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September 4, 2014

Trinity College Dublin

Geologists in Ireland have rewritten the evolutionary history books byfinding that oxygen-producing life forms were present on Earth some 3billion years ago -- a full 60 million years earlier than previously thought.These life forms were responsible for adding oxygen to our atmosphere,which laid the foundations for more complex lifeto evolve and proliferate.

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Credit: Quentin Crowley [Click to enlarge image]

G

The study site landscape is shown with boulders of the paleosol in the foreground.

eologists from Trinity College Dublin have rewritten the evolutionaryhistory books by finding that oxygen-producing life forms were presenton Earth some 3 billion years ago -- a full 60 million years earlier than

previously thought. These life forms were responsible for adding oxygen (O2)

to our atmosphere, which laid the foundations for more complex life to evolveand proliferate.

Working with Professors Joydip Mukhopadhyay andGautam Ghosh and other colleagues from the

Presidency University in Kolkata, India, thegeologists found evidence for chemical weathering ofrocks leading to soil formation that occurred in thepresence of O2. Using the naturally occurring

uranium-lead isotope decay system, which is usedfor age determinations on geological time-scales, theauthors deduced that these events took place at least3.02 billion years ago. The ancient soil (or paleosol)came from the Singhbhum Craton of Odisha, and wasnamed the 'Keonjhar Paleosol' after the nearest localtown.

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The pattern of chemical weathering preserved in thepaleosol is compatible with elevated atmospheric O2levels at that time. Such substantial levels of oxygencould only have been produced by organisms converting light energy and carbondioxide to O2and water. This process, known as photosynthesis, is used by millions

of different plant and bacteria species today. It was the proliferation of such oxygen-producing species throughout Earth's evolutionary trajectory that changed thecomposition of our atmosphere -- adding much more O2-- which was as important for

the development of ancient multi-cellular life as it is for us today.

Quentin Crowley, Ussher Assistant Professor in Isotope Analysis and the Environmentin the School of Natural Sciences at Trinity, is senior author of the journal article thatdescribes this research which has just been published online in the world's top-rankedGeology journal, Geology. He said: "This is a very exciting finding, which helps to fill agap in our knowledge about the evolution of the early Earth. This paleosol from India istelling us that there was a short-lived pulse of atmospheric oxygenation and thisoccurred considerably earlier than previously envisaged."

The early Earth was very different to what we see today. Our planet's early atmospherewas rich in methane and carbon dioxide and had only very low levels of O2. The widely

accepted model for evolution of the atmosphere states that O2levels did not

appreciably rise until about 2.4 billion years ago. This 'Great Oxidation Event' eventenriched the atmosphere and oceans with O2, and heralded one of the biggest shifts in

evolutionary history.

Micro-organisms were certainly present before 3.0 billion years ago but they were notlikely capable of producing O2by photosynthesis. Up until very recently however, it

has been unclear if any oxygenation events occurred prior to the Great Oxidation Eventand the argument for an evolutionary capability of photosynthesis has largely beenbased on the first signs of an oxygen build-up in the atmosphere and oceans.

"It is the rare examples from the rock record that provide glimpses of how rocksweathered," added Professor Crowley. "The chemical changes which occur during thisweathering tell us something about the composition of the atmosphere at that time.Very few of these 'paleosols' have been documented from a period of Earth's history

prior to 2.5 billion years ago. The one we worked on is at least 3.02 billion years old,and it shows chemical evidence that weathering took place in an atmosphere withelevated O2levels."

There was virtually no atmospheric O2present 3.4 billion years ago, but recent work

from South African paleosols suggested that by about 2.96 billion years ago O2levels

may have begun to increase. Professor Crowley's finding therefore moves thegoalposts back at least 60 million years, which, given humans have only been on theplanet for around a tenth of that time, is not an insignificant drop in the evolutionaryocean.

Professor Crowley concluded: "Our research gives further credence to the notion of

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Trinity College Dublin. "Life forms appeared at least 60 million years earlier than

previously thought." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 4 September 2014..

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early and short-lived atmospheric oxygenation.

This particular example is the oldest known example of oxidative weathering from aterrestrial environment, occurring about 600 million years before the Great OxidationEvent that laid the foundations for the evolution of complex life."

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The above story is based on materialsprovided by Trinity College Dublin. Note:Materials may be edited for content and length.

Journal Reference:

1. J. Mukhopadhyay, Q. G. Crowley, S. Ghosh, G. Ghosh, K. Chakrabarti, B. Misra,K. Heron, S. Bose. Oxygenation of the Archean atmosphere: New paleosolconstraints from eastern India. Geology, 2014; DOI: 10.1130/G36091.1

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