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Copyright Copyright ©© 2007 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 2007 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

An Introduction to the An Introduction to the Profession of Social Work: Profession of Social Work: Becoming a Change AgentBecoming a Change Agent

Segal/ Gerdes/ SteinerSegal/ Gerdes/ Steiner

Chapter 4Chapter 4

Social Justice and Civil Rights Social Justice and Civil Rights


Injustice Can Be Described Injustice Can Be Described As :As :

Coercively established and maintained Coercively established and maintained inequalities, discrimination, and inequalities, discrimination, and dehumanizing, development-inhibiting dehumanizing, development-inhibiting conditions of livingconditions of livingimposed by dominant social groups, imposed by dominant social groups, classes, and peoples upon dominated and classes, and peoples upon dominated and exploited groups, classes and people” (Gil, exploited groups, classes and people” (Gil, 1998, p. 10).1998, p. 10).


These Conditions includeThese Conditions include

SlaverySlavery SerfdomSerfdom ExploitExploitatative wage laborive wage labor UnemploymentUnemployment PovertyPoverty StarvationStarvation HomelessnessHomelessness inadequate health care and educationinadequate health care and education

http://www.iabolish.com/slavery_today/primer/index.htmlhttp://www.iabolish.com/slavery_today/primer/index.html


SlaverySlavery

Slavery didn't end during the Civil War. Today, Slavery didn't end during the Civil War. Today, 27 27 million men, women, and children endure brutal million men, women, and children endure brutal working conditions for no money and under the working conditions for no money and under the constant threat of beatings, torture, and rapeconstant threat of beatings, torture, and rape. Slavery . Slavery today is defined as forced labor without pay under threat today is defined as forced labor without pay under threat of violence. of violence. 600,000 to 800,000 people 600,000 to 800,000 people are trafficked internationally are trafficked internationally every year. Approximately every year. Approximately 80% 80% of them are women and of them are women and children. children. Slavery was officially abolished worldwide at the 1927 Slavery was officially abolished worldwide at the 1927 Slavery Convention, yet it continues to thrive thanks to Slavery Convention, yet it continues to thrive thanks to the complicity of some governments and the ignorance the complicity of some governments and the ignorance of much of the world. of much of the world.


In the 2000 Refugee Report, “Trafficking in Women and In the 2000 Refugee Report, “Trafficking in Women and Children: A Contemporary Manifestation of Slavery,” Children: A Contemporary Manifestation of Slavery,” former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright calls former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright calls human trafficking “the fastest growing criminal enterprise human trafficking “the fastest growing criminal enterprise in the world.” in the world.” Slavery is an extremely profitable, international industry. Slavery is an extremely profitable, international industry. Experts estimate trafficking in the US yields $9 billion Experts estimate trafficking in the US yields $9 billion every year. Around the world, trafficking in women for every year. Around the world, trafficking in women for commercial sex purposes nets $6 billion per year. The commercial sex purposes nets $6 billion per year. The trade of human flesh is so lucrative that authorities trade of human flesh is so lucrative that authorities complain that even as they close in on one smuggling complain that even as they close in on one smuggling ring in the US, another one pops up. ring in the US, another one pops up. The four most common types of slavery are: The four most common types of slavery are: chattel slaverychattel slavery, , debt bondagedebt bondage, , forced laborforced labor, and , and sexual slaverysexual slavery. .


StarvationStarvation

StarvationStarvation is a severe reduction in is a severe reduction in vitaminvitamin, , nutrientnutrient, and , and energyenergy intake, and is the intake, and is the most extreme form of most extreme form of malnutritionmalnutrition. In . In humanshumans, prolonged starvation (in excess , prolonged starvation (in excess of 1-2 months) causes permanent of 1-2 months) causes permanent organorgan damage and will eventually result in damage and will eventually result in deathdeath..



According to the According to the Food and Agriculture OrganizationFood and Agriculture Organization of the of the United NationsUnited Nations, more than 25,000 people , more than 25,000 people die of starvation every day, and more than die of starvation every day, and more than 800 million people are chronically 800 million people are chronically undernourished. On average, every five undernourished. On average, every five seconds a child dies from starvation.seconds a child dies from starvation.[[


Every year, about 6.5 million children Every year, about 6.5 million children under the age of five die because hunger under the age of five die because hunger leaves their bodies too weak to resist leaves their bodies too weak to resist disease. disease.

Hunger and poverty are also among the Hunger and poverty are also among the main reasons why 100 million children are main reasons why 100 million children are not in school. not in school.


Injustice includes: Injustice includes:

Hate crimes – when people are victimized Hate crimes – when people are victimized because of their race, ethnicity, religion, because of their race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, ability, or gender. sexual orientation, ability, or gender.

PovertyPoverty

DiscriminationDiscrimination

Infant MortalityInfant Mortality

Racial and Economic InequalityRacial and Economic Inequality


Infant Mortality- deaths/1000 live birthsInfant Mortality- deaths/1000 live births

1.1. AngolaAngola 197.82197.82

2.2. AfghanistanAfghanistan 163.073163.073

3.3. Sierra LeoneSierra Leone 162.554162.554

4.4. LiberiaLiberia 161.99161.99

5.5. MozambiqueMozambique 130.79130.79


Infant Mortality-deaths/1000 live birthsInfant Mortality-deaths/1000 live births

222. Japan222. Japan 2.802.80

223.223. SwedenSweden 2.432.43

224.224. Hong KongHong Kong 2.402.40

225.225. IcelandIceland 2.342.34

226.226. SingaporeSingapore 2.102.10


Where’s the U.S. Where’s the U.S.

1.1. AngolaAngola 197.82/1000 live 197.82/1000 live birthsbirths

184.184. United StatesUnited States 6.50/1000 live births6.50/1000 live births

226.226. SingaporeSingapore 2.10/1000 live births2.10/1000 live births


Evidence of Social Injustice Evidence of Social Injustice

Hate CrimesHate Crimes

Racial InequalityRacial Inequality

PovertyPoverty

Employment and Housing DiscriminationEmployment and Housing Discrimination

Infant MortalityInfant Mortality


Barriers to Social Justice Barriers to Social Justice

PrejudicePrejudice - an attitude that involves - an attitude that involves judging groups and individuals based on judging groups and individuals based on myths and misconceptions.myths and misconceptions.DiscriminationDiscrimination - is an action that involves - is an action that involves treating people differently based on their treating people differently based on their membership in a group.membership in a group.Institutional DiscriminationInstitutional Discrimination - occurs when - occurs when discrimination is built into the norms and discrimination is built into the norms and institutions in society and enforced by institutions in society and enforced by those in power. those in power.


Barriers to Social Justice Barriers to Social Justice

OppressionOppression - is systematic and pervasive mistreatment - is systematic and pervasive mistreatment of people based on their membership in a certain group. of people based on their membership in a certain group. Oppression includes:Oppression includes:

RacismRacismSexismSexismHeterosexismHeterosexismClassismClassismAbleismAbleismAgeismAgeismAnti-Semitism and other forms of religious-based Anti-Semitism and other forms of religious-based oppressionoppression


People who are members of People who are members of mainstream or dominant groups mainstream or dominant groups have certain have certain privilegesprivileges built built into their lives. into their lives.


Can you think of a way that: Can you think of a way that:

White people have privilege based on White people have privilege based on their race?their race?

Men have privilege based on their sex?Men have privilege based on their sex?

Able-bodied people have privilege based Able-bodied people have privilege based on their physical or mental ability?on their physical or mental ability?

Heterosexuals have privilege based on Heterosexuals have privilege based on their sexual orientation?their sexual orientation?


Explanations of Social Injustice Explanations of Social Injustice

Biological DeterminismBiological Determinism - Social and - Social and economic status is biologically determined. economic status is biologically determined. People achieve a certain social and People achieve a certain social and economic status based on innate economic status based on innate biological characteristics. biological characteristics.

The Socialization ProcessThe Socialization Process - People learn - People learn from observation. Children do what they from observation. Children do what they see their parents and other adults do. see their parents and other adults do.


Explanations of Social InjusticeExplanations of Social Injustice

Psychological PerspectivesPsychological Perspectives - Bias is - Bias is caused by psychological conditions such caused by psychological conditions such as fear of the unknown. Also includes as fear of the unknown. Also includes scapegoating and projection. scapegoating and projection. Sociological PerspectivesSociological Perspectives - Scarce - Scarce resources and economic insecurity cause resources and economic insecurity cause conflict between groups. Discrimination conflict between groups. Discrimination and oppression serve economic purposes and oppression serve economic purposes and benefit those in power. and benefit those in power.


Models of Intergroup Relations Models of Intergroup Relations

Melting PotMelting Pot - Exposure to the mass media and a - Exposure to the mass media and a common education system would cause all common education system would cause all those living in the U.S. to lose their cultural those living in the U.S. to lose their cultural uniqueness and become "Americans."uniqueness and become "Americans."

Cultural PluralismCultural Pluralism - People retain their unique - People retain their unique cultural characteristics while they mix socially cultural characteristics while they mix socially and economically with other groups. and economically with other groups.

SeparatismSeparatism - Groups live in the same country - Groups live in the same country but do things as separately as possible. but do things as separately as possible.


Overcoming Social Injustice Overcoming Social Injustice

Fourteenth AmendmentFourteenth Amendment - (1868) No state - (1868) No state may "deny to any person within its may "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law." jurisdiction the equal protection of the law."

Fifteenth AmendmentFifteenth Amendment - (1870) Gave all - (1870) Gave all men, regardless of race or color, the right men, regardless of race or color, the right to vote. to vote.

Nineteenth AmendmentNineteenth Amendment - (1920) Gave - (1920) Gave women the right to vote. women the right to vote.



Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964 - Outlaws - Outlaws discrimination and/or segregation in public discrimination and/or segregation in public accommodations and employment on the accommodations and employment on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, or basis of race, color, sex, religion, or national origin and differential treatment of national origin and differential treatment of people of color in voter registration. Gave people of color in voter registration. Gave government enforcement power. government enforcement power.

Civil Rights Act of 1968Civil Rights Act of 1968 - Added protection - Added protection against discrimination in housing. against discrimination in housing.



Age Discrimination in Employment ActAge Discrimination in Employment Act - (1967) - (1967) Protects employees who are 40 years old or Protects employees who are 40 years old or over from unequal treatment at work based on over from unequal treatment at work based on age. Additional laws passed since to offer age. Additional laws passed since to offer protection in education and benefits.protection in education and benefits.Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 - - Outlaws discrimination against people with Outlaws discrimination against people with disabilities in public accommodations, disabilities in public accommodations, employment, transportation, and public services. employment, transportation, and public services. Requires "reasonable accommodation" for Requires "reasonable accommodation" for people with disabilities in work places and public people with disabilities in work places and public facilities. facilities.



Employment Non-Discrimination ActEmployment Non-Discrimination Act - Not - Not yet passed. Would prohibit employers yet passed. Would prohibit employers from using sexual orientation as the basis from using sexual orientation as the basis for employment decisions such as hiring, for employment decisions such as hiring, firing, promotion and compensation. firing, promotion and compensation.


Overcoming Social InjusticeOvercoming Social Injustice

Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action - Designed to address - Designed to address past inequities in employment and past inequities in employment and education based on race and sex. education based on race and sex. Requires organizations to develop plans to Requires organizations to develop plans to diversify their workforces and student diversify their workforces and student bodies and establish timetables for bodies and establish timetables for implementation. implementation.

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