www.clean-drive.eu

CLEAN DRIVE Technology and the Future of the

Car

Contract: IEE/09/688/SI2.558236Duration:17.04.2010 to 16.04.2013Created: 16.04.2011

www.clean-drive.eu

Clean Vehicles and biofuels a possibility…

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Clean or Green Vehicle?A clean vehicle is a vehicle that is considered to be environmentally friendly.A green vehicle (or green car) is a subset of clean vehicles use alternative fuel sources to run and are also called alternative fuel cars.

Alternative fuels:1.Compressed Natural Gas 2.Liquified Petroleum Gas 3.Electricity 4.Hydrogen

Both alternative fuels and more energy efficient cars are neessary!

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Clean Vehicles = Win-Win

1. Lower fuel consumption = lower fuel cost per km

2. Lower tax for the driver and the company3. Better value for the used car4. Cheaper fuel 5. Free parking in some counties6. Subsidies for purchase 7. No congestion taxes8. No tolls in some jurisdictions9. Profile and marketing value

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Alternative fuel vehiclesHybrid vehicles (combine 2 or more propulsion systems)

Electric vehicles (propelled by electric motors)

GasNatural Gas (mostly methane)

Liquified Petroleum Gas (propane and butane mixture)

Bio-fuels (made from plant materials, crops and from recycled waste)

Bio-diesel (modification of vegetable oils (rapeseed, palm, sunflower, recycled etc.). EN14214.

Bio-ethanol(fermentation of sugar, starch or cellulose in plants like corn and sugar cane)

Bio-gas (anaerobic decomposition of organic waste)

Hydrogen (use Hydrogen as the primary source of power)

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Hybrid vehiclesA hybrid vehicle has both, an internal combustion

engine and an electric motor. Hybrids are cleaner and more efficient than conventional vehicles and their running costs are lower, but they cost more to buy. Can depend on how they are used.

Advantages• Reduction of fuel consumption • Electric engine reasonable in inner-city areas Disadvantages• Higher weight • Higher costs Hybrid cars appear to be only a temporary solution

however reasonable in many cases at the moment.

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Electric VehiclesAround since 1830s, number of types:1. Battery2. Battery charged by on board engine3. Battery charged by on board engine4. On board engine powering a fuel cell5. Direct connection to power source – trams

Suffer from range anxiety, urban performance is good (smaller distances and regenerative braking is more frequent.

Higher capital costs but significantly lower running costs

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BiodieselCan replace diesel and made from vegetable oil from:1. Crops sunflower, soy, olive, palm and rapeseed2. Waste cooking oil, animal fats, grease and tallow1,550L per hectareOften blended – 5% now commonVegetable oil 5%-20% mix, larger requires modificationsEU agreed 10% target by 2020Bio-NETT supported regional supply chainsGovernment licensing system means importsEN 14214 Quality standardRubber gaskets need to be checked over 5%EU global leader

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BioethanolBrazil and the USA largest producersFermentation sugar, starch or cellulose feedstocksTechnologies are not yet matureCosts more than manufacturing petrol from crudeNeeds support for the fuel supply infrastructure5% blend. EN 228 standard. 85% ethanol carAir fuel ratio important may need adjustmentUse of cellulosic material or use of waste from food

production can improve the economy

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Biogas

Biogas is produced from anaerobic decomposition by microbes of slurry from farms in Denmark there are examples of biogas production from human sewerage (1:6).

Upgrading biogas removes CO2 (30-45%).

4000 EU production sites.Pure or bi-fuel Need standards so that CO2 is less than 1%.

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HydrogenHydrogen lightest element that’s why it escapes

from earth and the atmosphereHighest energy content of all fuels by weight and

the lowest energy content by volumeIt is a gas at normal temperature and pressureIt is used in combustion engines or fuel cells which

convert the hydrogen into electricity which then runs an electric motor

Exhaust is water vapourCan be produced from renewable energy like wind

or solar PVExpensive capital and running costsHydrogen must be produced sustainably

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Solar CarsSolar panels on the surface of a light weight car

power an electric motorNo exhaust fumes, GHG’s etc.Quiet as per electric carsNo fuel costsTechnology is not ready – experimentalLimited distances without sunPV Solar panels are fragileSo far equipped for just for one or two passengers

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Decrease of emissions – 2 ways

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The Irish Car fleet changing

The combined car sales in 2007 of the A,B and C bands was just 40% while that in 2011 was 95%

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CO2-emissions from new cars is reducing

• Diesel increasing

• Petrol decreasing

• Electric increasing

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Share of biofuels in Ireland

The Irish specification for transport Diesel permits the blending of up to 7% (V/V) of Biodiesel know as Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME).

The Irish biofuels industry died on Jan 1, 2011 when a government tax relief scheme designed to foster the sector was replaced by the Biofuel Obligation Scheme. As a result, almost all of the country’s bioethanol, biodiesel, and oil–crushing plants were switched off and we now import what we need.

EU directives commit us to sourcing 10% of our transport energy from sustainable sources by 2020. The biofuel obligation will increase incrementally from it’s current 4% as we approach that date, leading ultimately to a market size approaching 500m litres of biofuel. As it stands, very little of that fuel will be Irish.

The Irish specification for petrol permits the blending of up to 5% (V/V) of Ethanol.

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CO2-emissions still high in some EU-countries