dodec.co.uk/mark/pdf/CP_Uganda.pdf.173. “Hail to the Chief”, The Analyst, Nairobi, Kenya, 1997, www.africaonline.co.ke/AfricaOnline/3.htm174. Junaid Ahmad, “South Africa: An intergovernmental Fiscal System in Transition,” in Richard M. Bird and Francois Vaillancourt, eds., 175. Remigio Ocenar, “Mongolia: Promoting Real Decentralization,” in Sourcebook on Decentralization Experiences in Asia, ed. Alex B. Brillantes, Jr. and Nora G. Cuachon, (Philippines: Asian Resource Center for Decentralization, 2002), http://www.decentralization.ws/srcbook/ 176. Eden V. Santiago, “Vietnam: Decentralization for Better Local Governance,” in Sourcebook on Decentralization Experiences in Asia, ed. Alex B. Brillantes, Jr. and Nora G. Cuachon, (Philippines: Asian Resource Center for Decentralization, 2002), http://www.decentralization.ws/srcbook/ .177. Nora Cuachon, “South Korea: Enabling Local Governments and Civil Society”, in Sourcebook on Decentralization Experiences in Asia, ed. Alex B. Brillantes, Jr. and Nora G. Cuachon, (Philippines: Asian Resource Center for Decentralization, 2002), http://www.decentralization.ws/srcbook/ .178. Plan Bleu, Mediterranean Country Profiles: Tunisia, environment and sustainable development issues and policies, 2001, www.planbleu.org/pdf/prof_tunisia.pdf179. World Bank, “Decentralisation Policies and Practices in Africa: Country Profile Senegal,” January 2003, www.ihs.nl/projects/DLGSPA/modules/ CaseStudySenegal.doc180. Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, “Case Studies: Republic of Senegal”, 2003 www.ciesin.org/decentralization/English/CaseStudies/senegal.htm.

182. Commonwealth Local Government Forum, “Country Profile: Zimbabwe,” 2000, http://www.dodec.co.uk/mark/pdf/CP_Zimbabwe.pdf.183. Amon E. Chaligha, “Local Government in Tanzania,” Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Tanzania, www.tanzaniea.fes-international.de/Activities/Docs/LocalGovernment.htm 184. Jonathan Baker and Hege Wallevik, The Local Government Reform Process in Tanzania, 2002, www.agderforskning.no/rapporter/82001110.pdf.185. UNDP, Local Governance and Poverty Reduction, Tanzania Country Report for AGF V, May 2002.

187. Musa Dlamini et al., Swaziland: Fiscal Decentralization and Sub-National Government Finance in Relation to Infrastructure and Service Provision, National Association of Local Authorities of Denmark, 2000, http://www1.worldbank.org/wbiep/decentralization/africa/Swaziland%20Report.pdf188. Estonian govt. homepage (constitution) – www.riik.ee/engno.eestiriik.html.189. Estonian local govt. site – Error! Bookmark not defined..190. Library of Congress (US) local government research archive website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ (Armenia).191. Georgian parliament site (territorial administration section) – http://www.parliament.ge/ 192. Library of Congress (US) local government research archive website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ (Uzbekistan)193. Turkmenistan Official website (Washington, D.C. embassy) – http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/ 194. Library of Congress (US) local government research archive website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ (Moldova)195. Slovenian Govt. official site – http://www.sigov.si/ .196. Government Public Relations and Media Office (Croatia) – http://www.uvi.si/eng/

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Brillantes, Jr. and Nora G. Cuachon, eds, Asian Resources Center for Decentralization, Center for Local and Regional Governance Working Papers, Series 2002/02, various country chapters accessed at http://www.decentralization.ws/srcbook_main.asp.420: Library of Congress Country Study, Singapore, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sgtoc.html.421: Library of Congress Country Study, Cambodia, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/khtoc.html.422: B.S. Khanna, Rural Local Government in India and South Asia (New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1999).423: Library of Congress Country Study, Indonesia, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/idtoc.html.424: “Analytical Framework for Institutional Assessment of Civil Service Systems: Barbados,” Inter-American Development Bank publication, http://www.iadb.org/int/DRP/ing/Red5/Documents/AnalyticalFrameworkBarbados11-02eng.pdf.425: Commonwealth of the Bahamas website, http://www.bahamas.gov.bs/bahamasweb/home.nsf.426: Consulate of Chile in the Philippines website, http://www.conchileph.com/basic_information_on_chile.htm.427: William Dillinger and Steven D. Webb, “Decentralization and Fiscal Management in Colombia,” World Bank, May 1999, http://www.worldbank.org/html/dec/Publications/Workpapers/wps2000series/wps2122/wps2122.pdf.428: Odd-Helge Fjelstad, “Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Developing Countries: A Review of Issues,” Chr. Michelson Institute Working Paper, http://www.cmi.no/public/2001/WP2001-11.PDF.429: Brazil, Banco Federativo website, “Institutional Features and Political Organization in Selected Latin American Countries,” Statistical Data, 430: Government of Brunei website, http://www.brunei.gov.bn/about_brunei/land.htm.431: Kingdom of Bhutan website, http://www.kingdomofbhutan.com/kingdom.html.432: Mongolian Statistical Yearbook of 1998, National Statistical Office of Mongolia website, http://nso.mn/eng/index.htm.433: “Cambodia’s Commune Council Elections,” Human Rights Watch Press Backgrounder, January 18, 2002, http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/cambodia_elections.htm.434: Ph.D. Dissertation, Percy Luen-tim Lui, “The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Making ‘One Country, Two Systems’ Work,” 1999, Virginia Tech University, http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-020999-142542/.435: Republic of China Yearbook—Taiwan 2002, http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/chpt05-8.htm.436: Ministry of Local Government, Uganda, http://www.ugandamolg.org/decentralisation.html.437: Michael Ruffert, “A Model with Blemishes: Uganda’s Peculiar Form of Democracy,” D+C Development and CooperationNo. 4, July-August 1997: pages 14-15, http://www.euforic.org/dandc/97e_ruf.htm.438: United Nations, International Human Rights Instruments, “Core Document Forming Part of the Reports of States Parties: Cameroon,” 6/19/00, http://www.bayefsky.com/core/cameroon_hri_core_1_add.109_2000.php.439: Kenya: A Brief Overview, http://www.kenyanweb.com/country/government.htm.440: Pasquale Ngorok, “Power Relations in Karamoja: Implications for Decentralised Governance,” United Nations Capital Development Programme, Uganda Working Brief Series, Nov. 2000, http://www.uncdf.org/uganda/ugandapapers/nov2000_5.html.441: World Bank Development Topics, South Africa Case Study, http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/urban/cmd/SA.11.doc.442: Women of the World: Francophone Africa, Center for Reproductive Rights publication, http://www.crlp.org/pdf/cameroon.pdf.443: Ralph-Michael Peters, “The Institutionalization of Local Self-Government in Kenya’s Present-Day Constitutional Process,” Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Seminar Publication, 1996, http://www.kas.org.za/Publications/SeminarReports/Traditionallocalparticipation/PETERS.pdf.444: Jacques M. Nzouankeu, “Stakes and Perspectives of Decentralisation as a Means of Achieving Local Democracy in Senegal,” Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Seminar Publication, 1996, http://www.kas.org.za/Publications/SeminarReports/Traditionallocalparticipation/NZOUANK.pdf.445: Seth Y.M. Zanu, “The Institutionalisation of Local Self-Government in Ghana’s Present-Day Constitutional Processes,” Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Seminar Publication, 1996, http://www.kas.org.za/Publications/SeminarReports/Traditionallocalparticipation/ZANU.pdf.446: Government of Mauritius website, http://ncb.intnet.mu/govt/constitu.htm.447: “Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Mauritius,” United Nations Economic and Social Council Report, 10/14/94, http://www.bayefsky.com/reports/mauritius_cescr_e_1990_5_add.21_1994.php.

472: Paula Donnelly-Roark, Karim Ouedraogo, Xiao Ye, “Can Local Institutions Reduce Poverty? Rural Decentralization in Burkina Faso,” World Bank Policy Working Paper #2677, September 2001.

448: Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, 10th Ed., Gale Research Inc., 2001. See note 45.449: Demography of Botswana, ed. S.K. Giasie and Rolang G. Majelantle (Botswana: Mmegi, 1999).450: I.B. Bello-Imam, Local Government in Nigeria: Evolving a Third Tier of Government (Ibadan: Heinemmann Educational Books, 1996).451: S.N. Waruhiu, From Autocracy to Democracy in Kenya (Nairobi: S.N. Waruhiu, 1994).452: Gerhard K.H. Totemeyer, Arnold Wehmhorner, and Heribert Weiland, Elections in Namibia (Namibia: Gamsberg Macmillon, 1996).453: B.C. McCotter and M. Eddy, “Angola: Political Development and Local Government,” in P.S. Reddy, ed. Local Government Democratization and Decentralization: A Review of the Southern African Region454: Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara, John Middleton, ed. (New York: Charles Scriber’s Sons, 1997).455: UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia, Population Databases, http://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/pop_des.htm.456: Parliament of Ethiopia website, www.ethiopar.net/English/basinfo/regninfo.htm.457: Abdulahi Hasen, “Census Mapping in Ethiopia,” United Nations Symposium on Global Review of 2000 Round of Population and Housing Censuses, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demog/docs/symposium_39.htm.458: U.S. Department of State, Country Profile for Swaziland, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2841.htm.459: Library of Congress, Algeria, A Country Study, http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/dztoc.html.460: Country Economic Information for Libya, National U.S.-Arab Chamber of Commerce, http://www.nusacc.org/cntryprofiles/ctrprf2001/li.pdf.461: World Investment News, http://www.winne.com/algeria2/english/homebasic.htm.462: “Relations between Europe and the southern Mediterranean - conclusions from the Lisbon seminar,” Assembly of WEU, The Interparliamentary European Security and Defense Assembly website, http://www.assembly-weu.org/en/documents/sessions_ordinaires/rpt/2002/1806.html.463: U.S. Department of State, Madagascar Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1997, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, January 30, 1998, http://www.usis.usemb.se/human/human97/madagasc.html.464: “Ugandan Elections Re-scheduled After Adventists Protest,” 10/28/97, Adventist Press Service, http://www.stanet.ch/APD/1997/e221997.htm.465: Judith Geist and Njuguna Ng’ethe, UNCDF-Local Development Funds: An Internal Review, Uganda Case Study, January 12, 1998, http://www.uncdf.org/projects/reports/ldf-rev/con-cdf.htm.466: Pasquale De Muro, Luca Salvatici and Piero Conforti, “An overview of decentralization in Sub-Saharan Africa,” World Bank, http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/essd/essd.nsf/bef216e1366e2b1d852568d300686bba/c8a448995068faed85256a49007e34c8/$FILE/AFROVRVIEWItaly.DOC.467: U.S. Department of State, Country Profile for Central African Republic, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4007.htm.468: Levi Ochieng, “Rwanda Tries Out Uganda System in First Local Elections Since 1994,” The East African Weekly, April 3-8, 1999, http://www.nationaudio.com/News/EastAfrican/030499/Regional/Regional13.html.469: “Consensual Democracy in Post-Genocide Rwanda: Evaluating the March 2001 District Elections,” International Crisis Group, October 9, 2001, http://www.crisisweb.org/projects/africa/rwanda/reports/A400453_09102001.pdf.470: Mbow M. Amphas, Political Transformations of the Congo (Edinburg: Pentland Press, 2000)471: World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties, ed. George E. Delury (NY: Facts on File, 1999).

473: “Togo: Document for the Forum on Governance,” United Nations Special Initiative on Africa, http://www.un.org/Depts/eca/sia/govern/togo.htm.474: Constitution of Madagascar, 1992, http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ma00000_.html.475: N. Mokitimi, E.G. Rwambali, m. Mphale, and M.G. Makoae, “An Introduction to the Historical and Socio-Economic/ Cultural Environment of the Lesotho Study Area,” Management and Policy Options for the Sustainable Development in Southern Africa of Communal Rangelands and their Communities, 476: “Addendum for Gabon,” Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 44 of the Convention, Initial reports of States parties due in 1996, United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord2002/documentation/tbodies/crc-c-41-add10.htm.477: “Local Government Strengthening: Eritrea,” UNDP Management Development Programme Workshop on the Decentralization Process, http://magnet.undp.org/Docs/dec/monograph/LocalGovStrength-ERI.htm.478: International Telecommunication Union, “Partnership Roundtable for Least Developed Countries Report of Mission to Tanzania,” 13 November 2000, http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/partners/Events/Geneva-Nov-00/documents/TANZANIA_draftreport.pdf.479: “Integration de L’approvisionnement En Eau et L’assainissement Dans Les Strategies De Reduction de la Pauvrete,” Ministere des Mines, de L’Energie, et de l’Hydrolique, Republic of Benin, June 2002, http://www.wsp.org/english/afr/prspworkshop/country/benin_fr.pdf.480: “Decentralization to District Level,” Background Paper prepared by Saeed Qureishi for UNDP Pakistan, http://www.un.org.pk/ldg_dec.htm.

Please note: these data attempt to characterize various aspects of decentralization and state structure in countries as of the mid-1990s.

2. Adrian Bours, in R.J.Bennett, ed., Local Government and Market Decentralization: Experiences in Industrialized, developing, and Former Eastern Bloc Countries, New York: UN University Press, 1994.

11. Margaret Westgaard (head of division in Ministry of Local Government and Labour, Norway), “Local Democracy in Norway,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway.

13. Information from Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Israel. http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/facts/state/fstate10.html, and http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/gov/democ.html#local

40. Douglas E. Ashford, “Local Government and Agricultural Development in Turkey,” Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1974, p.49.

, 2008, available at: http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/treisman/

Transformation From Below: Local Power and the Political Economy of Post-Communist Transitions, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1996.8. Medhi Krongkaew, “Urban Finance and Resource Mobilization in Thailand,” in Robert J. Bennett, ed., Local Government and Market Decentralization: Experiences in Industrialized, developing, and Former Eastern Bloc Countries

12. Information from Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Ireland. http://www.irlgov.ie/iveagh/foreignaffairs/facts/fai/CHAPTER2/LOCALGOV/LOCALGOV.HTML

14. Information from Austrian Press and Information Service, Washington DC: http://www.austria.org/govern.htm#fed15. Government of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Background Information, at http://www.info.gov.hk/hkbi/index.htm#contents.16. “Belgium: A Federal State,” information of Belgian Embassy, Washington DC, at http://www.belgium-emb.org/usa/geninfos/geninfos.html

22. Rex A. Hudson and Dennis M. Hanratty, eds., Bolivia: A Country Study, Federal Research Division Library of Congress, December 1989, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cs:@field(DOCID+bl0000).

24. Hanratty, Dennis M., ed., 1989. “ECUADOR: a country study,” Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington DC, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cs:@field(DOCID+ec0080).25. “Brazil in Brief,” information from the Brazilian Embassy in Uk, http://www.demon.co.uk/Itamaraty/constitu.html

28. Ma, Jun. 1997. Intergovernmental Relations and Economic Management in China, St. Martin Press (New York), summary at http://members.aol.com/junmanew/inter.htm.29. Information from the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, at http://www.dfa-deplu.go.id/indonesia/gov1.htm.

, Binghampton NY: CSA Publications, 1997., Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, New Delhi, 1996, p.53.

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, Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989, ch.2. , Athens, OH: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1989.

, Delhi: Concept Publishing Co., 1979, p.5.42. Per Tidemand, “New Local State Forms and ‘Popular Participation’ in Buganda, Uganda,” in Peter Gibbon, ed., The New Local Level Politics in East Africa, Uppsala: Nordiska Arikainstitutet, 1994.

Local Government in Eastern Europe: Establishing Democracy at the Grassroots, Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar, 1995.

94. University of Pennsylvania African Studies center, sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/niger_info.html

, Editor Gisbert H. Flanz, New York: Oceana Publications, 1999.Decentralization of the Socialist State: Intergovernmental Finance in Transition Economies, Aldershot: Avebury, 1996.

50. Anwar Shah, “Indonesia and Pakistan: Fiscal Decentralization—An Elusive Goal?” in Richard M. Bird and Francois Vaillancourt, eds., Fiscal Decentralization in Developing Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 51. Francois Vaillancourt, “Morocco and Tunisia: Financing Local Governments -The Impact on Infrastructure Finance,” in Richard M. Bird and Francois Vaillancourt, eds., Fiscal Decentralization in Developing Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 52. Louis A. Picard, Edwin F. Connerley, and Carol Lynn Martin. Support for Local Government in Southern Africa, International Management Development Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 1999. http://www.imdi.gspia.pitt.edu/Publications/SLGSA/Introduction.html. 53. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Local Government in Asia and the Pacific: A Comparative Study, Country Paper: Bangladesh, by Nazrul Islam, http://www.unescap.org/huset/lgstudy/country/54. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Local Government in Asia and the Pacific: A Comparative Study, Country Paper: Malaysia, Dr. Mohd. Zin Mohamed, http://www.unescap.org/huset/lgstudy/country/

Local Government in Asia and the Pacific: A Comparative Study, Country Paper: Thailand, Dr. Suparb Pas-Ong,Local Government in Asia and the Pacific: A Comparative Study, Country Paper: Republic of Korea, Local Government in Asia and the Pacific: A Comparative Study, Country Paper: The Philippines, Gaudioso Sosmena (Jr.),Local Government in Asia and the Pacific: A Comparative Study, Country Paper: China, Dr. Xiaopei YanLocal Government in Asia and the Pacific: A Comparative Study, Country Paper: India, Dr Jatin Modi

60. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Local Government in Asia and the Pacific: A Comparative Study, Country Paper: Indonesia, by Sussongko Suhardjo, http://www.unescap.org/huset/lgstudy/country61. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Local Government in Asia and the Pacific: A Comparative Study, Country Paper: Kyrgyzstan, by G. Mamatkerimova, Mr. T. Baicherikov and Mr. V.Nishanov, http://www.unescap.org/huset/lgstudy/country62. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Local Government in Asia and the Pacific: A Comparative Study, Country Paper: Pakistan, by Dr. S. Akbar Zaidi, http://www.unescap.org/huset/lgstudy/country63. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Local Government in Asia and the Pacific: A Comparative Study, Country Paper: Sri Lanka, by Mr. A. P. Dainis, http://www.unescap.org/huset/lgstudy/country64. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Local Government in Asia and the Pacific: A Comparative Study, Country Paper: Australia, http://www.unescap.org/huset/lgstudy/country

66. Christopher Banks and Juliana H. Pigey, Republic of Albania: Opportunities and Issues for Municipal Reform, USAID, 1998, http://www1.worldbank.org/wbiep/decentralization/Courses/67. Juliana H. Pigey, Fiscal Decentralization and Local Government Finance in Hungary, 1989-1999, USAID, August 1999, http://www1.worldbank.org/wbiep/decentralization/Courses/Budapest%204.10.00/hungary.pdf68. George Kasumba, Decentralising Aid and its Management in Uganda: Lessons for Capacity-building at the Local Level, ECDPM, Working Paper 20, April 1997, www.oneworld.org/ecdpm/pubs/wp20_gb.htm

, 29 December, 1995, pp.55-7.

71. Embassy of Sweden in UK, “Local Government in Sweden” at www.swedish-embassy.org.uk/embassy/emb03b3.htmlFederal Systems of the World: A Handbook of Federal, Confederal and Autonomy Arrangements, Stockton, 2nd Edn.

86. US Dept of State, Background Notes: Barbados, March 1998, http://www.state.gov/www/background_notes/barbados_398_bgn.html

88. Nelson Amaro, “Decentralization, Local Government and Citizen Participation in Cuba,” http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/asce/cuba6/36amaro.fm.pdf

Local Government in Asia and the Pacific: A Comparative Study, Country Paper: Fiji.

95. Giorgio Brosio, “Decentralization in Africa,” paper presented at IMF Conference on Fiscal Decentralization, IMF, Nov 2000.

117. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “Monographies sur les réformes de l’administration publique de quelques pays africains,” 1999.

119. Louis Masuko, “Zimbabwe” in Patricia L. McCarney, ed., The Changing Nature of Local Govt in Developing Countries, Toronto: University of Toronto, pp.41-62.120. DECENTRALIZATION IN ZIMBABWE, Frances Stewart, Jeni Klugman and A.H. Helmsing, 1994, Background paper to World Bank WDR 2002.121. Koffi Attahi, “Burkina Faso,” in Patricia L. McCarney, ed., The Changing Nature of Local Govt in Developing Countries, 1996, Toronto: University of Toronto, pp.65-84.122. Christie Gombay and Colleen O’Manique, “Uganda,” in in Patricia L. McCarney, ed., The Changing Nature of Local Govt in Developing Countries, 1996, Toronto: University of Toronto, pp.87-106123. Koffi Attahi, “Cote d’Ivoire,” in Patricia L. McCarney, ed., The Changing Nature of Local Govt in Developing Countries, 1996, Toronto: University of Toronto, pp.109-26.124. Orathai Kokpol, “Thailand,” in Patricia L. McCarney, ed., The Changing Nature of Local Govt in Developing Countries, 1996, Toronto: University of Toronto, pp.137-68.125. Trinh Duy Luan, “Vietnam,” in Patricia L. McCarney, ed., The Changing Nature of Local Govt in Developing Countries, 1996, Toronto: University of Toronto, pp.171-93.126. Proserpina Domingo Tapales, “The Philippines,” in Patricia L. McCarney, ed., The Changing Nature of Local Govt in Developing Countries, 1996, Toronto: University of Toronto, pp.197-219.127. Mirko Vintar, “Reengineering Administrative districts in Slovenia,” 1999, Budapest: Local Government and Public Reform Initiative.

143. Council of Europe, “Structure and Operation of Local and Regional Democracy: Turkey, situation in 1998,” Strasbourg, C of E.

96. World Bank, “Village Immersion: Mandaka, Cameroon,” http://www.worldbank.org/afr/findings/english/find97.htm

99. CNN, “Clinton pledges aid, promotes democracy in Nigeria,” August 27,2000, http://www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/08/27/clinton.africa.02/

101. Iceland Ministry of Social Affairs, “Structure and Operation of Local Democracy in Iceland 2000,” http://www.stjr.is/interpro/fel/fel.nsf/0/9FA76BF086A5974A00256A6C003BE7D2?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,local,government.

104. Sami Atallah, “Fiscal Decentralization in Lebanon,” 1998, www.worldbank.org/wbi/mdf/mdf2/papers/gov/atallah.pdf105. Program on Governance in the Arab Region, “Kuwait: Decentralization and Urban Management,” UNDP, www.pogar.org/countries/kuwait/decentralization.html106. Program on Governance in the Arab Region, “Iraq: Decentralization and Urban Management,” UNDP, www.pogar.org/countries/iraq/decentralization.html

110. Kirsten Westergaard, “Decentralization in Bangladesh: Local Government and NGOs,” Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen, www.yale.edu/ycias/events/decentralization/papers/Westergaard.doc.pdf111. “Government of the Republic of Indonesia,” http://www.indonesia-ottawa.org/indonesia/general/government.html#local.

International Review of Administrative Sciences 1999, 65, pp.579-95.

114. “Etat de la décentralisation en Mauritanie,” May 2000, www.pdm-net.org/french/cdr/decentralisation/Mauritanie/etat_decent_Mauritanie.PDF115. Human Rights Watch, “Uprooting the Rural Poor in Rwanda,” Chapter V, 2001, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/rwanda/index.htm#TopOfPage.116. “Etat de la décentralisation au Togo,” May 2000, www.pdm-net.org/french/cdr/decentralisation/Togo/etat_decent_togo.PDF

, Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2001.

Regional and Local Government in the European Union: Responsibilities and Resources, Luxembourg, 2000. 129. Swedish Institute, Fact Sheets on Sweden, June 1997, Stockholm: Swedish Institute. www.datenbank-europa.de/schweden/fs55.pdf

133. Australia, National Office of Local Government, download Nov 2002: http://www.nolg.gov.au/publications/national_report/99_00/chapter_2/tables_page_4.htm#table_2_12

136. The National Gazeteer of Wales, Geographical Data Services, http://homepage.ntlworld.com/geogdata/ngw/admin.htm, 2001.

139. Japan Local Government Center, “Local Government in Japan Today,” 1996, Sydney, http://www.jlgc.org.au/LGJapanToday1&2.htm#The%20Local%20Autonomy%20System

144. Republic of Cyprus, “Local Government”, downloaded Nov 2002, http://www.kypros.org/PIO/cygov/localgov.htm.145. Republic of Cyprus, Press and Information Office, “News Update in English, 97-02-26” http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/cypio/97-02-26.cypio.html

147. Council of Europe, “Structure and Operation of Local and Regional Democracy: Poland, situation in 1999,” Strasbourg, C of E.

150. Jonathan Dunn and Deborah Wetzel, “Fiscal Decentralization in the Former Socialist Economies: Progress and Prospects”, World Bank: 1998.

167. Kirsten Westergaard, “Decentralization in Bangladesh: Local Government and NGOs” Center for Development Research, Copenhagen, 2000.

181. Khalid Naciri, “Les cadres constitutionnels, legaux, et administratifs du gouvernement local au Maroc,” 2002, University Hassan II Casablanca.

148. United Nations Online Network in Public Administration and Finance, Local Governance, 1994, country studies, http://www.unpan.org/europe-localgovernment.asp., Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2001.

151. Edvins Vanags, Inga Vilka, “Local Government Reform in the Baltic Countries,” University of Stuttgart, 2002, http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/soz/avps/rlg/papers/Baltic%20Countries-Vanags.pdf.

156. Stephan Kyutchkov, “Bulgaria”, Local Government Institute, 1994, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/untc/unpan003967.htm.157. World Bank, “Local Government Structure in Jordan”, http://www1.worldbank.org/wbiep/decentralization/menalib/Jordan.PDF158. UNDP Program on Governance in the Arab Region, “Syria: Decentarlization and Urban Management”, http://www.undp-pogar.org/countries/syria/decentralization.html159. Ali Sawi, “Governors without Governance: Constitutional, Legal, and Administrative Frameworks of Local Government in Egypt,” World Bank, http://www.worldbank.org/mdf/mdf4/papers.html#wk3, 2002.160. William Fox and el Sayed Ghanim, “Decentralization in Egypt: The First Steps Have Been Taken”, World Bank 1998, http://www.worldbank.org/mdf/mdf2/papers.html161. UNDP Program on Governance in the Arab Region, “United Arabe Emirates: Decentralization and Urban Management”, http://www.undp-pogar.org/countries/uae/decentralization.html

Beyond the Center: Decentralizing the State, World Bank, 1999.

Fiscal Federalism in Theory and Practice, IMF 1997, pp.540-69.

166. Kelly D. Edmiston, “Fostering Subnational Autonomy and Accountability in Decentralized Developing Countries: Lessons From the Papua New Guinea Experience,” Public Administration and Development, 22, 2002, pp.221-34.

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315: Charles Jokay, “Local Government in Bosnia and Herzegovina,” in Stabilization of Local Governments ed. Emila Kandeva (Budapest: Local Government and Public Reform Initiative, Open Society Institute, 2001), http://lgi.osi.hu/publications/2001/81/Stab-Bosnia.pdf316: “Structure and Operation of Local and Regional Democracy in Romania: Situation in 1998,” Council of Europe Steering Committee on Local and Regional Democracy, http://www.local.coe.int//publications/PDF/structures_1999/romania.pdf317: Zeljko Sevic, “Local Government in Yugoslavia, in Stabilization of Local Governments ed. Emila Kandeva (Budapest: Local Government and Public Reform Initiative, Open Society Institute, 2001), http://lgi.osi.hu/publications/2001/81/Stab-Yugoslavia.pdf318: Yury Navruzov, “Local Government in Ukraine,” in Developing New Rules in the Old Environment ed. Igor Munteanu and Victor Popa (Budapest: Local Government and Public Reform Initiative, Open Society Institute, 2001), http://lgi.osi.hu/publications/2001/84/Ch3-Ukraine.pdf319: “Structure and Operation of Local and Regional Democracy in Lithuania: Situation in 1996,” Council of Europe Steering Committee on Local and Regional Democracy, http://www.local.coe.int//publications/PDF/structures_1997/lithuania.pdf320: “Structure and Operation of Local and Regional Democracy in Slovenia: Situation in 1997,” Council of Europe Steering Committee on Local and Regional Democracy, http://www.local.coe.int//publications/PDF/structures_1998/slovenia.pdf321: “Structure and Operation of Local and Regional Democracy in Croatia: Situation in 1998,” Council of Europe Steering Committee on Local and Regional Democracy, http://www.local.coe.int//publications/PDF/structures_1999/croatia.pdf322: “Structure and Operation of Local and Regional Democracy in Bulgaria: Situation in 1996,” Council of Europe Steering Committee on Local and Regional Democracy, http://www.local.coe.int//publications/PDF/structures_1997/bulgaria.pdf323: Galina Kourliandskaia, Yelena Nikolayenko and Natalia Golovanova, “Local Government in the Russian Federation,” in Developing New Rules in the Old Environment ed. Igor Munteanu and Victor Popa (Budapest: Local Government and Public Reform Initiative, Open Society Institute, 2001), http://lgi.osi.hu/publications/2001/84/Ch4-Russia.pdf324: Artan Hoxha, “Local Government in Albania,” in Stabilization of Local Governments ed. Emila Kandeva (Budapest: Local Government and Public Reform Initiative, Open Society Institute, 2001), http://lgi.osi.hu/publications/2001/81/Stab-Albania.pdf

329: Emil Alymkulov and Marat Kulatov, “Local Goverment in the Kyrgyz Republic,” in Developing New Rules in the Old Environment ed. Igor Munteanu and Victor Popa (Budapest: Local Government and Public Reform Initiative, Open Society Institute, 2001), http://lgi.osi.hu/publications/2001/84/Ch10-Kyrgyzstan.pdf.

335: Republic of Turkey, Prime Ministry, State Institute of Statistics, Main Economic and Social Indicators 1994-95, Table 1.3 “Total population, number of district, sub-districts and village, 1990,” http://www.die.gov.tr/english/ISTATIS/ESG/f.htm.

348: Albania Public Management Profile (1999), Support for Improvement in Governance and Management in Central and Eastern European Countries, OECD, http://www1.oecd.org/puma/sigmaweb/profiles/albania-r/alb-5.htm.

350: Slovakia Public Management Profile (1999), Support for Improvement in Governance and Management in Central and Eastern European Countries, OECD, http://www1.oecd.org/puma/sigmaweb/profiles/slovakiasept1999.pdf.

359: Mamadsho Ilolov and Mirodasen Khudoiyev, “Local Government in Tajikistan,” in Developing New Rules in the Old Environment ed. Igor Munteanu and Victor Popa (Budapest: Local Government and Public Reform Initiative, Open Society Institute, 2001), http://lgi.osi.hu/publications/2001/84/Ch11-Tadjikistan.pdf.

364: Meruert Makhmutova, “Local Government in Kazakhstan,” in Developing New Rules in the Old Environment ed. Igor Munteanu and Victor Popa (Budapest: Local Government and Public Reform Initiative, Open Society Institute, 2001), http://lgi.osi.hu/publications/2001/84/Ch8-Kazakstan.pdf.

367: Kuatbay Bektemirov and Eduard Rahimov, “Local Government in Uzbekistan,” in Developing New Rules in the Old Environment ed. Igor Munteanu and Victor Popa (Budapest: Local Government and Public Reform Initiative, Open Society Institute, 2001), http://lgi.osi.hu/publications/2001/84/Ch9-Uzbekistan.pdf.368: Miroslav Kobasha, Alexander Karamyshev, and Valentin Dritz, “Local Government in Belarus,” in Developing New Rules in the Old Environment ed. Igor Munteanu and Victor Popa (Budapest: Local Government and Public Reform Initiative, Open Society Institute, 2001), http://lgi.osi.hu/publications/2001/84/Ch2-Belorussia.pdf.

371: Meriban Mamedova et. Al, “Local Government in Azerbaijan,” in Developing New Rules in the Old Environment ed. Igor Munteanu and Victor Popa (Budapest: Local Government and Public Reform Initiative, Open Society Institute, 2001), http://lgi.osi.hu/publications/2001/84/Ch7-Azerbaijan.pdf.372: David Losaberidze, Konstantine Kandelaki and Niko Orvelashvili, “Local Government in Georgia,” ,” in Developing New Rules in the Old Environment ed. Igor Munteanu and Victor Popa (Budapest: Local Government and Public Reform Initiative, Open Society Institute, 2001), http://lgi.osi.hu/publications/2001/84/Ch5-Georgia.pdf.

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424: “Analytical Framework for Institutional Assessment of Civil Service Systems: Barbados,” Inter-American Development Bank publication, http://www.iadb.org/int/DRP/ing/Red5/Documents/AnalyticalFrameworkBarbados11-02eng.pdf.

434: Ph.D. Dissertation, Percy Luen-tim Lui, “The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Making ‘One Country, Two Systems’ Work,” 1999, Virginia Tech University, http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-020999-142542/.

440: Pasquale Ngorok, “Power Relations in Karamoja: Implications for Decentralised Governance,” United Nations Capital Development Programme, Uganda Working Brief Series, Nov. 2000, http://www.uncdf.org/uganda/ugandapapers/nov2000_5.html.

443: Ralph-Michael Peters, “The Institutionalization of Local Self-Government in Kenya’s Present-Day Constitutional Process,” Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Seminar Publication, 1996, http://www.kas.org.za/Publications/SeminarReports/Traditionallocalparticipation/PETERS.pdf.444: Jacques M. Nzouankeu, “Stakes and Perspectives of Decentralisation as a Means of Achieving Local Democracy in Senegal,” Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Seminar Publication, 1996, http://www.kas.org.za/Publications/SeminarReports/Traditionallocalparticipation/NZOUANK.pdf.445: Seth Y.M. Zanu, “The Institutionalisation of Local Self-Government in Ghana’s Present-Day Constitutional Processes,” Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Seminar Publication, 1996, http://www.kas.org.za/Publications/SeminarReports/Traditionallocalparticipation/ZANU.pdf.

447: “Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Mauritius,” United Nations Economic and Social Council Report, 10/14/94, http://www.bayefsky.com/reports/mauritius_cescr_e_1990_5_add.21_1994.php.

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462: “Relations between Europe and the southern Mediterranean - conclusions from the Lisbon seminar,” Assembly of WEU, The Interparliamentary European Security and Defense Assembly website, http://www.assembly-weu.org/en/documents/sessions_ordinaires/rpt/2002/1806.html.463: U.S. Department of State, Madagascar Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1997, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, January 30, 1998, http://www.usis.usemb.se/human/human97/madagasc.html.

466: Pasquale De Muro, Luca Salvatici and Piero Conforti, “An overview of decentralization in Sub-Saharan Africa,” World Bank, http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/essd/essd.nsf/bef216e1366e2b1d852568d300686bba/c8a448995068faed85256a49007e34c8/$FILE/AFROVRVIEWItaly.DOC.

469: “Consensual Democracy in Post-Genocide Rwanda: Evaluating the March 2001 District Elections,” International Crisis Group, October 9, 2001, http://www.crisisweb.org/projects/africa/rwanda/reports/A400453_09102001.pdf.

475: N. Mokitimi, E.G. Rwambali, m. Mphale, and M.G. Makoae, “An Introduction to the Historical and Socio-Economic/ Cultural Environment of the Lesotho Study Area,” Management and Policy Options for the Sustainable Development in Southern Africa of Communal Rangelands and their Communities, http://www.maposda.net/Global/reports/lesotho/ Session%202a_Lesotho_1.pdf.476: “Addendum for Gabon,” Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 44 of the Convention, Initial reports of States parties due in 1996, United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord2002/documentation/tbodies/crc-c-41-add10.htm.

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323: Galina Kourliandskaia, Yelena Nikolayenko and Natalia Golovanova, “Local Government in the Russian Federation,” in Developing New Rules in the Old Environment ed. Igor Munteanu and Victor Popa (Budapest: Local Government and Public Reform Initiative, Open Society Institute, 2001), http://lgi.osi.hu/publications/2001/84/Ch4-Russia.pdf

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http://www.maposda.net/Global/reports/lesotho/ Session%202a_Lesotho_1.pdf.

Tiers of GovernmentCountry

Industrialized CountThis number is in bright green when # of tiers confirmed in 2 sourcesNew Zealand 3

B) 74 territorial authorities (city+district)

(9, 45, 289, 290)Denmark 3

(1, 2, 3, 291, 292)Sweden 3 A) 23 counties (län), with council (landsting)

B) 288 municipalities (kommun)

(10, 71, 129)Finland 3 A) 12 provinces (+ Aaland Islands)

B) 461 municipalities (1,2, 294)

Canada 4

(1, 292)Norway 3 A) 19 provinces (fylker)

B) 435 municipalities (1, 2, 11, 30, 292, 307)

Switzerland 3 A) 20 cantons and 6 demi-cantons

B) 2912 communes

In 1993

Number of tiers (including central)

Number and names of subnational tier governments

According to second source (if different from first)

A) 12 regional councils + Chatham Islands (C.I. both regional council and territorial authority)

A) 14 counties (amter) + 2 cities (Copenhagen and Frederiksberg, which are classed as both municipalities and counties)

B) 275 municipalities (Kommuner), including Copenhagen and Frederiksberg.

A) 10 provinces + 2 territories (Northwest territory split in 2 in 1999).

B) counties and regional muncipalities (in 5 provinces: PEI, NS, NB, Ont, Queb, BC)

C) cities, towns, boroughs, villages, townships, parishes, estimates of 4565 and 4617

Note: in some cantons, communes grouped in districts, under supervision of prefect appointed by canton.

Switzerland 3

(1,2,3, 30, 131, 292, 294) Netherlands 3 A) 12 provinces

(1, 6, 128, 132, 294, 331)Australia 3

(3, 4, 5, 64, 292, 326, 330)Ireland 3 A) 27 county councils + 5 county boroughs

(1, 12, 135, 292, 296, 297, 330) UK 4

In Wales (until 1996): 8 counties; In Scotland: 9 regions + 3 islands;In Northern Ireland: 26 districts.

(1, 2, 5, 45, 136, 137, 292, 308, 327) Germany 4 A) 16 Lander (inc. 3 city states).

B) 426 rural districts and 117 urban districts

(1, 137, 292)

USA 4 A) 50 states

B) 3043 counties

B) 636 municipalities in 1994 (number being reduced: 647 in 1992, 636 in 1994, 548 in 1997)

A) 6 states + 2 territories, (1 national govt district, Jervis Bay, appears to be administered as part of the Australian Capital Territory (298))

B) municipalities, cities, towns, shires, district councils. c.900 as of 1992, 774 in 1997, 730 in June 2000

B) 49 urban district councils, 26 towns as of 1996 (28 in early 1990s), 5 non-county boroughs (6 in early 1990s)

Note: there are also 8 regional authorities since 1994, but they just coordinate and advise on use of EU structural funds.

A) In England: 45 counties, 32 London boroughs + City of London, 36 metropolitan districts;

B) 334 non-metropolitan districts (297 in England + 37 in Wales) + 53 districts in Scotland

C) c. 10,100 parishes and communities in England, Wales and Scotland (in 1996); about 12,200 in early 1990s and also in 2001.

Note: 1994 Local government reforms (effective April 1996) changed this structure.

C) municipalities (gemeinden); in 1991, 8,846 in Western Lander and total 16,127 (1); in 1997, 8,512 in Western Lander and total 14,915 (137); total 15,770 in 1993 (334).

USA 4

(1, 299)Austria 4 A) 9 Lander (inlcuding Vienna)

C) 2350 local authorities (excluding Vienna)

(2, 30, 128, 332) Japan 3 A) 47 prefectures

France 4

C) communes: 36,862 as of 1990,36,772 as of 1/1/95 including 213 overseas

(1, 2, 140)

Belgium 4 A) 3 regions + 3 communities

B) 10 provincesC) 589 communes

(16, 292)Greece 4.5 A) 13 regions (established 1987)

(1, 30, 45, 128, 276, 288, 326)

Spain 4 A) 17 autonomous communities

B) 50 provinces

C) municipalities:

C) 19,279 municipalities and 16,656 town and townships in 1992; also estimate of 36001 in 1997

(note: there are also 14,422 school districts and 31,555 other special districts)

B) 84 districts (bezirk)

B) 633 cities, 2003 towns, 587 villages in 1990 (306); in 1996, 666 cities, 1990 towns, 576 villages (139)

A) 22 metropolitan regions + 4 overseas departments (considered to be both departments and regions)

B) 100 departments (containing c.337 arrondissements and c.3,838 cantons)

B) 51 prefectures (as of 1997), including three extended prefectures. Prefectures in some parts divided into 147 administrative provinces (eparchies)

C) 441 municipalities and 5382 communities in 1995, (merged into 900 municipalities and 133 communities in 1997)

8027 early 1990s (1, 2); 8,077 in 1991 (294, 292); 8097 in 1995 (142); 8078 late 1990s (118).

Spain 4

Turkey 4 A) 74 provinces

B) 847 administrative districts

(309)

(65, 100, 309, 330, 335)Italy 4 A) 20 regions

B) 95 provinces (in 1991; 103 in 1996)

C) 8,098 municipalities

(1, 2, 3, 30, 303, 304)Portugal 4 A) 18 counties (+ 2 autonomous regions)

B) 305 municipalities

C) c.4135 parishes (1992).

(1, 30, 45, 309, 330)Malta 3

(85, 310)Iceland 2 A) 170 municipalities (Dec 1995)

(309, 312)

Cyprus 3 A) 6 admin divisions

villages (453 in 1996 (311), 421 in 1997 (145).

(89, 144, 145, 311)

Luxembourg 3 A) 3 districts B) 118 communes

(30, 102, 309) Eastern Europe + FSU

C) municipalities (2801 in 1995), and villages (35,324 in 1995)

37,227 municipalities (sub-districts) and villages in 1996

In 1998: 2,841 munics and 35,504 villages (143)

A)      3 regionsB)      68 localities

*Regional committees exist to supervise projects run by local authorities, but are not a separate unit of administration (30, 312)

B) municipalities (27 in early 1990s, 32 in 1994, 33 in 1996 (144));

improvement boards 85 (89), 86 in 1996 (311), 83 in 1997 (145))

Note: there are 12 cantons, containing the communes, but they do not have their own administrative structures.

Hungary 3 A) 19 counties + Budapest

3096 in 1990 (146);3,070 (2, 7, 36) 3,087 in 1993 (314)3,092 (313)3158 in 2000(146)

(2, 7, 36, 49, 146, 313, 314)

Poland 3 A) 49 voivodships

(2, 3, 7, 49, 147, 314)Czech Rep 3 A) 75 administrative districts + Prague

B) municipalities

5768 in 1991 (148)6004 in 1992 (49)6196 in 1993 (148)6239 in 1999 (146)6230 in 1994 (337)6233 in 1996 (338)Note: from 2001, regions introduced.(35, 49, 146, 148)

Slovakia 4 A) 38 (admin) districts B) 121 (admin) subdistricts C) municipalities:

2,821 (313)2,834 municipalities (35, 44) 2,853 on 1/1/94 (314)2,875 in 1998 (149)2,874 on 12/31/98 (350)

Bosnia and Herzego 4 Unclear in early 1990s; 109 districts (4)After 1995 Dayton Accords:

B) local governments (towns, villages, county towns, districts of Budapest)

[There are also 8 regions, with a centrally appointed commissioner, but these have only functions of data collection and dissemination and monitoring local government actions for constitutionality (49)]

B) 2,465 municipalities (gminy) in 1990 (49); 2,459 in 1993 (314); 2,489 in 1998 (147).

Note: also 1990-98, an administrative subdivision of voivodships, 267 rejony. From 1998, new level powiaty introduced. Status of Warsaw changed in 1994

A) 2 regions: Bosnia and Herzegovina + Republika Srpska

B) 10 cantons (only in Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Bosnia and Herzego 4

(315)Romania 3 A) 41 counties + Bucharest

B) 2,948 municipalities (44, 314, 316)

Yugoslav 4 A) 2 republic

B) provincial assemblies B) 210 municiC) commune assemblies (500 communes) (6, 317, 349)(2, 199) [there are als

Ukraine 4

(44, 49, 318, 339)

Estonia 3 A) 15 counties

(188, 189, 314, 333)

Latvia 3 A) 26 districts (counties) (incl. 7 cities)B) rural and urban municipalities

(44, 314)Lithuania 3 Before July 1994:

(314) 92 towns + 19 settlements + 427 districts=538

(344, 346, 351)

After 1994 reform:A) 10 regions B) 44 raions and 12 munis

C) 137 municipalities (73 in B-H and 64 in RS); 135 municipalities in 1997 (358)

A) 2 republics + 2 formerly autonomous provinces (autonomy abolished in 1989)

A) 24 oblasti + 2 cities (Kiev + Sevastopol) + Crimean republic

B) raions [480 in 1994 (49); 490 in 1999 (318)] and cities [139 in 1994 (49); 169 in 1999 (318, 339)]; 164 in 1995, 165 in 1995 (339)

C) rural settlements and city districts [c.30,000 in 1994 (49); 29,793 in 1999 of which 121 city districts, 897 townships and 28,775 rural settlements (318, 339)]; 28,894 in 1994, 29,893 in 1995

B) towns [47 in 1994 (314), 45 in 1995 (333)] and rural municipalities [208 in 1994 (314), 209 in 1995 (333)], 345

[573 in early 1990s (44), 568 in 1994 (314); 569 in 1994 (344)]

A) 55 higher tier local governments (7 citiies, 4 health resorts, 44 districts)

B) 527 lower tier local governments (100 towns and settlements, 427 rural municipalities)

(319) gives total pre-reform of 581, compared to 582 (527 + 85) from 314.

(151) gives total for lower level govts as 526 at start of transition.

Also c.500 neighborhood chief executives, appointed by mayor of level B, with minor responsibilities. (151)

Lithuania 3

(69, 150, 319) Belarus 4 A) 6 oblasts

(45, 76)

Armenia 3 A) 37 districts (gavarner) before 1995

(190, 357)

Azerbaijan 3

B) 51raions and 6 cities (45)56 raions and 10 cities in 1994 (373),59 raions and 11 cities in 1995 (4),(4, 45)

Georgia 4

B) 65 districts

966 municipalities in 1999(372)

Uzbekistan 4

C) 116 cities in 1994 (347), 113 in 2000 (367)

Tajikistan 4

B) 84 raions

B) 141 raions + 38 cities (45, 76) 118 raions +38 cities of oblast subordination (369)

C) 102 cities + 25 city districts + 109 urban settlements + 1447 villages (369)

B) cities, towns and rural communities, 930 in 1996 (277)

note: new constitution of July 1995, changed this structure

A) 1 autonomous republic, 1 autonomous oblast,

A) 9 regions + 2 autonomous republics (Adzharia and Abkhazia) + capital (Tblisi)

C) district towns (61) +small towns (52) + village councils (942) (191)

A) 12 provinces (wiloyattlar) + 1 autonomous republic

B) 156 regions and 123 cities(192, 103), 162 regions +118 towns (347)

A) 4 oblasts (including 1 autonomous region + Dushanbe)

C) 400 villages and towns in 1998 (361); 401 in 2000, 2001 (198, 359, 360)

Note: constitution adopted in 1994, but local elections first held in 1999.

Tajikistan 4

Turkmenistan 4

B) 40 districts

C) 18 cities, villages and settlements

(93, 193, 375)Kazakhstan 4 A) 19 oblasts +2 cities

B) 83 cities and 220 raionsC) 204 towns and 2496 rural counties in 1994

(365)

Moldova 3 A) 40 districts

(194)

Macedonia 2,3

(4, 150, 314)Slovenia 2 A) municipalities

Kyrgyzstan 4 A) 6 oblasts + City of Bishkek

B) 40 raions + 9 cities of oblast subordination

(1845 total in 2000, 362)

(61, 328, 329)Reforms in mid 1990s

Croatia 3 A) 20 counties + 1 city (Zagreb)

B) towns

A) 5 administrative territorial provinces (velayaty)

B) 69 cities, 1613 towns and 916 villages in 1994 (340); 64 cities, 1617 towns and 925 villages in 1995 (341)

A) 34 municipalities (city of Skopje is association of 5 municipalities)

(replaced by two tier system of 34 regions and 123 local governments in 1995)

1990-94: capital city +62 municipalities (152, 314)

1995-98: capital city + 147 municipalities + 58 administrative units (320, 152)

after 1998: capital city plus 192 municipalities plus 58 administrative units. (152, 195, 314, 320)

C) 11 cities of raion subordination + 29 townships + 1805 villages (in 1999)

Croatia 3

[70 in 1992 (153),75 in 1995 (153),

and municipalities[419 in 1992 (153)424 in 1995 (153)420 (321), 416 in 1997 (153, 196, 197, 342)]

Bulgaria 4 A) 9 regions (including Sofia)B) 255 municipalities

(279 municipalities Oct 1993, (156))

C) 35 wards and 3840 mayoralties(44, 49, 322)

Russia 4

B) raions and cities

In 1994: 1852 raions and 624 cities;

In 1996, 1868 raions and 650 cities.C) In 1994:

(154, 155)Albania 3 A) 36 districts

310 communes and 65 municipalities in 1998 (66)

(66, 314, 324)

Middle EastLibya 3 Until 1991:

A) 10 governoratesB) 25 municipalitiesC) subdistricts + wards(218, 352, 4, 384)

Since 1992:

122 in 1997 (153, 342), 121 (196,197), 123 (321)]

3913 mayoralties, 24 cap city admin divisions Oct 1993, (156).

A) 89 republics, oblasts, krais, cities, and autonomous areas

435 cities subordinate to raions, 339 urban districts, 2066 urban settlements, 23976 rural settlements (1994)

In 1996: 437 cities subordinate to raions, 325 urban districts, 2022 urban settlements, 24,307 rural settlements.

B) 316 communes + 44 municipalities in 1992 (314)

309 communes and 65 municipalities in 2001 (324) and 1999 (348)

Libya 3

A) 13 regions

B) 1,500 communes

(384, 292, 448, 460)

Israel 3 A) 6 administrative districts

(4, 12, 356) Egypt 4.5 A) 26 governorates

D) 55 districts in cities (159, 160)

Jordan 3

thirty-three districts) increased to 12 in 1994

B) 173 municipalities in 1989, 214 in 1994;344 village councils 1979, 382 in 1994. (19, 20, 157, 387)

Lebanon 4

C) 700 municipalities and villages

(45, 104, 378, 380) Kuwait 3

Saudi 3 A) 14 emirates Arabia B) tribal and village leaders (sheiks)

(45, 48)

Afghanistan 5 A) 31 provinces

B) districtsC) citiesD) wards(278)

B) 52 municipalities, 143 local councils, 977 regional councils as of 12/31/94; 61 municipalities, 145 local councils (355), 969 regional councils as of 12/31/96

B) regions (166 markazes (32, 159), 126 acc. to (378) 379 for 1998; 163 in 1998 (160)

C) 199 city and 4,496 village municipalities in 1998 (32, 160, 378, 379)

A) 8 governorates (divided into forty sub-governorates and

A) 6 provinces, muhafazat B) 26 districts, qada

A)      5 governoratesB)      municipalities (45, 352)

Iran 4 A) 24 provinces (ostans)

245 in 1995 (388)

(353)3726 in 1998 (354)

3265 in 1995 (388)Iraq 4 A) 18 governorates (alwiya)

C) cities and towns

(200, 106)Oman 3 A) 6 regions and 2 governorates

B) 59 wilayats and municipalities

(92, 352, 382)Syria 4? districts

counties

C) ) 179 nahia villages

(292) with locally elected administrative councils. municipalities (202) 95 city counci

Sixty percent (158)

Yemen 4? A) 17 governorates Municipal elecB) districts District and prC) municipalities

(4, 279)Bahrain 2

(87, 352, 377)

UAE 3 A) 7 emirates

B) municipalities

(161, 203)Latin AmericaGuyana 3 A) 10 regions

B) 6 incorporated towns

B) 195 shahrestans (201); 229 subprovinces (shahrestan)

C) 619 counties (bakhsh) + 520 cities (shahr) + 2093 rural agglomerations (dehestan) in 1993

B) district (aqdhiya) and sub-district (nawahy) councils

A) 14 provinces (mohafaza), including Damascus

B) 59 mantika (292) districts and subdistricts (202)

A)      12 municipalities

Guyana 3

(389, 390)Brazil 4 A) 26 states + 1 federal district

(Also 25, 43)Barbados 2

Bahamas 2 A) 21 districts

(45, 352)

Chile 4 A) 12 regions + metropolitan Santiago

B) 51 provinces C) 335 municipalities

(5, 6, 32, 37, 43, 426)Colombia 3

B) 915 municipalities in 1988(392) 1,042 in 1991 (402)

1,034 (43); c.1008 (3, 6)1,077 in 1997 (401)

Argentina 3

B) 1,617 municipalities (3, 5, 428)

Bolivia 4 A) 9 departments

(43, 22, 403)

B) 112 provinces

(43, 22, 403)

and 1,408 cantons (43, 22) or 1,384 cantons (403)(43, 22, 403)

Venezuela 4

B) 202 districts

C) 282 municipalities (27, 32, 43, 80, 429)

Mexico 3 A) 31 state governments + federal district

B) 5,581 municipalities in 1997 (391); 4974 in 1994-95 (399, 400); 4491 in 1991 (415)

C) 9,274 districts in 1995 (391); 8855 in 1991 (415); 43 says c.8,130

A) 11 parishes + city of Bridgetown (86, 352, 424)

A) 23 departments + 9 national territories + 1 special district (3,6)

A) 22 provinces + 1 national territory + federal district

C) 301 subprovinces (43, 22) or 311 subprovinces as of 1995 (403, 404, 405)

A) 22 states, 1 federal district, + 72 federal dependencies

Mexico 3

(3, 6, 43); 2,412 municipalities in 1996 (401, 407)

Ecuador 4 A) 21 provinces B) 193 cantones (municipalities)

C) c.746 parishes in late 1980s

(6, 24, 43, 81)912 rural and urban parishes in 1990(406)

Costa Rica 4 A) 7 provinces (43, 414)B) 81 (municipal) cantons (43, 414)

C) 429 districts (43), 421 districts (418)

Jamaica 2

(45, 412) Uruguay 2 A) 19 departments

(6, 43, 394)Trinidad and Tobag 2

(411, 414)Guatemala 4 A) 8 regions

B) 22 departments C) 330 municipalities

(43, 414)Nicaragua 4 A) 9 regions

C) 143 municipalities (43, 395)

Honduras 3 A) 18 departments

B) 291 municipalities (43, 45, 396)

Cuba 3 A) 15 provinces

B) 169 municipalities

(6, 88)Paraguay 3 A) 17 departments

B) 212 municipalities in 1993(6, 43, 408)

B) c.2,397 municipalities

A) 12 parishes + Kingston and St Andrew corporation.

A) Tobago + 8 administrative areas + 3 boroughs + Port of Spain

B) 17 departments (inc. 2 autonomous regions)

Peru 4 [A) 12 regions in effect abolished 1992]

B) 24 departments + 1 constitutional province

C) 189 provinces (municipal) (43) 187 (6)D) 1798 districts (municipal)(43) 1793 (6)

Panama 4 A) 9 provinces + 3 territories

B) 67 districts (municipal)

C) 511 local authorities

(512 according 414)(6, 43, 45, 414)

Dom Rep 3 A) 29 provinces +1 national district

B) 124 municipalities 1993

(409, 410)

138 acc to (43).Haiti 5 A) 9 departments

B) 41 arrondissements

C) 133 communes

D) 561 communal sections(45, 109, 414, 416, 417)

Suriname 3 A) 10 districts

B) 62 subdistricts

(107, 414)El Salvador 3 A) 14 departments

B) 262 municipalities (cities, towns, villages)

(6, 45)AsiaCambodia 4

(45, 48, 421)

A) 18 provinces, two special municipalities and Phnom Penh and Kampong Saom

B) about 122 districts, including rural districts (srok) and urban districts (khan),

C) 1324 communes (sangkat) and 9386 villages (khum); [1,325 communes according to 421]

Singapore 1

Sri Lanka 4 A) 9 provinces B) 25 districts

W Samoa 2? A) villages A) 11 districts

(45; 280) B) 362 villageNepal 3 Since 1991-1992:

A) 75 Districts

B) 36 municipalities and 3,995 villages.(232, 239, 240, 241, 381)

Thailand 5

(55, 124)

655 (6), 926 in 1999 (163)

no subnational governments (3, 4, 420) (45: town councils introduced in the early 1990s, but only for management of housing estates)

C) 14 municipal councils (45, 63) or 12 (6, 422); 37 urban councils (45, 63) or 39 (6, 422); and 257 Pradeshiya Sabhas (divisional/rural councils) increased to 258 in 1996 (6, 45, 63, 422)

A) 75 provinces (changwats) + Bangkok as of 1993

B) ( i) administrative districts (amphur); 617 in 1995 (419)

coexist with (ii) municipalities (96 municipalities + City of Pattaya in1997 (55), 85 + Pattaya in 1993 (124))

and sanitary committees (Sukhapiban): (part of the 980 total for 1993 (124) or 986 total for 1995 (55))

Thailand 5

C) administrative subdistricts (Tambons) 6,633 acc to (6)

6,397 in 1998 acc. to (419)7409 in 1999 (163)

59,458 villages (6) 69604 villages 1999 (163)

Hong Kong 4 A) Urban Council and Regional Council (pre-1997) B) 19 district boards

C) 27 Rural Committees

(6, 15, 248, 434)

S Korea 4

subdistricts (dong)

(56, 97, 177)Laos 4

B) 141 Districts

C) 11,293 Villages

(205, 419)North Korea 4

(216, 232, 165)

C) ca. 4,000 Villages (ri or ni)

(216, 232)

Plus subdistrict municipalities (53 in 1993 (124); 48 in 1997 (55)) and sanitary committees (part of the 980 total for 1993 (124) or 986 total for 1995 (55))

D) villages (muban)

A) Seoul, 5 large cities, 9 provinces (164; 6) one more city in late 1990s (56, 97);

B) 22 autonomous city districts, 33 self-governing city wards, 67 small cities, 137 counties. (164);

(6) has 136 districts and 68 cities; (56) has 72 cities + 91 counties + 69 urban districts

C) towns (eup), townships (myon), and villages (97)

A) 16 Provinces, 1 Municipality (Vientaiane) + 1 Special Zone

Previously a Canton Tier existed between the Districts and the Villages- This was eliminated

A) 9 Provinces (do)+ 3 Province-level Municipalities (chikalsi or jikhalsi)

B) 17 Cities (si) + 36 Urban Districts (kuyk) + 200+ Counties (gun or kun)

25 cities, 147 counties, 2 sections, 38 districts as of 1999 (165)

149 eups, 3311 ris, 896 dongs, 251 workers sections as of 1999 (165)

Philippines 4

provinces 78 (57)

76 around 1995 (126, 6, 428)

China 5

(6) says 2171.

(6, 28, 58, 419)Papua New Guinea 3

B) Local-level (municipalities and villages)

(211)

Myanmar 4 A) 14 States + Divisions

A) 1 Metropolitan govt, 1 autonomous regional govt, 1 special administrative region,

chartered cities autonomous from provinces 25 (126)

(Note: also 14 ethno-geographic regions in mid-1990s, but these did not have general government—only coordinating body)

B) 1,543 municipalities (26, 45, 57, 231, 126) +39-43 chartered cities under province (126)

C) barangays (village govts), c.42,000 (26, 45, 57, 231), 41,988 (126), 41,908 (6), 41924 (428)

A) 23 provinces, 3 municipalities directly under the central government, 5 autonomous regions, Note: from 1997, add 1 special administrative region = HK (6, 28, 58, 419)

B) 117 prefectures and autonomous prefectures; 218 cities at prefecture level in 1996 (28, 58, 419)

C) 2,166 counties, autonomous counties, and cities at the county level, (28, 58, 419)

D) townships and towns and city districts (37) and villages

A) 19 Provinces (as of 1976) (18 after 1995 reform) (166)

Myanmar 4

B) 314 Townships (6)

C) Wards + Villages + Tracts(48, 6)

Bangladesh 5

B) 64 districts (Zilas)

(53, 168)

C) 490 Thanas in 1991, 493 in 1998 (53, 169)

489 in 1994 (167, 168)

4,479 in 1998 (168)

c. 80,000

(53) c. 83,000 in 2000 (167)Malaysia 3 A) 13 states (54, 257, 419)

(54, 257)144 in 1997 (419)143 (428)

India 5 A) 25 states + 7 Union territories (33, 41, 59, 428)

New Federal system was proposed in late 1990s, with 14 states, 7 for ethnic minority regions and 7 in areas with Burmese majorities. Due to the ongoing civil war, it is uncertain how much local government exists in Burma.

A) 6 administrative divisions (Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Barisal, Sylhet) in both 1991 and 1998 (53, 169)

(168) says 5 administrative divisions in 1994 (168)

D) 4,451 Unions in 1991 (rural micro areas) (53, 168, 169) 4,460 (167)

and 59,990 administrative villages, 1991, 1994, 1998 (168, 169)

Note: 86,038 actual villages (grams) in 1991, 1998 (169)

B) 144 local governments (districts and municipalities)

B) Districts (Zila) 459 in 1996, acc. to (170) and urban local bodies (Nagar panchayats, municipal corporations, municipal councils) 3,694 in 1999 acc. to (170) 3,586 (428)

C) Upper tier village government (containing c.100 villages) (panchayat samitis) 5930 in 1999 (170)

D) Lower tier village governments (indiv. villages) (gram panchayats) 240,588 in 1999 (170) 234,078 in 1998 (428)

Note: 3-tier system of rural panchayats (zila, samiti, gram) in 22 states; 2-tier system in Goa, and 1-tier system in 5 border states (170)

India 5

(33, 41, 59)Indonesia 5 A) 27 provinces/regions

B) 246 districts (6) ; 241 districts in 1991 (423)

C) 3605 subdistricts;[3,592 according to (6), 3625 in 1991 (423)]

D) 61924 villages + 5055 urban villages (45, 60, 423)

Pakistan 4.5

and

plus 40 cantonment boards in 1996-7 (171).

Local government reformed in 2001.(34, 62)

Vietnam 4,5?

in 1987.50 provinces (tinh) + 3 central cities (125)

61 provinces in 1999 + 3 cities (176)

A) 4 provinces, capital territory, state of Azad Kashmir, (+ 7 federally administered tribal areas and 5 northern areas with no more than 3% of population)

B) 97 rural district councils in 1991 (62) 118 in 1996-7 (171)

2 metropolitan corporations (1991 and late 1990s; 62, 171)

11 municipal corporations in 1991 (62) and 15 in 1996-7 (171) and in late 1990s (62)

83 municipal committees in 1991 (62) and 156 in 1996-7 (171) and in late 1990s (62)

299 town committees in 1991 (62) and 301 from 1996-7 (171, 62)

C) In Sindh, Baluchistan, Azad Kashmir: (rural) tehsils and markazes

D) In all provinces, (rural) unions--4268 in 1991 (62), 4565 in 1996 (171)

Note: In NWFP all local bodies were dissolved in 1991, in Sindh in 1992 and in Punjab in August 1993 (62)

A) 36 provinces + one special zone + 3 municipalities

Vietnam 4,5?

600 districts (precincts) in 1999 (176)

(45, 48, 232, 125)10,330 communes in 1999 (176)

Mongolia 4, 5? As of 2002:

A) 21 provinces (aimags) + capital + 2 major cities, + districts

(432) says 342 sums and districts in 1998 elected councils

governors app

B) 324 counties (sums)

(48, 212)1,681 baghs and horoos in 1998 C) 1590 baghs(432) governor appointed by province or district governor:

general meetings of citizens

D) Brigades

governor appointed by province or district governor:general meetings of citizens(175)

Fiji 5

(90)Brunei 4 A) 4 districts A) 4 districts

B) mukims B) mukims

B) Precincts + Municipalities (under Provinces); Urban Districts, Precincts + Cities (under Municipalities) (45, 48, 232)

C) Communes = Villages + Townships (under Precincts); Wards (under Municipalities); + Wards (under Precincts)

D) neighborhoods or hamlets (xom), + subwards (125)

A) 21 Provinces (aimags)- as of 1994 when 3 cities were granted aimag status + Capital (Ulaanbaatar) (48, 212, 432)

B) 336 Counties (Sums) + 12 Districts of Capital (Düüregs) (48, 212)

C) c. 1,600 Townships (Baghs) + 119 Capital neighborhoods (Horoos)

A)      4 divisions + 1 dependencyB)      14 provinces divided into 189 Tikinas

C)      districtsD)      2 cities + 9 towns + rural local authorities + villages

Brunei 4

C) villages C) villages (4, 430) (430)

Bhutan 4 A) 4 Administrative zones B) 18 Districts (Dzongkha)

D) 191 Blocks (Gewog) in 1989 (83)

(83, 205, 232, 431)

Note: there are also some municipalities (83).

Taiwan 6? As of 2001:

A) 2 Provinces + 2 special municipalities

C) 29 municipalities

(23, 45, 48, 435) AfricaUganda 6 A) council = a

Districts also have Chief Administrative Officers and Resident District

B) council= sub-county exec committee members; it elects an exec com

C) council =

C) 18 Subdistricts (dungkhag) in 10 of 18 districts as of 1989 (83)

B) 18 counties (2 in Fujian) and 5 provincial municipalities; plus districts within special munis

under counties, plus 220 rural and 60 urban townships plus 10 rural and urban townships in Fujian,

plus boroughs within districts and districts within provincial munis

D) boroughs within county municipalities and urban townships, villages within rural townships,

and neighborhoods within urban boroughs (59 villages and boroughs in Fujian)

E) neighborhoods within boroughs of county municipalities and of urban townships and within villages.

A) 39 districts in 1994 (122, 352); 45 in 1997 (42); 56 in 2000 (172)

B) 151 counties + 13 municipalities (428, 440); 154 counties according to (6), 155 acc. to (436)

C) 962 sub-counties (428, 440); 950 acc. to (428); 900 (436); 903 in 2000 (172);

plus 39 towns (440, 428); 69 in 2000 (172); plus 39 municipal divisions and 5 city divisions (Kampala) in 2000 (172)

Uganda 6

D) council= v

E) 45,000 villages E) council = all adults; elected village committee.(428, 436, 440) (68) There are also appointed administrative exec officers at most levels

S Africa 3 A) 9 provinces (since 1994) A) 9 provinceB) 850 local au

B) c.698 local authorities (428, 441)

(17, 5)

Cameroon 6 A) 10 provinces

D) 53 districts

(259)

Kenya 6 A) 7 provinces + 1 area (Nairobi)

B) 40 districts, (60 in 1998)

C) 133 Divisions, including

D) 4,517 parishes (440, 428); 4,000 according to (436) plus wards (172)

This is post-1994; need the pre-1994 structure. Post-1994 may also have had two tier local auths (SA: Country Profile)

A) 4 provinces, 6 self-governing territories, + Transkei, Bophutaswana, Venda, Diskei.

B) regional service councils, black local authorities, while local authorities (174)

B) 58 departments, + self-regulating communes at dept level (e.g. Wouri, Mfoundi) + the 2 Metropolitan Areas of Douala and Yaoundé (259)

C) 269 arrondissements, + communes at arr. level and in dept capitals + 5 urban districts in Douala and 6 in Yaoundé.

(32, 45, 96, 259, 260, 438, 442), + 20 towns (communes urbaines), 9 of which having special status

E) villages (32; 45, 96, 259, 260) + 306 rural communes

Kenya 6

D) Locations (443)

E) Sub-locations (443, 173)

(4, 6, 32, 45, 232, 265, 352 443)

Nigeria 4

C) villages

(6, 99, 232)

Congo –Brazzaville 4 A) 10 Regions A) 9 regions +B) 45 sub-prefectures (including cantons and Communes)C) 31 administ

D) communesC) Villages-Arrondissements (352, 470)

(226, 228)

Central African Rep 4

(204, 48, 6, 448, 294)

C) 172 communes + 7500 villages

municipalities, urban councils, and towns (451); 149 in 1996 =

35 municipal councils, 35 town councils, 56 county councils, 23 urban councils (443)

A) 30 states + 1 federal capital territory (increased to 36 states in 1996)

B) c. 593 local government areas (700 in 1997); 589 in 1991 according to (292, 450); 776 in 1996 according to (450)

B) 76 Districts + 29 Communes (6 communes self-regulating)

A) 16 prefectures + capital, Bangui (organized in 7 regions)

B) 66 sub-prefectures (204, 48), 52 (6, 294), 69 (448); 60 (467)

(204, 48) 170 communes (294); 174 communes (467)

Botswana 3 A) 10 districts

B) 7 Towns and Villages

(6, 352, 449)

Zambia 3 A) 9 provinces

(6, 45, 281, 352)

Namibia 3 A) 13 regions

B) municipalities, towns, villages (45, 234) 93 local authority councils (6)

Mauritius 3

B) 126 townships and villages

(45, 243, 282, 446, 447)

Tunisia 4 A) 23 regions

B) 57 districts (city, municipality, township, rural area)

A) 9 administrative divisions (= districts + municipalities) + island of Rodrigues

Tunisia 4(6, 51)

B) 212 delegations(268), 199 (6), 254 in 1998 (178)

(45, 51, 268)

Malawi 4 A) 3 regions B) 24 districts

C) 2 cities, 7 towns, 1 municipality.(6, 45, 292, 471)

Senegal 6 A) 10 regions (6, 45, 352, 444)

B) 28 departments

(45, 352); 30 (6, 444, 466)

94 arrondissements (444); 91 (208);(179) says 60 communes including 4 towns.

(179) says 320 rural communities.

E) villages (179, 180) 13,500 acc. to 179(6, 45)

Algeria 4 A) 48 provinces (wilayats), (6, 45, 238, 292)

C) 1723 sectors (imadas) (268), 2044 in 1998 (178), including 257 self-governing municipalities (communes) (178, 268) + rural council areas

C) 99 districts (arrondissements) including 48 communes (45);

D) within arrondissements, 318 rural communities (444); 317 (208);

Algeria 4

B) 260 districts (da’iraats),

(45, 238)

Angola 4 A) 18 provinces

(45, 113, 252, 453)

B) 164 municipalities(45, 113, 252, 453)

(45, 113, 252)453 says more than 530 communes.

Ghana 6 A) 10 regions

(6, 181, 215, 292, 445)

(445, 181)

Ivory Coast 5 A) 10 regions (since 1991) (123, 352)

B) 50 departments in 1993 (123, 352)

49 (6, 292)

C) 183 subdistricts in 1993 (6, 123, 352)

D) 135 communes subdistricts

(45, 84, 466)

C) 1500 communes (45, 238). 1,539 local authorities (6); 1541 (461, 462).

C) 578 communes, plus villages and neighborhoods

B) 3 metropolitan assemblies + 4 municipal assemblies + 103 districts.

C) 13 submetropolitan district councils (6, 181, 215, 292, 445)

D) 58 town councils (under submetro DCs) (445) + 108 zonal councils (under municipalities), + urban (34 acc. to 181, 35 acc. to 445), town (250 acc. to 181 and 445),) and area (826 acc. to 181, 626 acc. to 445) councils under district councils

E) 16,000 units (but only 8,000 unit committees may be operational)

(123); 135 communes, plus villages and cantons

Ivory Coast 5

Liberia 4 A) 13 counties, 2 territories + federal district

B) districts

C) cities /hinterland

(45, 284, 352)

Morocco 3

(45, 48, 51, 232)

Zaire 5 A) 10 regions + Kinshasa (6, 45, 267, 352)

B) 37 subregions (45, 267) 41 (6, 352)

C) 134 zones (45, 267) 216 (352)

D) collectivities (urban and rural). (45, 267, 352)

Zimbabwe 5 A) 8 provinces (120, 253, 254, 255)

C) c.1000 Wards

A) 65 provinces and urban prefectures as of 1995 (51)

(6) says 49 provinces and prefectures; (352) says 62 provinces and prefectures.

B) 1297 rural and 247 urban communes in 1995 (51, 6); 1544 communes (1,297 rural, 244 urban) (480)

Note: 16 Administrative Regions since 1996-7 (182)

B) 57 rural district councils (amalgamated smaller “district councils” and rural councils in 1993) (182, 253, 254, 255) and 26 urban councils (as of late 1990s, acc. to 182)

Zimbabwe 5

D) c. 6000 Villages (182, 253, 254, 255)

Tanzania 6 A) 25 administrative regions (6, 183)

Bottom tiers confirmed by 185

Benin 4

(245, 246, 247, 479)

Burkina Faso 4 A) 30 Provinces (121, 209, 249, 292, 448)

Some sources say

B) district councils (rural) and urban authorities (town, municipal, city); 86 districts acc. to (48); 120 districts (471)

C) wards (within both districts and urban areas) (184)

D) villages (rural) and hamlets (kitongoji) (urban) (184); 8000 villages (471, 478)

E) hamlets (kitongoji) (in villages) and neighborhoods (Mtaa) (in urban hamlets). (184)

A) 6 Prefectures (12 proposed) (6, 245, 246, 247, 292, 352, 448, 454)

B) 77 Communes (former sous-prefectures), including 74 regular communes and 3 municipalities

C) 569 arrondissements= urban neighborhoods or villages (479)

B) 300 departments (or districts) (121, 292, 448) + 108 communes (of which 33 communes of “full exercise”, 75 with limited powers) (121)

Burkina Faso 4

C) Villages and Communal Sectors

(209, 249)

C) 800 villages (as of 1989 law) plus sectors

(121)

Burundi 3

B) 114 communes (116 according to 235)

(6, 448, 454)

Chad 5 A) 14 prefectures (6, 217, 227)

B) 54 sub-prefectures (217, 227, 6)

C) 29 administrative posts

D) 468 cantons + 44 traditional chiefdoms

(217, 227)

Eritrea 4 A) 9 Provinces (206)

B) Districts

C) Localities(206, 233)

Gabon 6

C) 10 Districts + 12 Communes

E) villages

284 departments (209, 249) or 250 districts (6, 352, 454)

7,285 villages in 1986 (448); 8000 villages (466, 472)

A) 15 Provinces + Urban Province Bujumbura (6, 448, 454)

A) 9 Regions (98, 207, 229, 230, 232, 292, 352, 448, 471, 476)

B) 44 departments (98, 207, 229, 230, 232) or 37 prefectures (292, 352, 448)

(98, 207, 229, 230, 232) 50 communes in 2000 (186, 476); communes should perhaps be under (B) (476)

D) 119 Cantons (amalgamating villages) and arrondissements inside some communes (186), 146 acc. to (476)

Gabon 6

(98, 207, 229, 230, 232); 1993 in 1996 (476)

Guinea 4 A) 8 Regions, including capital Conakry

(48, 244, 292, 448)

Guinea-Bissau 5

B) 36 Sectors (220) 37 (6, 352, 448)

C) Sections

D) Villages

(220)

Lesotho 3 A) 10 Districts (232, 236, 292, 352, 448)+wards (6, 352) A) 10 Districts11 districts, 22 wards (6)

B) 22 wards aB) Villages

(475)

(232, 236)

Madagascar 5 Until 1993:A) 6 Provinces (6, 221, 232, 448) B) 111 Regions (Prefectures) (6, 221, 232)

C) 1,252 Districts (Subprefectures) (221, 232)

D) 11,333 Localities (Cantons) (221, 232) 13,476 fokontany (6)11,393 fokontany (448)

After 1995 changed to:

B) 38 Prefectures, including 33 urban communes + 5 communes of the capital

C) Rural Communities of Development (303 by 1992) + urban neighborhoods

A) 8 Regions + Capital (Bissau) (6, 220, 352, 448)

Madagascar 5

Mali 4 A) 8 Regions + 1 District (Bamako) (6, 214)

B) 49 Cercles (214), 46 (6)

(214)279 arrondissements (6)

Mauritania 4 A) 12 Regions + District of Nouakchott (114, 6, 225, 292, 448)

C) 208 Communes (created c. 1988) (114, 6, 225, 448)

Mozambique 3?4?

B) c. 130 districts (52), 112 districts (6, 448),

Niger 4 A) 8 Regions (Departements)

B) 35 Counties (Arrondissements)

C) 150 communes

6 provinces, 28 regions, 148 departments, 14000 communes (elected mayors and councils), 11,393 fokontany (elected president and council) (448) (232)

C) 285 Arrondissements + 24 Urban Municipalities

B) 32 Departments/53 administrative Moughataa (225, 114) 49 departments (6, 448)

A) 11 provinces (52); 10 provinces + capital (6, 448)

C) 33 municipalities (428), 12 municipalities, 894 localities (448) ??

Niger 4

(6, 94, 223, 448)

Sierra Leone 4 A) 4 Regions (N., E., W. S.)

B) 12 Districts

C) 148 chiefdoms

(6, 232, 292, 448)

Somalia 4

C) Villages

(219)Sudan 4 A) 9 States

B) 66 Provinces C) 218 Districts

(6, 224, 448)

Rwanda 3 A) 11 Prefectures (222, 232, 115, 292)B) 143 or 145 Communes (6, 292, 448)C) 1550 sectors in 1999-2000

A) 16 Regions, incl. capital Region (Banaadir) (219); 18 regions since 1991 (6, 352)

B) 84 Districts- 3-6 for each region, 15 for Capital Region (6, 219, 352)

Divided into 26 states- each administered by an appointed governor-Feb 1994 (6, 232, 292)

[note: tier structure changed in 1999 after genocide, but number of sectors appears to have stayed the same]

Rwanda 3

(115, 222, 232, 468, 469)

Togo 4 A) 5 Regions (6, 21, 48, 116, 448)

C) Townships(48, 116) 6 communes (448)30 communes in 2000 (116, 473)

Gambia 3

(4, 6, 91, 352, 448)

Swaziland 4 A) 4 regions (6, 287)

C) 250 chiefdoms, (187) 210 (292)

Ethiopia 5

C) 600 woreda (448), 531 (456); 457 in 1994 (455), 550 woredD) 22,456 kebeles in 1994 (455); 22,805 in 1994 (457)

B) 31 prefectures + capital (6), 21 prefectures (352), 23 prefectures + capital (448) 30 prefectures in 2000 (116)

A)      5 divisions and 1 cityB)      35 districts

But mentions of wards, village development committees etc.

B) 2 municipalities and 7 towns (287); or 2 city councils, 3 town councils, 7 town boards, as of 2000 (187); plus 55 Tinkhundla (regional councils) as of 1992 (187, 292, 448, 458)

A) 9 ethnically-affiliated regions (232) 9 administrative regions + federal capital district (448); 9 administrative regions (states) + 2 cities

B) 66 zones + 2 special city administrations; 62 zones

Notes:This database aims to describe the situation around the mid-1990s. Sources identified in brackets.

How legislature and executive chosen at each level

A “tier” is defined as follows: A territorial unit, B, represents a tier of government if all the following conditions are met:1. B has a government, or at least a governor.

A) councils elected; council elects its executive

2. B represents a level of general administration, not just a provider of a particular public service.

3. The territory of the next highest tier, A, is (at least in some parts) subdivided into units of type B.(9, 45, 289, 290) Note that a tier may or may not have a legislative council, and its executive may or may not be elected.

At some levels, there is both a locally appointed executive and a centrally-appointed chief administrator (e.g., French mayor and prefect).B) councils elected; council elects exec.

(1, 2, 3, 291, 292)

B) kommune councils elected; councils elect exec.

(1, 292, 293)

B) local councils elected; councils elect execs.(45, 292, 294)

C) elected councils and mayors;

(1, 45, 72, 292, 295) A) elected councils; centrally appointed governor; B) elected councils; council chooses exec.(45, 292)

(45, 292, 294)

According to second source (if different from first)

B) councils elected; mayors of terr. auths. directly elected

A) councils elected; council elects exec. Also a centrally appointed county prefect (Statsamter), with role judging on social issues.

A) landsting council elected; it elects its executive (there is also a centrally appointed landsting governor);

A) province governors centrally appointed; no elected councils except in Aaland Islands;

A) elected legislature; leader of largest party becomes premier; also centrally appointed Lieutenant-Governor

B) councils elected or composed of reps of municipalities; it elects its exec or exec directly elected.

A) elected legislature; legislature appoints exec (= Federal Council and president);

B) elected assembly, with president or mayor chosen from members, or just local assembly of citizens (in small communes)

(45, 294, 330)

(45, 72)A) council elected; council appoints full-time manager;

B) council elected; council appoints full-time manager.

(12, 292, 296, 297)A) council elected; it chooses exec.

B) council elected; it chooses exec.C) council elected; it chooses exec.(1, 304)

A) Land legislature elected; legislature elects exec.

B) elected council; council chooses exec.

(1, 305)

A) legislatures elected; governors elected

A) councils elected; councils elect exec. (Crown also appoints a provincial commissioner);

B) councils elected, elect their own executive; mayors appointed by Crown.

A) elected legislature; it selects premier; also a centrally appointed governor.

B) elected councils; sometimes exec. directly elected, sometimes chosen by council.

Note: regional councils formed by local authorities; council chooses exec.

C) elected councils; in Southern and new Lander of former GDR, mayors directly elected; in rest appointed by council.

B) county legislatures (board or commission) elected; some executives are elected, some appointed by the legislature;

(1, 300)

A) legislature elected, it elects Land governor;B) no council; centrally appointed commissioner;C) elected councils, council elects mayor (45, 301)

A) council elected; governor elected;B) council elected; mayor elected.

(1, 45, 306) A) elected council; council elects exec.;

C) elected council; council elects mayor(1, 302)

B) elected council, governor appointed by King

(16, 72, 292)

C) elected mayor and council

(45, 118, 141, 276, 326)

C) elected councils, they elect mayor.(45, 73, 142, 294)

C) local council elected; mayor or city manager sometimes elected directly sometimes apptd. by council

B) elected council; council elects exec; also centrally appointed prefect;

A) elected council; minister-president elected by and from council;

C) council elected, mayor appointed by King upon nomination of town council.

A) appointed governor; council composed of reps from lower tiers

B) prefect centrally appointed before 1995, elected since then; also since 1995, elected council; where eparchies exist, committee comprising members of prefectural council from relevant district; eparchos is head of party that has most seats in this eparchion council.

A) elected assembly, it elects its executive (also a governor appointed by central government);

B) civil governor appointed by prime minister, provincial council elected from members of subordinate municipal councils

A) elected council; centrally appointed governor;

B) no council, district chiefs centrally appointed.

(65, 100, 309)

A) council elected; President elected by council

(304)

C) elected assembly, it chooses executive

(1, 30, 45, 74, 292, 309)A) elected council; exec appointed by councilB) elected council; mayor appointed by council(85, 310)

(45, 101, 312)

A) centrally appointed exec

(89, 311)

A) no councils; centrally appointed commissioner;B) council elected, mayors centrally appointed.(45, 102, 309)

C) council elected; mayor elected (in villages, council and headman, muhtar, elected).

B) council elected; President elected by council; also a centrally appointed prefect (309)

C) council elected; since 1993 mayors of larger communes directly elected, rest elected by council

A) centrally appointed Governor; 2 autonomous regions have elected assembly and centrally appointed exec.

B) assembly half elected, half consisting of presidents of parish boards; mayor directly elected

A) elected council; it elects an executive board (which may appoint a professional town manager)

B) council and mayor of municipality directly elected; council of improvement board elected, appointed exec.

(67, 313, 314)

B) elected coucils; mayor elected by council

(45, 75, 313, 314)

A) no elected council; exec appointed;B) elected council, it chooses mayor.

(35, 313)

A) no councils; exec appointed by central govt.B) exec centrally appointed, no councils,C) council elected; mayor elected

(35, 44, 313)

A) elected legislatures, exec appointed by leg.B) elected councils; exec. selected by councilC) elected councils; councils apppoint exec.

(315, 358)

A) elected council (since 1994); before, indirectly elected by representatives from municipal councils; council elects exec.

B) elected councils; mayor directly elected in smaller municipalities, elected by council in larger municipalities.

A) centrally appointed prefect; assembly made up of delegated councillors from local authorities

B) council elected, mayor elected.(44, 314, 316)A) President elected directly in each republic A) elected assemblies; presidents directly elected (provinces centrally administered since 1989)

B) exec selected by commune assemblies B) elected councils; councils appoint exec.C) exec directly electedcheck (317)(199)

C) elected councils; exec directly elected

(49, 318)

A) centrally appointed governorB) councils elected; council elects exec.

(188, 189, 314)

A) elected councils; they elect execB) elected councils, they elect mayors(44, 314)

Before July 1994:A) elected council; it elected the mayor.

B) elected council; council elected the mayor.

(314)After 1994 reform:

A) governors centrally appointed, no councilB) elected councils; elect mayors

(45, 69, 319)

A) council indirectly elected by municipal councils, centrally appointed prefect;

A) council elected; before 1994, exec centrally appointed; since 1994, council elects exec.

B) council elected, before 1994, exec centrally appointed; since 1994, council elects exec.

A) elected council, appointed exec.

B) elected council (abolished in 1995), appointed exec.

C) elected council, appointed exec.

(Some councils later abolished)

A) appointed exec.

B) local councils; executives? B) elected councils and execs (1st local elections held in 1996)(190, 277) (277)

A) A) elected legislature; leg. elects exec in Nakhichevan; raions and cities in Nagorno-Karabagh, status of oblast disputed

B) B) raions and cities under direct central control, governors and mayors centrally appointed (373, 374) Elected councils established after 1995 constitution, but elections not held until Dec 1999 (371)

A) appointed governors in regions, no leg.; elected council and appointed mayor in Tbilisi

B) appointed exec., elected councils(191) C) elected councils, chair elected by council (372)

C) Governors appointed by city or district governor.

(192, 103, 367)

A) elected assembly, centrally appointed exec.

B) elected assembly, centrally appointed exec.(198) C) elected council, council elects exec.

(359)

1996 Constitution says local chief executives appointed by president. (368, 45, 76)

A) legislatures; district administrations are appointed by the central government.

Administration at ALL levels is appointed by the central government (councils, mayors, etc. are not directly elected). The heads of large units such as regions, districts and larger cities are appointed directly by the president.

A) elected legislature; province head (Hakim) appointed by president

B) Governors appointed by provincial governor. Council elected.

A and B both have elected assemblies, but the chief executive (chairman) of each is appointed by the president

A) centrally appointed governor

B) centrally appointed governor

A) councils elected; exec appointed by president;B) councils elected; exec appointed by president; C) no council, appointed exec.

(45, 364)

B) councils elected locally and then selects executive

(194)A) elected council and mayor

(336)

A) municipal mayors and councils are directly elected

(195, 320)

(61, 328, 329)

C) elected councils, council elects exec.; also centrally appointed exec. (375, 376)

A) locally elected councils – council then elects executive.

note: the 4 largest cities are subordinate to the national government (Tiraspol, Chisinau, Balti, Bender)

A) elected councils, they elect chairman on nomination from governor; also centrally appointed governor.

B) elected councils, they elect chairmen (nominated by head fo admin); also centrally appointed exec.

C) elected councils, they elect chairman (nominated by head of admin); also an appointed head of administration

A) county assembies are locally elected. county prefect is elected by the council, and then confirmed by the president

B) councils directly elected, prefect or mayor elected by council

(196, 197, 321)

A) centrally appointed governorB) councils elected, mayors elected

(44, 49, 322)

(314, 323)

A) council elected, it elects execB) councils elected, mayors elected

(66, 314)

Until 1991:A) centrally appointed governorB) centrally appointed district chief or mayor

(218)

C) mayors elected, councils elected in wards and councillors elected in mayoralties if inhabitants so decide.

A) councils elected; governor appointed in some, elected in some as of mid-1990s

B) councils elected; most mayors elected or chosen by council; some execs appointed from above;

C) councils elected; exec chosen by council or directly elected.

C)      centrally appointed subdistrict chiefPeople’s congresses set up at each level, indirect election by the lower level committees.

Since 1992:A) centrally appointed governor

B) elected councils, centrally appointed exec.(460, 6)

B) most local councils and executives elected.

(13, 45)A) elected council; governor appointed

B) elected council; exec centrally appointed

C) elected council; exec centrally appointed

D) elected council, exec council appointed(45, 78, 378, 160)A) no council; governors appointed by King;

A) no council; centrally appointed governor B) no council; centrally appointed governor

(45, 104, 378)A) centrally appointed governor A) Centrally appointed governor

B) council with elected and appointed members, centrally appointed exec.

(105) (363)A) no councils; crown appointed governorB) no councils; sheik appointed leaders

(45, 48, 79)A) centrally appointed governors; provincial council.

B) district administrators; district council.C) mayorsD) heads of wardsSystem changed in 1996 when Taliban took over. (278)

A) centrally appointed district commissioner, no council;

B) Acc. to 45, 386: elected councils; mayors appointed by Council of Ministers, small villages’ exec is informally elected headman (mukhtar). Acc. to 157: municipal councils elected: they select a mayor; in villages, council heads appointed

C) elected municipal councils, council of village elders; president of municipal council chosen by council

B) Kuwait municipality: council with 10 elected members, 6 appointed by Emir; executive?

In 1992 King Fahd announced plan to introduce local appointed councils.

C) chiefs appointed by provincial and county governors

(201)

A) elected council; governors appointed by president

(5, 106)A) appointed execB) appointed exec

(382)

with locally elected administrative councils.

(202)

A) centrally appointed governors. A) centrally appointed governorB) ? B) elected council (not sure if implemented), appointed exec.

C) elected council (not sure if implemented)

(383)A) no council, officials appointed(377)

B) nominated municipal councils, appointed officials.

(203)

A) elected council, it chooses exec.B) elected council and mayor

A) governor (ostandar) appointed by ministry of the interior (since 1979 have been appointed from among senior clergy (clerics) and approved by president)

B) governor (farmandar) appointed by ministry of the interior

B) councils are elected, but are probably dominated by one (Baath) party ; district officers probably appointed by president

C) elected council; some mayors appointed by president, some elected

A) governor nominated by minister of the interior and approved by president. a provincial council is ¾ popularly elected (1/4 of members are appointed by central govt.)

B) leadership appointed by governor, but councils elected locally

C) councils part elected, part appointed. Mayor appointed by central government or provincial governor.

note: power is very centralized and controlled by the ruling Baath party

C) ?; elected council mandated by constitution, but implementation uncertain. (4; 279)

A) UAE is a federation of 7 emirates. Each emirate is ruled by individual families (there are no elected governments), consultative councils

(389)A) councils elected; governor elected;

B) councils elected; mayors elected;

(43, 391)A) administrative, no local government (86, 424)

B) governor appointed by President; C) council and mayor elected (together) since 1992.

(43, 46)A) council elected; governors elected;

B) council elected; mayor elected;(43, 392, 427)

A) council elected; governor elected;

B) council elected; mayor elected (43, 401)

(43, 45, 401)

B) elected council, it selects chairman;

C) council elected; mayor selected by council.(43, 45)

A) elected legislature; elected governor;

C) subprefecture administrators appointed by higher level.

A) administrative commissioners (centrally appointed) (45, 425).

Note: elections for commissioners and councils after 1996

A) regions have elected councils since 1993; centrally appointed intendente;

A) in towns: council elected; council elects mayor; also centrally appointed prefect

B) in towns: council elected; council elects mayor; also subprefect appointed by dept prefect

C) in towns: council elected in subprovince municipalities, and council elects mayor; just directly elected mayor in canton munis (no council); also magistrates (corregidores)

A) elected state legislature; governor elected as of 1990 (80);

(43, 45, 393, 401, 407)

A) council elected; governor appointed;

(43, 45, 81)

A) no assemblies; centrally appointed governor;B) councils elected; executive elected by council;

(43, 45, 108)

A) councils elected, mayors elected.

(45, 412)A) council elected, mayor elected.

(43, 394)

(6, 45)A) no elected councils (162) execs?B) councils?; presidentially appointed governorC) elected council, elected mayor(43)

A) councils?; execs?B) councils?; execs?

C) council elected, it elects mayor(43, 395)

B) council elected, mayor elected(43, 45, 396) A) elected assembly, it selects its president.

B) municipal assembly elected, it selects president

(6)A) councils elected, governors elected;B) councils elected, mayors elected; (43, 6) Note: reforms of local government in 1990-91.

B) elected council; elected mayor (though state governor may select nominees)

B) council elected; mayor usually elected (sometimes indirectly), in rural cantones exec appointed

C) political lieutenant centrally appointed; elected parish council.

C) elected municipal councils, executive chosen by winning party.

A) Tobago has elected assembly and government; counties and cities have elected councils, cities have mayor

A) councils and council president indirectly elected by reps from each municipality; a centrally appointed governor;

B) council elected, exec elected

C) council elected, mayor electedD) council elected, mayor elected(43, 82, 401)

(43, 45, 397)

(43, 6)

D) elected council, elected executive.(45, 109)

(107, 413)A) apparently no council; centrally appointed governor

B) elected council, elected mayor

(45, 398)

A)

B) elected assembly; it chooses exec committee B)

C) elected assembly; it chooses exec committee C) until 1993: exec and council centrally appointed; elections instituted in 1993 but not held until 2002.

(45, 48) (433)

A) 1992 Fujimori dissolved the 12 regional govts, set up in 1989

A) councils made up of representatives of municipalities; governors appointed by president;

B) council elected, until 1994 mayor in effect centrally appointed (president nominates 3 alternatives)

C) elected bodies at neighborhood level, but no clear powers; appointed executive and board.

A) apparently no councils; governor appointed by president;

B) councils and mayor elected (but on the central presidential slate)

A) Departmental assembly including reps from Municipal Assemblies; elected executive; also a “delegate” appointed by government;

B) centrally appointed executive “vice delegate”; no council;

C) municipal assembly, including reps of each communal section; elected executive

A) elected councils; district commissioner appointed by president.

B) elected councils; no administration; also locally chosen tribal chiefs and village headmen

A) elected assembly, it chooses exec committee, Governor (232)

A) councils elected, President appoints governorB) no council, centrally appointed exec.

(45, 63, 6)

(45; 280)

(240)

D) villages have directly elected headman

(55, 45, 124)

C) councils elected, mayors nominated locally by political parties

A) councils of matai and orators (like tribal leaders), centrally appointed exec (local inspectors).

A) District Development council (DDC) made up of a Chairman and a Vice-Chairman + 9-17 elected members + 1 ex-officio Member (no vote). Chairman and Vice Chairman indirectly elected by VDCs. DDC meets once a month. Also a centrally appointed local development officer.

District Assembly (DA)= Chair and V Chair of DDC + mayors of municipalities and Chairs and V Chairs of VDCs. Meets once per year.

B) Municipalities have elected assemblies, elected mayors and deputy mayors. Also an executive officer appointed by central government. (239)

Village Development Council (VDC), directly elected. Executive appointed by central government. (239), (419)

A) elected assembly; centrally appointed governor in most (1997 law will change this), but Bangkok elected governor;

B) provincially appointed district officer; municipalities have elected council, exec apptd by governor from within council with approval of council;

sanitary committees consist of: district officer, other officials, subdistrict and village headpersons, members appointed by governor, and elected members, and are both leg and exec body.

C) subdistrict chief (Kamnan), acc. to (55) appointed by provincial governor, acc. to 124 elected by subdistrict; subdistrict municipalities have elected council and exec appointed by governor from within council with its approval; sanitary committees as above. (55, 124)

Pre-1992:

(248, 434)

(45, 56, 97)

C) Village Chiefs- elected. People’s councils eliminated in 1991.

(48, 205, 419)

B) elected assemblies, they elect chairmen.C) elected assemblies, they elect chairmen.

(216, 232)

A) council members elected via restrictive franchise or appointed.

B) Both elected and appointed members of boards. Executive a centrally appointed official.

C) members elected or locally appointed depending on custom; they elect executive.

System reformed in 1994 to include broader franchise and more directly elected seats

A) council elected (since 1991); execs elected first in 1995, previously appointed by president

B) council elected (since 1991); execs elected first in 1995, previously appointed by president

C) council elected (since 1991); execs elected first in 1995, previously appointed by county chiefs (or village chiefs by heads of townships)

A) Governors of provinces and mayors of municipalities appointed by president- civil servants

B) District chief- appointed by prime minister- civil servant

A) elected assemblies- members are local party activists. Assemblies elect chairmen.

(45, 57, 70, 231)

C) assembly directly elected, it elects exec.

D) assembly directly elected, it elects exec.(58)

A) Councils elected.

(211, 166)

(211)

A) Elected governor (province) mayor (cities); elected council including elected members from municipalities (1991 law required reps from sectoral interest groups (women, poor, etc.), but not implemented by mid-1990s (45, 57, 231, 70, 126)

B) Mayors elected. Assembly made up of elected members(1991 law required reps from sectoral interest groups (women, poor, etc.), but not implemented by mid-1990s (45, 57, 231, 70, 126)

C) elected executive-punongbarangay; citizens assembly, which includes all residents over age 15.

A) assembly elected by lower level assemblies, it elects exec.

B) assembly elected by lower level assemblies, it elects exec.

Executives either directly elected (4 provinces) or indirectly by council.

Provincial government eliminated in 1995 and replaced with assemblies made up of national MPs, representatives from elected local governments and representatives of special interest groups.

B) Village councils in some provinces; 4 provinces replaced local councils with “community government.” Exec?

According to 1974 Const., elected council at every level. Chairman elected from this body.

(48)

B) elected councils; centrally appointed executive;

D) elected councils; locally chosen executive.

reforms ongoing, changed this system after 1993

(53, 110, 419)

B) appointed council; state appointed executive;

(54, 6, 419)

A) council elected; governor centrally appointed;B) council elected; exec centrally appointed

(45, 59)

Executive committee, including officials from center, inspection committee and judges are also mentioned.

A) most of country: no councils, centrally appointed executive; but in 4 municipalities (Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi) elected council, and since 1994 elected mayors;

C) elected councils in 138 urban municipalities; centrally appointed administrator in each Thana

A) elected legislatures; exec. is hereditary sultan or federally appointed governor;

C) council elected; executive elected by the council or directly

0.5

C) council partly elected; centrally appointed governor;

D) execs some elected some appointed by next level up

(45, 60, 111, 6, 423)

Centrally appointed governor;

B) no council, centrally appointed commissioners;

(45, 50, 62)

A) elected people’s council, it elects exec. A) provincial people’s committee; cities have people’s council and people’s committee;

B) district people’s committee; cities have people’s council and people’s committee;C) commune people’s committee; cities have people’s council and people’s committee;

(45) D)?

A) council elected: governor appointed by President from short list of three nominated by provincial legislature;

B) council elected; mayor or county commissioner appointed by center from short list nominated by council

A) elected assemblies, nominates Chief Minister from its ranks (48);

C) elected councils, they should elect exec, but most provinces appoint since early 1990s

D) elected council, they should elect exec, but most provinces appoint since early 1990s

B) elected councils (candidates screened by party), they elect exec.

(125)C) Elected Assembly, it elects exec.

(45, 48, 232, 176)

A) 21 provinces (aimags) + capital + 2 major cities, + districts

elected councils

(212)B) 324 counties (sums)

C) 1590 baghsgovernor appointed by province or district governor:general meetings of citizens

governor appointed by province or district governor:general meetings of citizens

A) centrally appointed commissionerB) provincial council, centrally appointed executive.

C) centrally appointed district officer

A) district officers, centrally appointed (45)

A) Council indirectly elected from county councils, whose membership is itself indirectly elected from township councils. Governor proposed by aimag council and appointed by PM. If no candidate is acceptable, PM can advise as to appointment of governor.

B) Council- indirectly elected from township councils. Governor proposed by council and appointed by aimag governor, who can appoint his own candidate if council does not propose a candidate of his liking.

C) Council- only level of local government with an elected assembly. Governor proposed by township council.

D) council elected, mayor elected by it; but 1987-93, councilors centrally appointed

A) district officers, centrally appointed (45)

A) centrally appointed executive, no council

C) Appointed subdistrict officers;

(48, 83, 431)

A) Elected provincial council. Governor also elected. (4

B) counties and municipalities have elected assemblies; c

C) elected assembly and mayor.

(45, 48, 258, 435) Districts have chief administrator app

D) Village and borough chiefs elected, neighborhoods h

E) Neighborhoods have appointed warden (435)

A) Council = 2 reps + 1 woman from each subcounty and

Districts also have Chief Administrative Officers and Resident District B) Council = all members of sub-county exec comms in c

B) council= sub-county exec committee members; it elects an exec comC) Council = all members of parish exec comms in sub-co

D) Council = all members of village exec comms in paris

B) Exec= centrally appointed district officer, employee of central govt (Dzongdas); council with some elected members.

D) Exec= Village Headman, Not member of government service, elected

E) Council = all residents in village; exec comm. elected b(122, 437, 465)

E) council = all adults; elected village committee.(68) There are also appointed administrative exec officers at most levels

A) elected legislature; it elects its own premierB) elected council and executive (since at least 1995)(6, 45, 47)

A) centrally appointed governor (292, 438, 471)B) centrally appointed prefect (96, 438, 471); in communes, Council made up of the mayors of the urban districts + elected urban district councilors (lower level).

Executive appointed by the government (cannot be a council member from a lower level).

C) centrally appointed sub-prefect; (96, 438); in communes elected council with mayor chosen by the council. Mayors directly elected since 1996 (261).

D) elected exec. = chief

(45, 259, 471); Elected council, which elects a mayor. Mayors directly elected since 1996.Towns also government appointed delegate. (259, 261)

E) village development committees locally selected (96); in rural communes elected council and, since 1992, mayor chosen by the council from its ranks (again elected since 1996). (259, 261)

A) centrally appointed exec = commissioner;

B) elected council, called county council; centrally appointed executive = commissioner plus district development committee

C) executive = appointed district officer

Municipalities (22 in 1991, 35 in late 1990s (443)), towns (23 in 1991, 35 in late 1990s) and urban areas (28 in 1991, 23 in late 1990s) have elected councils. Urban areas are under control of the relevant district council and lack financial independence.

D) executive = chief, centrally appointed.Development committee (443)

E) executive = assistant chief Development committee (443)

(265, 439)

A) Elected council (per 1989 and 1999 constitutions); state governors centrally appointed (48; 232, 448);

B) Elected councils and elected exec. (450)

C) traditional chiefs, councils

Local councils were abolished in 1979 and local elections were not held until 1987/88. Councils were again dissolved and elections held in December 1989. (263, 264)

450: traditional chiefs have no legislative, exec or judicial role, only advisory

A) elected council and exec. appointed by center.B) 45 sub-prefectures (including cantons and Communes)

B) elected council and exec. appointed by center.

D) communes6 communes have elected executives (Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, Dolise, Nkayi, Owando, Mossendjo) (228)

C) ?

(226)

Const. Claims that all levels should have elected councils with executives chosen by them. No mention of centrally appointed executives. (48)A) centrally appointed prefects (467)

B) centrally appointed sub-prefects (467)C) Communes elect a council, which chooses a mayor.

Communes over 35,000 inhabitants have an appointed mayor assisted by a council (204); mayor and council appointed by president (467)

A) partly appointed, partly elected councils, centrally appointed district commissioner.

B) Town councils, hereditary chiefs

(45, 448)

A) centrally appointed exec and councils. (6)B) districts usually have councils, part elected, part chiefs apptd by Min of Int., elected local urban authorities in large towns.; most have centrally appointed exec (district secretaries); in some, elected council elects exec.(6, 45; 281, 466)

Elected councils supposed to exist per 1996 Const. (48)

A) councils elected, regional officer appointed by council acts as exec. B) councils elected. In municipalities and towns, a mayor is chosen by the council. Village councils choose a chairperson.(45, 234, 452)

A) councils indirectly chosen from village councils, or directly elected; exec elected by council.

B) 124 elected village councils. Multi-party village elections held on August 30, 1992; exec elected by council (45, 243, 282, 446)

A) assembly made up of regional mayors, appointed members; governors centrally appointed (268, 178)

B) executive = delegate, appointed; consultative council, made up of council presidents from communes or rural councils + state functionaries (268, 178);

C) chief of sector (omda) = executive for areas not incorporated into communes. He is appointed by the Minister of the Interior (268, 178); ommunes have elected assemblies, which elect mayors.(51, 45, 268, 178) Rural areas (again, areas not incorporated into communes, or some 40 % of the population) have appointed consultative councils (appointed by the governor) and an appointed president.(268)

System until 1994:A) appointed district commissioner B) elected councils (including some appointees, e.g. traditional chiefs, ex officio); however each member had to be approved by president; exec is clerk, in effect centrally appointed. Also a centrally appointed district commissioner.C) elected councils (also could include a small number of appointees); however each member had to be approved by president; exec is clerk, in effect centrally appointed.(6, 45, 471)Multi-party local elections first held in 1992. All local governing councils suspended in 1994. (242) (112)

A) elected assembly, appointed governor, (45, 275, 283, 444, 6)

B) centrally appointed prefect; no council (45, 275, 283, 444, 6)

C) elected council and mayor in communes (from 1990) (179); centrally appointed subprefect in districts (45, 275, 283, 444)

D) Councils 2/3 elected, 1/3 chosen by general assembly of local cooperatives; council president chosen by council.

(45, 275, 283)

E) chief, appointed by department prefect (179)

A) elected assembly and exec council, governor (Wali) appointed by President (48, 292)

B) Chiefs, appointed by central government (237). No Assembly.

C) elected assembly; Assembly chooses executive committee from its ranks. (45, 237, 292, 459)

A) elected legislature, appointed commissioner

No council since beginning of civil war. Executive appointed by center = governorB) No council. Commissioner (administrator) appointed by president.C) No council. Commissioner (administrator) appointed by president in communes; elected at village and neighborhood levels(6, 45, 113, 252, 453)

A) councils- Regional Coordinating Councils- made up of regional secretary, members of district assemblies + district secretaries. At least 2 chiefs added to each council in 1992.Regional secretary-centrally appointed- runs council. (445, 181)

B) Assembly: 70% elected, 30% appointed by ruling party in consultation with traditional authorities. District secretary- centrally appointed, with approval of assembly (445, 181)

C) councils- made up of both elected and appointed members (445); made up of reps of the district assemblies (181) exec?

D) committees- made up of elected and appointed members; (445); made up of reps of the district assemblies (181)exec?

(445)

E) committees made up of reps of the district assemblies (181) elected since 1998.

A) regional prefect, centrally appointed; no council (123)

B) no elected council in fact; prefects centrally appointed (45, 84, 123)

C) a consultative council, but no elected assembly; centrally appointed subprefect (45, 84, 123)D) chiefs selected by their villages or cantons; no council; but in communes elected council, which elected mayor;(45, 84, 123)

A) centrally appointed councils; county and territory superintendants centrally appointed

B) councils?; centrally appointed commissioners C) councils elected, mayor or chief elected(45, 284, 471)

A) assembly indirectly elected by municipal and city councils; centrally appointed governor;

B) councils indirectly elected; exec is superqaid ,appointed by King (48; 285)

C) councils elected, they elect mayor (called qaid if rural, pasha if urban).

(51, 45, 471)

All levels should have elected councils per 1996 Const. (48)

A) councils (since 1984); centrally appointed commissioner, since 1982 called a governor (6, 267)

B) centrally appointed commissioner

C) centrally appointed commissionerD) centrally appointed commissioner(45, 471)

A) Provincial council indirectly elected, including two representatives from each of the District Councils in the Province (plus a few centrally appointed members). Centrally appointed commissioner, now called governor. Appointed by president. Also a centrally appointed technocrat (Provincial Administrator) (448, 471)

B) District and urban councils elected. Urban Districts also elected mayors for first time in 1995 (119). Also a District Administrator (since late 1980s) appointed by and accountable to center. Rural district councils elect their chairman (182)

C) Ward Council indirectly elected, including the Chair and secretary from each village council. The council also has 2 appointed members from women’s and youth groups. They apparently choose own chairman (120).

D) Council with 4 of 6 members elected. 2 members appointed from women’s and youth groups affiliated with Mugabe’s ruling party. Coordinated by Village Community Worker, these days a central govt employee. (120)

A) no council; commissioner centrally appointed; (45, 183)B) advisory council with some elected members; it chooses mayor or chairman; also centrally appointed development director; (45, 183, 184)C) ward development committee with village chairs, VEOs, political appointees; ward exec officer appointed by district or urban council. (184)

D) village council, partly elected, partly lower kitongoji chairs, + appointees: village exec officer appointed by ward. (184)E) kitongoji have committee with electged chairperson, who appoints others (184)’ Mtaa have committee with elected members and chair (184)

A) Elected Council. Appointed Prefect.

B) Elected Councils. Elected Mayors.

C) Non-elective councils, made up of notables and representatives of special interests. Non-elective executive in villages, locally chosen. (Adjunct Mayor is executive in urban arrondissements. Mayor’s adjuncts are elected at communal level (they are probably council members).

(246, 247)

A) Elected Council per 1993 law. Executive body chosen by council. Formerly there was a centrally appointed “high commissioner.” (249, 472)

B) Departmental representation unclear. Previously a centrally appointed prefect ran the departments.

Communes have elected municipal councils.

Mayors are elected from these councils. (249)

C) Previously villages and communal sectors had elected councils, which chose their own executives. This is supposed to continue per 1993 legislation. Also an appointed “administrative delegate”. (117, 249, 251)

A) Centrally Appointed Governor (6, 235, 454, 448)

B) Communal Executive appointed?; elected councils (454)

(235, 454)

A) exec- Prefect- appointed by Pres. or Min. of Interior. Council- only consultative- members appt by prefect and approved by Min. of InteriorB) exec. sub-prefect- appt by Pres. or Min. of Interior.C) exec- Administrator- appointed?

D) exec- Canton Chief appointed?

A) Elected Assemblies, governors appointed by presiden A) council formed from elected members of lower tier; centrally appointed governorB) Elected Assemblies; exec? B) council formed from elected members of lower tier; exec not centrally appointedC) Elected Assemblies; exec? C) directly elected assemblies; exec not centrally appointed

(208, 233, 286) (477)

A) Presidentially appointed governor (232, 6, 292, 476)

B) elected council (186, 476); appointed prefect (6, 448, 471)C) elected municipal council in communes, appointed subprefect (186, 471, 476)

D) canton chief (186) no council (476)E) village chiefs, locally chosen based on heredity (186) no council (476)

A) Presidentially appointed Governor

B) appointed prefects

C) appointed sub-prefects

(243, 292, 448)

Elected councils supposed to exist at each level, under the regulation of a delegate of the state. (48)A) Councils- elected – Government can propose to National Assembly to suspend or annul resolutions passed by regional Councils or other local assemblies

(48)

A) Elected Council; centrally appointed exec (292, 448)A) 10 Districts

B) Exec= Hereditary Village Headman (Ramotse)

(6, 236)

A) Council indirectly elected from level below. ; exec?B) Council indirectly elected from level below. ; exec?C) Council indirectly elected from level below. ; exec?

D) Elected council. ; exec?

Elected councils to exist at all levels per 1992 Const. (48

A) Elected Mayors of Regional Capitals. Centrally appointed exec = Wali.

B) Elected Mayors of Department Capitals. Centrally appointed exec = Hakem.

C) Elected Mayors and elected councils.(48, 114, 225, 448)

A) no functioning legislature; exec appointed

B) no functioning legislature; exec appointedBut a 1994 law called for creation of councils and elected mayors in muncipalities (province capitals); first municipal elections held in 1998

(52, 6, 448)

1990 Const. calls for elective councils and appointed executives at all levels, (48, 448)

A) exec. appointed Prefect, council—some appointed, some elected by council in tier belowB) exec. appointed Sous-Prefect, council—some elected by council below, some appointedC) centrally appointed mayor, elected council

(6, 94, 223, 448)

A) Appointed exec

B) exec= resident minister, elected councils as of 1994, government to appoint 1/3 of membersC) Headed by a paramount chief and a council of elders (6)

(6, 232, 292, 448)

A) Council- members appointed by central govt- 1979 law allowed for elections, but candidates names approved by govt

B) Council—members appointed by central govt- 1979 law allowed for elections, but candidates names approved by govt

C) Councils- elected- but candidates had to be approved at the district level.

(219)chairmen at all levels were appointed by center

A) exec. centrally appointed governor, dep governor and council of ministers (6)

B) centrally appointed officials

C) Centrally appointed officials

(224, 448)

A) Exec = centrally appointed prefect.B) Council and Bourgmestre appointed by President. C) exec = government appointed councilor

(232, 115)

A) Elected Councils, governor appointed by governmentB) Elected Councils (Single-party, Semi-competitive elections in 1987); centrally appointed prefect

C) Elected Councils; mayor elected by council; also centrally appointed prefect. (6, 48, 116, 210, 448)

B) head chiefs(6, 448)

A) centrally appointed regional administrators and councilsB) town councils and town boards; some council members elected, others centrally appointed; exec (town clerk) chosen by council (287, 448)

A) Elected regional councils. (232) . ; exec?

Elections held in 1992. (256)

B) centrally appointed exec, no elected councilC) elected council. ; exec?

D) elected council. ; exec?(95)

A)      elected, or mostly elected councils; appointed commissioner

This database aims to describe the situation around the mid-1990s. Sources identified in brackets.

A territorial unit, B, represents a tier of government if all the following conditions are met:

2. B represents a level of general administration, not just a provider of a particular public service.

3. The territory of the next highest tier, A, is (at least in some parts) subdivided into units of type B.Note that a tier may or may not have a legislative council, and its executive may or may not be elected.

At some levels, there is both a locally appointed executive and a centrally-appointed chief administrator (e.g., French mayor and prefect).

A) elected assemblies; presidents directly elected (provinces centrally administered since 1989)

A) elected legislature; leg. elects exec in Nakhichevan; raions and cities in Nagorno-Karabagh, status of oblast disputed

B) raions and cities under direct central control, governors and mayors centrally appointed (373, 374) Elected councils established after 1995 constitution, but elections not held until Dec 1999 (371)

A) appointed governors in regions, no leg.; elected council and appointed mayor in Tbilisi

B) council with elected and appointed members, centrally appointed exec.

C) until 1993: exec and council centrally appointed; elections instituted in 1993 but not held until 2002.

A) provincial people’s committee; cities have people’s council and people’s committee;

B) district people’s committee; cities have people’s council and people’s committee;C) commune people’s committee; cities have people’s council and people’s committee;

B) centrally appointed prefect (96, 438, 471); in communes, Council made up of the mayors of the urban districts + elected urban district councilors (lower level).

C) centrally appointed sub-prefect; (96, 438); in communes elected council with mayor chosen by the council. Mayors directly elected since 1996 (261).

E) village development committees locally selected (96); in rural communes elected council and, since 1992, mayor chosen by the council from its ranks (again elected since 1996).

Municipalities (22 in 1991, 35 in late 1990s (443)), towns (23 in 1991, 35 in late 1990s) and urban areas (28 in 1991, 23 in late 1990s) have elected councils. Urban areas are under control of the relevant district council and lack financial independence.

Local councils were abolished in 1979 and local elections were not held until 1987/88. Councils were again dissolved and elections held in December 1989. (263, 264)

Const. Claims that all levels should have elected councils with executives chosen by them. No mention of centrally appointed executives. (48)

B) districts usually have councils, part elected, part chiefs apptd by Min of Int., elected local urban authorities in large towns.; most have centrally appointed exec (district secretaries); in some, elected council elects exec.

B) executive = delegate, appointed; consultative council, made up of council presidents from communes or rural councils + state functionaries (268, 178);

C) chief of sector (omda) = executive for areas not incorporated into communes. He is appointed by the Minister of the Interior (268, 178); ommunes have elected assemblies, which elect mayors.(51, 45, 268, 178) Rural areas (again, areas not incorporated into communes, or some 40 % of the population) have appointed consultative councils (appointed by the governor) and an appointed president.

B) elected councils (including some appointees, e.g. traditional chiefs, ex officio); however each member had to be approved by president; exec is clerk, in effect centrally appointed. Also a centrally appointed district commissioner.C) elected councils (also could include a small number of appointees); however each member had to be approved by president; exec is clerk, in effect centrally appointed.

A) councils- Regional Coordinating Councils- made up of regional secretary, members of district assemblies + district secretaries. At least 2 chiefs added to each council in 1992.

B) Assembly: 70% elected, 30% appointed by ruling party in consultation with traditional authorities. District secretary- centrally appointed, with approval of assembly (445, 181)

A) Provincial council indirectly elected, including two representatives from each of the District Councils in the Province (plus a few centrally appointed members). Centrally appointed commissioner, now called governor. Appointed by president. Also a centrally appointed technocrat (Provincial Administrator) (448, 471)

B) District and urban councils elected. Urban Districts also elected mayors for first time in 1995 (119). Also a District Administrator (since late 1980s) appointed by and accountable to center. Rural district councils elect their chairman (182)

C) Ward Council indirectly elected, including the Chair and secretary from each village council. The council also has 2 appointed members from women’s and youth groups. They apparently choose own chairman (120).

D) Council with 4 of 6 members elected. 2 members appointed from women’s and youth groups affiliated with Mugabe’s ruling party. Coordinated by Village Community Worker, these days a central govt employee. (120)

B) advisory council with some elected members; it chooses mayor or chairman; also centrally appointed development director; (45, 183, 184)C) ward development committee with village chairs, VEOs, political appointees; ward exec officer appointed by district or urban council. (184)

E) kitongoji have committee with electged chairperson, who appoints others (184)’ Mtaa have committee with elected members and chair (184)

C) Non-elective councils, made up of notables and representatives of special interests. Non-elective executive in villages, locally chosen. (Adjunct Mayor is executive in urban arrondissements. Mayor’s adjuncts are elected at communal level (they are probably council members).

A) Elected Council per 1993 law. Executive body chosen by council. Formerly there was a centrally appointed “high commissioner.”

C) Previously villages and communal sectors had elected councils, which chose their own executives. This is supposed to continue per 1993 legislation. Also an appointed “administrative delegate”. (117, 249, 251)

A) exec- Prefect- appointed by Pres. or Min. of Interior. Council- only consultative- members appt by prefect and approved by Min. of Interior

A) council formed from elected members of lower tier; centrally appointed governorB) council formed from elected members of lower tier; exec not centrally appointed

A) Councils- elected – Government can propose to National Assembly to suspend or annul resolutions passed by regional Councils or other local assemblies

But a 1994 law called for creation of councils and elected mayors in muncipalities (province capitals); first municipal elections held in 1998

B) town councils and town boards; some council members elected, others centrally appointed; exec (town clerk) chosen by council (287, 448)

A) Provincial council indirectly elected, including two representatives from each of the District Councils in the Province (plus a few centrally appointed members). Centrally appointed commissioner, now called governor. Appointed by president. Also a centrally appointed technocrat (Provincial Administrator) (448, 471)

C) Non-elective councils, made up of notables and representatives of special interests. Non-elective executive in villages, locally chosen. (Adjunct Mayor is executive in urban arrondissements. Mayor’s adjuncts are elected at communal level (they are probably council members).

country tiers tiers2 bottier surfarea sizebot botel

Afghanistan 5 652.1Albania 3 3 368 29 0.08 1Algeria 4 1527 2382 1.56 1Angola 4 4 1247 0Argentina 3 3 1617 2780 1.72 1Armenia 3 930 30 0.03

Australia 3 3 837 7741 9.25 1Austria 4 4 2350 84 0.04 1Azerbaijan 3 3 70 87 1.24Bahamas 2 2 21 13.9 0.66 0Bahrain 2 2 12 0.7 0.06 0Bangladesh 5 5 64460 144 0.00

Barbados 2 2 12 0.4 0.03 0Belarus 4 4 1683 208 0.12 0Belgium 4 4 589 33 0.06 0Benin 4 569 113 0.20 0Bhutan 4 191 47 0.25 1Bolivia 4 4 1702 1099 0.65 0.5Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 4 135 51.1 0.38 1Botswana 3 3 7 582 83.14

Brazil 4 4 9274 8547 0.92 0Brunei 4 4 5.8

Bulgaria 4 4 3906 111 0.03 1Burkina Faso 4 4 274

Burundi 3 3 115 28 0.24

Cambodia 4 4 10710 181 0.02

Cameroon 6 6 475Canada 4 4 4591 9971 2.17 1Central African Republic 4 4 7672 623 0.08

Chad 5 512 1284 2.51Chile 4 4 335 757 2.26 1China 5 5 9597

Colombia 3 3 1077 1139 1.06 1Congo –Brazzaville 4 342

Costa Rica 4 4 425 51 0.12 1Croatia 3 3 519 57 0.11 1Cuba 3 3 169 110.9 0.66 1Cyprus 3 3 572 9.3 0.02 0.5Czech Rep 3 3 6234 79 0.01 1Denmark 3 3 275 43 0.16 1Dom Rep 3 3 131 49 0.37 1Ecuador 4 4 912 284 0.31 0

Number of tiers (including central)

Number of tiers: just countries where number confirmed by two sources

Number of bottom tier units

Surface area thousand sq kms 1996, World Bank, World Development Report, 2000-01

Average size of bottom tier units, thousand sq kms (i.e., surface area divided by estimated number of bottom tier units)

Executive at bottom tier directly elected or chosen by directly elected assembly

Egypt 4.5 4.5 4723 1001 0.21 0El Salvador 3 3 262 21 0.08 1Eritrea 4 118

Estonia 3 3 255 45 0.18 1Ethiopia 5 5 22784 1104 0.05

Fiji 5 18.3

Finland 3 3 461 338 0.73 1France 4 4 36772 552 0.02 1Gabon 6 6 1993 267.7 0.13

Gambia 3 3 11.3 0Georgia 4 4 1011 70 0.07 0Germany 4 4 15343 357 0.02 1Ghana 6 6 16000 239 0.01

Greece 4.5 4.5 3428 132 0.04 1Guatemala 4 4 330 109 0.33

Guinea 4 4 246 0Guinea-Bissau 5 36.1

Guyana 3 3 6 215 35.83 1Haiti 5 5 561 28 0.05 1Honduras 3 3 291 112 0.38 1Hong Kong 4 4 27 1 0.04

Hungary 3 3 3123 93 0.03 1Iceland 2 2 170 103 0.61 1 India 5 237333 3288 0.01

Indonesia 5 5 66979 1905 0.03 0.5Iran 4 4 3496 1633 0.47

Iraq 4 4 438.3 0.5Ireland 3 3 80 70 0.88 1Israel 3 3 1174 21 0.02 1Italy 4 4 8098 301 0.04 1Ivory Coast 5 5 322 1Jamaica 2 2 14 11 0.79 1Japan 3 3 3232 378 0.12 1Jordan 3 3 596 89 0.15

Kazakhstan 4 2700 2717 1.01 0Kenya 6 6 580 0Kuwait 3 3 18

Kyrgyzstan 4 4 1845 199 0.11 0Laos 4 11293 237 0.02 1Latvia 3 3 568 65 0.11 1Lebanon 4 4 700 10 0.01 1Lesotho 3 30 0Liberia 4 4 111.4 1Libya 3 3 1500 1759.5 1.17 0Lithuania 3 3 56 65 1.16 1Luxembourg 3 3 118 2.6 0.02 0Macedonia 123 26 0.21

Madagascar 5 11393 587 0.05Malawi 4 4 10 118 11.80

Malaysia 3 3 144 330 2.29 0Mali 4 306 1240 4.05

Malta 3 3 68 0.3 0.00 1Mauritania 4 4 208 1026 4.93 1Mauritius 3 3 126 2 0.02 1Mexico 3 3 2405 1958 0.81 1Moldova 3 2602 34 0.01

Mongolia 1567

Morocco 3 1544 447 0.29 1Mozambique 802

Myanmar 4 677

Namibia 3 3 93 824 8.86 1Nepal 3 3 4031 147 0.04 0.5Netherlands 3 3 592 41 0.07 0.5New Zealand 3 3 74 271 3.66 1Nicaragua 4 4 143 130 0.91 1Niger 4 4 150 1267 8.45 0Nigeria 4 4 924 1North Korea 4 4607 120.5 0.03

Norway 3 3 435 324 0.74 1Oman 3 3 59 212.5 3.60 0Pakistan 4.5 4.5 4565 796 0.17

Panama 4 4 512 76 0.15 0Papua New Guinea 3 463

Paraguay 3 3 212 407 1.92 1Peru 4 4 1796 1285 0.72 1Philippines 4 41955 300 0.01 1Poland 3 3 2474 323 0.13 1Portugal 4 4 4135 92 0.02 1Romania 3 3 2948 238 0.08 1Russia 4 4 26954 17075 0.63 1Rwanda 3 3 1550 26 0.02S Africa 3 3 774 1221 1.58 1S Korea 4 99

Saudi 3 3 2150 0Senegal 6 6 197 0Sierra Leone 4 4 148 72 0.49 0Singapore 1 1 1

Slovakia 4 4 2864 49 0.02 1Slovenia 2 2 229 20 0.09 1Somalia 4 637.7

Spain 4 4 8088 506 0.06 1Sri Lanka 4 4 309 66 0.21 1Sudan 4 4 218 2505.8 11.49 0Suriname 3 3 62 163.3 2.63 0Swaziland 4 4 230 17.4 0.08 0.5Sweden 3 3 288 450 1.56 1Switzerland 3 3 2912 41 0.01 1Syria 185

Taiwan 36Tajikistan 4 4 400 143 0.36

Tanzania 6 6 945 1Thailand 5 5 64531 513 0.01 1

Togo 4 4 57 0.5Trinidad and Tobago 2 2 13 5.1 0.39 1Tunisia 4 4 1884 164 0.09 0.5Turkey 4 4 37899 775 0.02 1Turkmenistan 4 4 488

UAE 3 3 83.6

Uganda 6 6 45000 241 0.01 1UK 4 4 12200 245 0.02 1Ukraine 4 4 29897 604 0.02 1Uruguay 2 2 19 177 9.32 1USA 4 4 35968 9364 0.26 1Uzbekistan 4 4 115 447 3.89 0Venezuela 4 4 282 912 3.23 1Vietnam 332

W Samoa 2.8

Yemen 528

Yugoslav 4 500 102.2 0.20

Zaire 5 5 2345 0Zambia 3 3 57 753 13.21 0.5Zimbabwe 5 5 6000 391 0.07 0

N 156 131 126 126 1146 0.002233943531

secel subrevgdp subempsh auton resid

1 0.28 12.2 0 00 35.8 0 00 14.3 0 01 8.79 76.0 1 1

1.18 82.5 0 00.5 12.10 63.6 0 00 12.96 42.5 1 1

5.37 1 00.0

0.62 0.0 0 00 0 0

0.0 0 00 13.24 25.0 0 00 2.79 57.1 1 11 0 000.5 4.97 11.8 0 01 1 10 0.21 24.0

1 11.91 1 1

1 4.46 26.1 0 0

0 00 0

30.0 0 01 23.42 63.8 1 0

17.4 0 0

0 1.83 33.3 0 06.13 92.9 0 0

1 6.05 81.3 011.8 0 0

1 0.62 0 01 4.95 26.4 0 010 1 00 6.91 0 01 18.44 65.0 0 00 0.130.5 19.0

Executive at second lowest tier directly elected or chosen by directly elected assembly

Sub-national revenues (% of GDP), average 1994-2000, available years, from World Bank Decentralization Indicators, constructed from IMF GFS

Subnational government employment share: non-central government employment as % of total govt employment, calculated from Schiavo Campo et al. 1997.

Under constitution, subnational legislatures have autonomy in certain specified areas--i.e. constitutional authority to legislate--not explicitly subject to central laws.

Under constitution, subnational govts have residual powers (to legislate on areas not explicitly assigned to other levels).

0 60.7 0 00 0.44

0 6.04 34.4 0 01 1

34.2 0 00 14.82 77.8 0 00.5 6.45 44.0 0 0

49.1 0 00 25.0

0 4.37 18.8 0 01 15.29 87.7 0 1

2.16 28.6 0 01 25.6 0 0

0 0 026.7

1 20.8 0 01 0 00 12.1

01 6.09 48.1 0 0

8.96 0 06.47 50.0 1 0

0 0.66 30.0 0 00 0

0 0 01 2.65 39.5 0 00 4.22 0 00.5 5.16 48.4 1 00 18.2

0 01 63.2 0 00 50.0 0 00 6.88 25.0 0 00 1.56 19.0 0 0

0 00 2.89 0 00 81.8 0 01 7.51 0 00 58.8 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 8.10 37.5 0 00 4.92 1 0

9.1 0 00 00 0

0 4.98 1 10 0

1 31.7 0 00 0 01 0.47 13.0 0 01 4.25 0 1

10.17 50.0 0 07.02 0 0

0 36.8 0 00 0

0.0

1 0 00.5 0 00.5 5.17 24.8 0 01 3.82 49.0 0 0

2.6401 5.60

0 00 11.38 38.1 0 00

59.3 0 10 0.67

0 01 0 01 1.09 0 01 0.88 26.5 0 00 6.10 63.6 0 01 3.12 32.7 0 00 2.85 0 01 14.07 36.4 0 1

0 01 3.64 44.6 1

55.2 0 00 0 01 1.66 10.0 0 00 0 0

0 0.0 0 00 3.03 39.6 0 0

3.94 0 0

0 6.28 60.5 1 10 17.3

00 0 00 0.59 0 01 17.49 56.7 0 01 18.37 54.5 1 1

22.0 0 01 0

6.61 0 00 16.7

1.26 41.0 0 0

0 23.1 0 01.26 0 0

0 15.4 0 00 29.4 0 0

0 0

1 4.47 42.9 0 01 3.14 63.5 0 01 12.87 46.7

3.44 33.8

1 14.37 72.5 0 10 17.85 1 01 30.2 1 11 78.4 0 0

0 023.4 0 0

0 100 1.18 20.0 0 0

3.30 28.6 0 0

108 131 131

autres fedelaz fedelupd cgovemp

auton and/or resid Year of const0 0

0 1991 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 3.60 1976 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 6.10 1992 " 0 0 2.41 1853 " 1 1 2.30 1995 " 0 0 1.80 1900 " 1 1 2.81 1929 " 1 1 7.71 1995 0 0 2.2

1973 0 0 6.30 1973 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 50 1972 0 0 0.80 1966 0 0 7.80 1994 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 1.21 1970 " 1 1 4.20 1990 0 0

0 00 1967, 94 0 0 31 1995 ICLA www.uni- 0 1

0 0 9.81 1988 ICLA www.uni- 1 1

0 00 1991 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 1.7

0 0 0.70 1992 0 00 1993 ICLA www.uni- 0 00 1972, reforme 0 0 1.41 1867 1 1 2.10 1995 0 0

0 0 0.50 1980 0 0 0.80 1982 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 0.20 1991 0 0 0.30 1992 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 3.20 1949 http://www.cos 0 00 1990 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 3.9

1992 0 01 1960 ICLA www.uni- 0 00 1992 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 1.30 1953 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 5

0 00 0 5.1

Source of Constitution

Classified as "federal" by Elazar (Publius, 1995)

Classified as "federal" by Elazar (Publius, 1995), but with updates: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ethiopia, Sudan are "federal".

central government employment (civilian government administration % labor force), from Schiavo Campo et al. 1997, PRWR1806

www.constitutional-court-az.org

www.bangladeshgov.org/pmowww.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/Barbados

www.afrikinfo.com/lois/benin/loi

www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Constitutions/

http://droit.francophonie.org/BJ/

www.camnet.cm/celcom/institut/constitu/

http://droit.francophonie.org/BJ/

www.georgetown.edu/LatAmerPolitical/Constitutions/

http://confinder.richmond.edu/

0 1980 http://www.us.s 0 0 6.40 0 1.80 0

0 1992 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 41 1994 " 0 10 1988 http://www.dre 0 0 14.60 1919 (repeale ICLA www.uni- 0 0 4.30 1958 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 6.10 1991 http://194.206. 0 0 5.6

0 0 0.60 1995 http://www.frie 0 0 5.61 1949 ICLA www.uni- 1 1 0.70 1992 http://www.gh 0 0 0.50 1975 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 2.9

0 00 1991 http://www.guin 0 0 0

0 0 1.10 1980, includin http://www.ge 0 0 3.80 1987 http://www.geo 0 0

0 0 2.90 0

0 1949 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 2.70 1944 http://www.ric 0 01 1950 ICLA www.uni- 1 1 10 1945 http://inic.ut 0 0 1.40 1979 ICLA www.uni- 0 00 1990 " 0 00 1937 " 0 0 2.60 0 01 1947 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 3.3

1960 0 0 0.90 1962 http://www.geo 0 00 1946 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 1.40 1952 http://www.kin 0 0 2.80 1995 http://www.pre 0 0 2.70 1964 http://www.ric 0 0 1.70 1962 ICLA www.uni- 0 00 1993 http://www.kyr 0 0 14.50 1991 http://www.la 0 00 1992 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 3.40 1926 " 0 0 0.70 1993 http://www.les 0 0 2.30 1986 http://www.repu 0 00 1969 ICLA www.uni- 0 00 1992 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 21 1868 " 0 00 1991 " 0 0 20 1992 " 0 0 1.40 1995 http://www.sdn 0 0 11 1957 1 1 5.60 1992 http://www.afri 0 0 0.6

0 1964 ICLA www.uni- 0 00 1991 ICLA www.uni- 0 00 1968, amende www.uklex.com/ 0 0 81 1917, with am http://www.ils 1 10 1994 http://confind 0 0 0.40 1992 ICLA www.uni- 0 00 1992 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 2.40 1990 http://confind 0 0

0 0 2.50 1990 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 10.30 1990 " 0 00 1983 " 0 0 8.50 0 0 2.6

0 0 1.31993 0 0 0.6

1 1 0.90 1992 http://www.kor 0 00 1814 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 5.2

0 01 1973 1 1 1.1

1972 0 00 1975 http://www.van 0 00 1992 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 80 1993 http://www.ase 0 0 4.20 1987 http://www.ch 0 0 2.50 1992 (interim ICLA www.uni- 0 0 0.40 1976 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 3.50 1991 " 0 0 0.41 1993 " 1 1 0.70 1991 " 0 01 1994 interim c " 0 0 3.60 1948 " 0 0 1.30 1992 ICLA www.uni- 0 00 1963 http://www.juri 0 0 0.90 1991 0 00 1963 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 20 1992 " 0 0 2.90 1991 " 0 0 3.7

1979, but revoked 1991 0 01 1978 ICLA www.uni- 1 1 3.4

1978 0 0 6.70 1

0 1987, with ref http://www.geo 0 00 0 00 1975 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 8.11 1874, note: thi ICLA www.uni- 1 1 4.60 1973 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 3.91 1946 " 0 00 1994 http://www.geo 0 0 1.5

1977, revised 1984 0 0 10 1991, replace http://www.parl 0 0 2.3

0 1992 www.humanrigh 0 0 10 1980 http://www.geo 0 00 1959 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 4.40 1982 http://www.tur 0 0 2.40 1992 http://www.ut 0 0 4.7

1971, 1996 1 10 1995 http://www.par 0 0 0.40 0 0 2.7

0 0 0.80 0 5.3

1 1787 ICLA www.uni- 1 1 2.51 1992 http://www.eco 0 0 11 1961 http://www.emb 1 1 30 1992 http://www.vie 0 0 0.80 1960 http://www.van 0 00 1991 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 10.51 1992 " 1 1

1994 0 00 1991 ICLA www.uni- 0 0 2.40 1979 http://www.ri 0 0 1.5

132

subgemp totgovemp subexs94

0.5 4.1 20.17 19953.4 9.5 .0.4 2.8 .7.3 9.6 48.10 Garman Haggard Willis 19928.5 10.3 .4.9 7.7 41.915.7 13.4 31.02

25.120 6.3 .0 5 2.71

.0 7.8 .

0.4 1.6 30.795.6 9.8 11.07

.

0.4 3.4 19.77.

3.1 12.9 3.42 bud cent gov35.24

.0.6 2.3 17.61

.

.

.0.6 2 .3.7 5.8 57.24

.

.0.4 1.2 7.732.6 2.8 54.661.3 1.6

.2.67

1.4 5.3 8.90..

19.979.3 14.3 43.30

2.061.2 6.3 .

non-central government employment, (civilian government administration % labor force) from Schiavo Campo et al. 1997, PRWR1806

total government employment (excluding cases where missing data for one level)

subexs94 subnational share of budget spending(loc, st, cons cent gov), average of 1993-95,

notes on subexs94

9.9 16.3 ...

2.1 6.1 22.86.

7.6 22.2 3.3715.1 19.4 33.58

4.8 10.9 17.615.4 11 .0.2 0.8 .1.3 6.9 .

5 5.7 41.220.2 0.7 .

1 3.9 .9.60 bud cent gov 1993

.0.4 1.5 .

1 4.8 ..

0.4 3.3 ..

2.5 5.2 23.4123.79

1 2 45.800.6 2 12.94

.

.1.7 4.3 23.81

14.163.1 6.4 20.270.2 1.1 .

.2.4 3.8 .2.8 5.6 .0.9 3.6 .0.4 2.1 3.77 bud cent govt

.

.

.23.39

1 1.7 ....

1.2 3.2 30.1015.72

0.2 2.2 ...

2.6 8.2 ..

17.71.

1.2 9.2 4.6828.59

0.4 0.8 29.4735.06

1.4 3.8 ..

0 2.5 ...

2.8 11.3 24.132.5 5.1 9.57 budgetary cent govt

8.79..

3.2 8.4 31.82.

1.6 2.7 .2.38

.2.62

19.160.9 3.4 8.70 bud cent govt, 19920.7 1.1 16.201.7 5.2 11.05

11.070.4 1.1 38.43

.2.9 6.5 29.621.6 2.9

.0.1 1 .

.0 2 0.00

1.9 4.8 .10.87

.5.2 8.6 29.931.4 8.1 .

.

.

.10.6 18.7 31.40

5.5 10.1 48.261.1 5 .

.

.0.2 1.2 .1.6 3.9 7.39

0.3 1.3 .4.44

0.8 5.2 .1 3.4 .

.

.0.3 0.7 .4.7 7.4 22.430.7 1.5 .2.7 8 9.996.6 9.1 46.58

.1.3 4.3 22.20 1989, Garman Haggard Willis2.9 3.7 .

.3.2 13.7 .

.

.0.6 3 .0.6 2.1 13.70 1991

britcol prot80 leg_british gdppp99 lngdp99 pap1996 alldem00 fh_pressAfghanistan 0.00 0.00 . 0.00 74.00

Albania 0.00 0.00 0.00 3396.84 8.13 36.00 0.00 50.00

Algeria 0.00 0.00 0.00 5237.75 8.56 38.00 0.00 62.00Angola

0.00 19.80 0.00 1860.39 7.53 11.00 0.00 72.00

Argentina 0.00 2.70 0.00 12135.65 9.40 123.00 0.00 39.00

Armenia 0.00 0.00 0.00 2218.94 7.70 23.00 0.00 65.00

Australia 1.00 23.50 1.00 24699.24 10.11 293.00 1.00 14.00

Austria 0.00 6.50 0.00 27533.64 10.22 296.00 0.00 23.00

Azerbaijan 0.00 0.00 0.00 2176.34 7.69 27.00 0.00 73.00

Bahamas 1.00 47.20 1.00 15938.86 9.68 . 0.00 11.00

Bahrain 1.00 0.90 1.00 15345.50 9.64 . 0.00 68.00

Bangladesh 1.00 0.20 1.00 1396.02 7.24 9.00 0.00 65.00

Barbados 1.00 33.20 1.00 14622.59 9.59 . 0.00 14.00

Belarus 0.00 0.00 0.00 4429.83 8.40 174.00 0.00 82.00

Belgium 0.00 0.40 0.00 25743.37 10.16 160.00 1.00 9.00

Benin 0.00 2.80 0.00 915.99 6.82 2.00 0.00 28.00

Bhutan 0.00 0.00 1.00 . 0.00 70.00

Bolivia 0.00 2.30 0.00 2330.19 7.75 55.00 0.00 30.00

Bosnia and H 0.00 4.00 4964.80 8.51 152.00 0.00 49.00

Botswana 1.00 26.80 1.00 6970.19 8.85 27.00 0.00 30.00

Brazil 0.00 4.00 0.00 6984.62 8.85 40.00 0.00 38.00

Brunei 1.00 1.10 1.00 . 0.00 76.00

Bulgaria 0.00 0.40 0.00 5388.01 8.59 257.00 0.00 30.00

Burkina Faso 0.00 1.60 0.00 989.86 6.90 1.00 0.00 39.00

Burundi 0.00 4.90 0.00 606.48 6.41 3.00 0.00 76.00

Cambodia 0.00 0.10 0.00 1703.74 7.44 2.00 0.00 64.00

Cameroon 0.00 18.10 0.00 7.00 0.00 65.00

Canada 1.00 29.60 1.00 25811.05 10.16 159.00 1.00 17.00

Central Africa 0.00 50.00 0.00 1117.82 7.02 2.00 0.00 67.00

Chad 0.00 11.60 0.00 842.89 6.74 0.00 0.00 67.00

Chile 0.00 1.90 0.00 8585.66 9.06 98.00 0.00 22.00

China 0.00 0.00 0.00 3587.53 8.19 . 0.00 80.00

Colombia 0.00 0.90 0.00 5977.01 8.70 46.00 0.00 63.00

Congo –Brazza 0.00 24.90 0.00 904.38 6.81 8.00 0.00 55.00

Costa Rica 0.00 5.80 0.00 8832.53 9.09 94.00 1.00 14.00

Croatia 0.00 0.40 8716.35 9.07 115.00 0.00 33.00

Cuba 0.00 0.80 0.00 118.00 0.00 94.00

Cyprus 1.00 0.60 1.00 18744.92 9.84 . 0.00 18.00

Czech Rep 0.00 4.60 14441.89 9.58 254.00 0.00 23.00

Denmark 0.00 95.20 0.00 27120.10 10.21 309.00 1.00 11.00

Dom Rep 0.00 1.40 0.00 5926.43 8.69 52.00 0.00 33.00

Ecuador 0.00 1.90 0.00 3222.54 8.08 70.00 0.00 41.00

Egypt 1.00 0.20 0.00 3399.31 8.13 40.00 0.00 79.00

El Salvador 0.00 2.40 0.00 4504.96 8.41 48.00 0.00 38.00

Eritrea 0.00 . 1072.14 6.98 . 0.00 83.00

Estonia 0.00 66.00 0.00 8648.25 9.07 174.00 0.00 17.00

Ethiopia 0.00 3.80 0.00 743.09 6.61 1.00 0.00 64.00

Fiji 1.00 39.10 1.00 5126.72 8.54 . 0.00 29.00

Finland 0.00 93.10 0.00 23899.54 10.08 455.00 1.00 10.00

France 0.00 2.40 0.00 24240.88 10.10 218.00 1.00 17.00

Gabon 0.00

Gambia 0.00 18.80 0.00 5889.48 8.68 29.00 0.00 58.00

Georgia 0.00 0.00 0.00 1763.52 7.48 . 0.00 54.00

Germany 0.00 46.40 0.00 24231.29 10.10 311.00 1.00 15.00

Ghana 1.00 25.80 1.00 1810.44 7.50 13.00 0.00 30.00

Greece 0.00 0.10 0.00 16268.59 9.70 153.00 0.00 28.00

Guatemala 0.00 4.90 0.00 3843.03 8.25 33.00 0.00 58.00

Guinea 0.00 0.10 0.00 1935.87 7.57 . 0.00 74.00

Guinea-Bissa 0.00 0.60 0.00 738.02 6.60 5.00 0.00 60.00

Guyana 1.00 18.00 1.00 3992.41 8.29 . 0.00 21.00Haiti 0.00 12.80 0.00 1777.00 7.48 3.00 0.00 79.00

Honduras 0.00 2.60 0.00 2387.27 7.78 55.00 0.00 51.00

Hong Kong 1.00 1.00 23039.52 10.04Hungary 0.00 21.60 0.00 12017.35 9.39 186.00 0.00 23.00Iceland 0.00 96.60 0.00 26887.34 10.20 . 1.00 8.00

India 1.00 1.10 1.00 2311.21 7.75 . 1.00 45.00

Indonesia 0.00 4.80 0.00 2892.30 7.97 24.00 0.00 56.00Iran 0.00 0.00 0.00 5517.67 8.62 28.00 0.00 76.00Iraq 1.00 0.00 0.00 19.00 0.00 95.00

Ireland 1.00 1.10 1.00 27555.97 10.22 150.00 1.00 16.00

Israel 1.00 0.20 1.00 21867.53 9.99 290.00 1.00 27.00Italy 0.00 0.40 0.00 23721.38 10.07 104.00 1.00 28.00Ivory Coast 0.00 4.70 0.00 1625.33 7.39 17.00 0.00 68.00

Jamaica 1.00 55.50 1.00 3568.46 8.18 62.00 0.00 20.00

Japan 0.00 0.90 0.00 25105.02 10.13 578.00 0.00 17.00Jordan 1.00 0.30 0.00 3929.56 8.28 58.00 0.00 65.00

Kazakhstan 0.00 2.00 0.00 3951.01 8.28 . 0.00 73.00

Kenya 1.00 19.30 1.00 1016.63 6.92 9.00 0.00 68.00

Kuwait 1.00 0.10 0.00 16145.31 9.69 374.00 0.00 54.00Kyrgyzstan 0.00 0.00 0.00 1459.44 7.29 15.00 0.00 71.00

Laos 0.00 0.20 0.00 1445.66 7.28 4.00 0.00 80.00

Latvia 0.00 14.10 0.00 7158.43 8.88 247.00 0.00 18.00

Lebanon 0.00 1.00 0.00 4322.38 8.37 107.00 0.00 71.00Lesotho 1.00 29.80 1.00 2044.62 7.62 8.00 0.00 42.00

Liberia 0.00 18.60 1.00 . 0.00 79.00

Libya 0.00 0.10 0.00 14.00 0.00 89.00

Lithuania 0.00 . 0.00 8235.84 9.02 93.00 0.00 18.00

Luxembourg 0.00 1.20 0.00 48730.68 10.79 . 1.00 14.00

Macedonia 0.00 1.00 5687.45 8.65 21.00 0.00 50.00

Madagascar 0.00 22.00 0.00 787.91 6.67 5.00 0.00 38.00

Malawi 1.00 31.50 1.00 581.67 6.37 3.00 0.00 57.00

Malaysia 1.00 1.40 1.00 8089.20 9.00 158.00 0.00 71.00

Mali 0.00 0.20 0.00 764.26 6.64 1.00 0.00 24.00

Malta 1.00 0.50 0.00 16092.95 9.69 . 0.00 13.00

Mauritania 0.00 0.00 0.00 1717.53 7.45 0.00 0.00 61.00

Mauritius 1.00 0.90 0.00 9176.14 9.12 75.00 0.00 24.00

Mexico 0.00 1.20 0.00 8432.62 9.04 97.00 1.00 38.00

Moldova 0.00 0.00 0.00 1266.40 7.14 60.00 0.00 59.00

Mongolia 0.00 0.00 0.00 1561.83 7.35 27.00 0.00 36.00

Morocco 0.00 0.00 0.00 3482.38 8.16 26.00 0.00 57.00

Mozambique 0.00 6.80 0.00 852.50 6.75 3.00 0.00 47.00

Myanmar 1.00 3.20 0.00 10.00 0.00 94.00

Namibia 0.00 64.20 1.00 5944.46 8.69 19.00 0.00 37.00

Nepal 0.00 0.00 1.00 1250.02 7.13 11.00 0.00 65.00

Netherlands 0.00 42.40 0.00 27331.54 10.22 306.00 1.00 15.00

New Zealand 1.00 37.90 1.00 18843.37 9.84 216.00 1.00 8.00

Nicaragua 0.00 4.40 0.00 3147.52 8.05 30.00 0.00 40.00

Niger 0.00 0.00 0.00 723.05 6.58 0.00 0.00 53.00

Nigeria 1.00 15.80 1.00 794.72 6.68 24.00 0.00 53.00

North Korea 0.00 0.00 0.00 . 0.00 96.00

Norway 0.00 97.80 0.00 32853.90 10.40 588.00 1.00 9.00

Oman 1.00 0.10 0.00 12081.14 9.40 29.00 0.00 73.00

Pakistan 1.00 0.80 1.00 1818.81 7.51 23.00 0.00 58.00

Panama 0.00 5.20 0.00 6036.13 8.71 62.00 0.00 34.00

Papua New G 0.00 58.40 1.00 2374.27 7.77 15.00 0.00 25.00

Paraguay 0.00 1.90 0.00 4569.20 8.43 43.00 0.00 55.00

Peru 0.00 2.70 0.00 4561.47 8.43 84.00 0.00 35.00

Philippines 0.00 3.80 0.00 3753.20 8.23 79.00 0.00 30.00

Poland 0.00 0.10 0.00 9726.49 9.18 113.00 0.00 18.00

Portugal 0.00 1.10 0.00 17220.60 9.75 75.00 0.00 15.00

Romania 0.00 5.80 0.00 5664.14 8.64 300.00 0.00 38.00

Russia 0.00 0.00 0.00 6401.12 8.76 105.00 0.00 66.00Rwanda 0.00 11.60 0.00 1024.05 6.93 0.00 0.00 80.00

S Africa 1.00 39.00 1.00 9140.18 9.12 32.00 1.00 25.00

S Korea 0.00 12.20 0.00 14849.17 9.61 393.00 0.00 29.00Saudi 0.00 0.10 1.00 11695.53 9.37 57.00 0.00 80.00Senegal 0.00 0.10 0.00 1396.26 7.24 5.00 0.00 38.00

Sierra Leone 1.00 4.80 1.00 456.86 6.12 4.00 0.00 61.00

Singapore 1.00 2.60 1.00 20808.89 9.94 360.00 0.00 66.00Slovakia 0.00 8.40 10799.68 9.29 185.00 0.00 21.00Slovenia 0.00 0.00 15838.51 9.67 199.00 0.00 19.00

Somalia 0.50 0.00 1.00 . 0.00 80.00

Spain 0.00 0.10 0.00 20187.41 9.91 100.00 0.00 16.00Sri Lanka 1.00 0.40 1.00 3236.18 8.08 29.00 1.00 52.00Sudan 1.00 0.10 1.00 1553.92 7.35 27.00 0.00 84.00

Suriname 0.00 36.60 0.00 . 0.00 26.00

Swaziland 1.00 33.90 1.00 4160.92 8.33 . 0.00 74.00Sweden 0.00 68.40 0.00 24377.11 10.10 445.00 1.00 8.00

Switzerland 0.00 43.20 0.00 28990.70 10.27 337.00 1.00 10.00

Syria 0.00 0.20 0.00 3209.01 8.07 20.00 0.00 80.00

Taiwan 0.00 3.00 . 0.00 24.00Tajikistan 0.00 0.00 0.00 729.08 6.59 20.00 0.00 76.00

Tanzania 1.00 11.20 1.00 495.45 6.21 4.00 0.00 47.00

Thailand 0.00 0.20 1.00 5994.45 8.70 63.00 0.00 36.00

Togo 0.00 6.10 0.00 1469.96 7.29 4.00 0.00 74.00Trinidad and 1.00 13.20 1.00 8137.02 9.00 123.00 0.00 25.00

Tunisia 0.00 0.00 0.00 5879.59 8.68 31.00 0.00 78.00

Turkey 0.00 0.00 0.00 6017.55 8.70 111.00 0.00 55.00

Turkmenistan 0.00 0.00 0.00 2881.70 7.97 . 0.00 92.00

UAE 1.00 0.30 1.00 20849.55 9.95 156.00 0.00 74.00

Uganda 1.00 1.90 1.00 1167.73 7.06 2.00 0.00 45.00

UK 16.10 1.00 25399.35 10.14 329.00 1.00 18.00

Ukraine 0.00 0.00 0.00 3749.17 8.23 54.00 0.00 67.00

Uruguay 0.00 1.90 0.00 8790.86 9.08 293.00 0.00 30.00

USA 1.00 43.60 1.00 32732.16 10.40 215.00 1.00 17.00

Uzbekistan 0.00 0.00 0.00 1440.17 7.27 3.00 0.00 86.00

Venezuela 0.00 1.00 0.00 5482.31 8.61 206.00 0.00 68.00

Vietnam 0.00 0.20 0.00 1867.88 7.53 4.00 0.00 82.00

W Samoa 76.30 4480.18 8.41 . 0.00 24.00

Yemen 1.00 0.10 756.30 6.63 15.00 0.00 69.00

Yugoslav 0.00 0.00

Zaire 0.00 29.00 0.00 714.78 6.57 . 0.00 82.00

Zambia 1.00 31.90 1.00 747.23 6.62 12.00 0.00 63.00

Zimbabwe 1.00 21.40 1.00 2700.49 7.90 19.00 0.00 88.00

presdpi fuel00 yearopen imp2000 procdj timedj Sources:2.00 procdj Natural logari2.00 1.85 92.00 37.48988 timedj Natural logari2.00 97.22 100.00 21.8877 Papers1996 newspapers per 1000 1996 (Unesco)

2.00 100.00 62.82776 leg_british2.00 17.83 91.00 11.51927 2.64 3.87 fuel00 % of mineral fuels in manufacturing exports, WDI2.00 7.25 100.00 50.54311 2.40 4.01 gdpppxx GDP per capita, PPP (current international $), year xx, WDI1.00 22.58 64.00 22.92026 0.69 0.69 imp2000 imports of goods and services as % gdp 2000, WDI2.00 1.38 60.00 44.05586 2.20 3.61 britcol dummy for former British colony, Treisman (2000), with additional info from various sources2.00 85.08 100.00 38.37809 prot80 % of population Protestant adherents as of 1980, Barrett, from La Porta et al. 2.00 15.11 alldem00 democratic in all years since 1950 as of 2000, Treisman (2000), updated with info from Europa World Yearbook2.00 73.29 64.38987 fh_press Freedom House index of press freedom, 2002, from QOG dataset2.00 0.24 100.00 19.92706 presdpi Presidential system, Database on Political Indicators, World Bank2.00 22.13 50.00 56.31873 yearopen year country opened to trade Sachs and Warner 1995. If not open as of 1994, 100. If open as of 1950, 19502.00 19.79 94.00 68.208191.00 4.33 60.00 82.44421 2.08 3.502.00 90.00 28.11762.00 46.924662.00 12.98 85.00 27.32303 3.00 4.48

60.259542.00 0.08 79.00 39.620022.00 1.64 91.00 12.17502 2.71 4.142.002.00 11.65 91.00 61.05641 2.30 3.302.00 3.22 100.00 25.28484 2.64 3.502.00 100.00 21.232882.00 0.00 61.736712.00 54.15 93.00 19.661581.00 13.17 52.00 40.32225 0.69 0.692.00 0.45 100.00 16.257192.00 100.00 34.685122.00 1.14 76.00 29.7325 2.30 3.332.00 3.14 100.00 20.91722 2.48 4.522.00 43.11 91.00 19.39792 2.89 3.872.00 100.00 43.611781.00 0.62 86.00 45.766542.00 10.98 93.00 52.25126 2.48 3.642.00 3.132.00 10.70 50.002.00 2.98 91.00 67.54097 2.30 4.171.00 7.02 60.00 38.05268 1.10 1.102.00 100.00 54.85432 3.04 4.382.00 49.43 91.00 30.99661 2.77 4.282.00 41.91 100.00 22.28604 2.40 3.932.00 4.95 89.00 42.433662.00 81.762432.00 4.48 92.00 92.009062.00 100.00 24.991962.00 0.00 64.463781.00 3.47 60.00 33.74006 1.61 3.181.00 2.82 59.00 27.66219 2.71 3.97

2.00 83.33 100.00 34.825572.00 8.37 100.00 39.66718 2.56 4.231.00 1.45 59.00 33.02497 2.30 3.742.00 7.73 85.00 67.54871 2.30 3.812.00 14.70 59.00 36.04736 2.71 3.582.00 6.01 88.00 28.950552.00 0.04 86.00 28.717952.00 87.00 51.5765

legal origin: British

2.00 0.01 88.00 110.69882.00 100.00 32.474032.00 2.28 91.00 55.15246

0.28 50.00 139.1202 1.61 2.712.00 1.61 90.00 78.04057 2.08 3.661.00 0.36 42.155521.00 4.35 94.00 14.11626 2.30 4.342.00 25.37 70.00 30.45958 2.40 4.852.00 88.51 100.00 17.470492.00 100.001.00 0.35 66.00 84.51948 1.10 2.771.00 0.73 85.00 45.18557 1.61 3.471.00 2.03 59.00 27.30706 2.77 4.132.00 20.52 100.00 33.296962.00 0.29 88.00 53.91785 1.79 3.182.00 0.36 62.00 9.373203 2.40 3.262.00 0.05 65.00 68.50447 2.64 4.162.00 51.96 100.00 49.09727 2.48 3.742.00 8.12 93.00 29.5726 2.40 3.992.00 93.51 30.146932.00 94.00 47.58291 2.20 3.472.00 34.442972.00 2.47 93.00 48.67391 1.95 3.142.00 0.23 37.0799 2.20 4.142.00 92.424162.002.00 15.225272.00 20.87 93.00 50.8984 2.30 3.831.00 0.11 59.00 130.99452.00 4.77 94.00 63.522572.00 3.29 100.00 38.00766 2.83 5.022.00 0.19 100.00 35.33498 2.48 3.932.00 9.62 50.00 104.4622 1.95 3.742.00 2.41 88.00 39.38289 2.77 4.082.00 4.38 102.52172.00 100.002.00 0.01 50.00 64.689611.00 9.66 86.00 32.93322 2.71 4.202.00 0.09 94.00 75.431912.00 0.49 71.41591 1.61 3.092.00 3.66 84.00 37.61075 2.56 4.042.00 20.99 100.00 41.59128 2.94 5.002.00 100.002.00 2.11 51.15662.00 91.00 32.426591.00 9.75 59.00 62.24723 2.08 3.431.00 2.05 86.00 34.25605 1.10 1.102.00 1.58 91.00 51.104462.00 1.14 100.00 25.69512.00 99.64 100.00 37.53564 2.20 3.582.00 100.001.00 63.90 60.00 29.35888 1.39 2.892.00 82.54 31.351452.00 1.42 100.00 14.8148 2.08 3.912.00 6.77 69.81885 1.95 2.712.00 28.75 100.00 62.750812.00 0.12 89.00 34.191942.00 7.06 91.00 18.03091 2.08 4.422.00 1.33 88.00 53.49815 2.64 3.832.00 5.00 90.00 33.53411 2.40 4.062.00 2.26 60.00 42.77357 2.48 4.332.00 7.16 92.00 38.49812 2.77 4.57

2.00 51.24 100.00 24.03362 3.00 4.04100.00 24.58552

1.00 10.13 91.00 24.91541 2.20 3.262.00 5.46 68.00 37.66941 2.56 3.302.00 91.49 24.902182.00 14.03 100.00 39.82136 2.77 4.232.00 100.00 39.406012.00 9.71 50.00 1.95 3.092.00 6.96 91.00 73.27025 2.48 4.492.00 0.67 91.00 59.05626 2.20 3.85

100.002.00 3.56 60.00 32.16213 2.40 4.411.00 91.00 49.62072 2.08 3.142.00 66.69 17.70042.00 7.53 32.098472.00 0.70 97.156271.00 2.94 60.00 40.29195 1.79 2.561.00 0.41 50.00 39.97131 1.95 2.772.00 76.36 100.00 29.190752.00 63.00 2.08 3.612.00 13.79 100.00 86.287022.00 0.12 100.00 22.73194 2.56 3.372.00 3.00 50.00 58.14466 2.20 3.562.00 0.65 100.00 50.71332.00 65.28 100.00 45.446532.00 12.09 89.00 47.68505 2.20 3.712.00 1.06 89.00 31.53281 2.56 3.782.00 81.01 100.00 82.412572.00 76.26 55.337192.00 8.01 88.00 23.04679 2.40 3.371.00 8.50 60.00 30.14609 1.61 1.392.00 5.34 100.00 57.94982 2.56 3.402.00 1.56 90.00 20.98227 2.30 3.141.00 1.72 50.00 15.11347 1.39 1.392.00 100.00 21.524852.00 86.14 100.00 18.113 2.64 4.642.00 26.45 57.4956 2.77 4.722.00 57.377072.00 92.98 50.00 34.90025

2.00 100.00 21.373282.00 1.58 93.00 31.43002 1.79 3.372.00 1.14 100.00 36.21729 1.61 3.85

Ln number of s"The Regulation of Labor" , QJE 2004, JuaLn number of d"The Regulation of Labor" , QJE 2004, Jua

newspapers per 1000 1996 (Unesco) Shared Global Indicators (Pippa Norris' website)

Shared Global Indicators (Pippa Norris' website)% of mineral fuels in manufacturing exports, WDIGDP per capita, PPP (current international $), year xx, WDI

imp2000 imports of goods and services as % gdp 2000, WDIdummy for former British colony, Treisman (2000), with additional info from various sources% of population Protestant adherents as of 1980, Barrett, from La Porta et al. democratic in all years since 1950 as of 2000, Treisman (2000), updated with info from Europa World YearbookFreedom House index of press freedom, 2002, from QOG datasetPresidential system, Database on Political Indicators, World Bankyear country opened to trade Sachs and Warner 1995. If not open as of 1994, 100. If open as of 1950, 1950