WUHSDWUHSD NCLB Biology ReviewNCLB Biology Review

Ms. Martinez

LSHS

1. Define 1. Define Hypothesis: Hypothesis:

Investigation & Experimentation (I&E 1c,e,f) MONKEY STAMP

1. Define 1. Define Hypothesis:Hypothesis:

a testable possible a testable possible explanation of an observation.explanation of an observation.

2. Define 2. Define Theory: Theory:

2. Define 2. Define Theory:Theory:

an explanation that has been an explanation that has been tested and confirmed many tested and confirmed many

timestimes

3. Why is 3. Why is it necessary for it necessary for an experiment to an experiment to

include a include a control group? control group?

3. Why is 3. Why is it necessary for it necessary for an experiment to an experiment to

include a include a control group?control group?

It is a part of the experiment It is a part of the experiment that is not tested and is used that is not tested and is used

to compare results.to compare results.

4. What are 4. What are the steps the steps

of the of the scientific method? scientific method?

4. What are 4. What are the steps of the the steps of the

scientific method?scientific method?1. Ask a question1. Ask a question 5. Data 5. Data

CollectionCollection

2. Hypothesis2. Hypothesis 6. Conclusions6. Conclusions

3. Experiment3. Experiment 7. Retest, if 7. Retest, if

4. Observations 4. Observations necessary necessary

5. Define monomer: 5. Define monomer:

STAR STAMP

5. Define monomer:5. Define monomer:

Small, simple moleculesSmall, simple molecules

6. Define polymer: 6. Define polymer:

6. Define polymer:6. Define polymer:

Large, complex molecules Large, complex molecules made from simple monomersmade from simple monomers

7. Fill in the chart 7. Fill in the chart below. below.

Polymer Monomer Common Example

  Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides)

 

Amino Acids    

  Lipids  

Nucleotides    

7. Fill in the chart 7. Fill in the chart below.below.

Polymer Monomer Common Example

  Monosaccharide  

Protein Amino Acids 

 

  Glycerol and Fatty acids

 

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides    

Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides)

Glucose, C6H12O6

Muscle, Enzymes

Oils, waxes Lipids

DNA and RNA

8. What is the 8. What is the function of an function of an

enzyme? enzyme?

8. What is the 8. What is the function of an function of an

enzyme?enzyme?-Is a biological -Is a biological catalyst that catalyst that speeds up speeds up

chemical reactions chemical reactions by lowering the by lowering the

activation energy activation energy of a reaction. of a reaction.

**most end in –ASE**most end in –ASE

No EnzymeEnzyme

9. What factors can 9. What factors can reduce the reduce the

effectiveness of effectiveness of enzyme function? enzyme function?

9. What factors can 9. What factors can reduce the reduce the

effectiveness of effectiveness of enzyme function?enzyme function?

A change in pH, temperature, A change in pH, temperature, or substrate concentration.or substrate concentration.

10. Describe the 10. Describe the process in the figure process in the figure

below. below.

10. Describe the 10. Describe the process in the figure process in the figure

below.below.

1. substrate binds to the active site

2. the reaction occurs

3. the products are released

11. Does the enzyme 11. Does the enzyme change during this change during this

process? process?

11. Does the enzyme 11. Does the enzyme change during this change during this

process?process?

NoNo

12. What happens to 12. What happens to the enzyme following the enzyme following

this process? this process?

12. What happens to the 12. What happens to the enzyme following this enzyme following this

process?process?

It gets recycledIt gets recycled

13. What is the 13. What is the difference between difference between

prokaryotic and prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? eukaryotic cells?

Cell Structure & Function (Cell Biology 1a-e)

13. What is the difference 13. What is the difference between prokaryotic and between prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells?eukaryotic cells?ProkaryotesProkaryotes EukaryotesEukaryotes

•SmallerSmaller•SimpleSimple•No nucleusNo nucleus•No specialized No specialized organellesorganelles

•LargerLarger•ComplexComplex•NucleusNucleus•Many specialized Many specialized organellesorganelles

14. Give an example 14. Give an example of a prokaryotic cell: of a prokaryotic cell:

14. Give an 14. Give an example of example of

a a prokaryotic prokaryotic

cell:cell:

BacteriumBacterium

15. Give at least two 15. Give at least two examples of examples of

eukaryotic cells:eukaryotic cells:

15. Give at least two 15. Give at least two examples of examples of

eukaryotic cells:eukaryotic cells:

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

16. What is a virus? 16. What is a virus?

16. What describes a 16. What describes a virus?virus?

Protein coat and nucleic acid (DNA or Protein coat and nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)RNA)

17. Why are viruses 17. Why are viruses not considered living not considered living

cells? cells?

17. Why are viruses 17. Why are viruses not considered living not considered living

cells?cells?

They are not made of cells.They are not made of cells.

18. What is the 18. What is the function of a function of a ribosome? ribosome?

18. What is the 18. What is the function of a function of a ribosome?ribosome?

ribosomes synthesize proteinsribosomes synthesize proteins

19. What is the 19. What is the function of the function of the endoplasmic endoplasmic

reticulum? (Letter C)reticulum? (Letter C)

19. What is the function of 19. What is the function of the endoplasmic the endoplasmic

reticulum?reticulum?transports proteins transports proteins

throughout the cell.throughout the cell.

20. What is the 20. What is the function of the Golgi function of the Golgi

apparatus?apparatus?(Letter G)(Letter G)

20. What is the 20. What is the function of the Golgi function of the Golgi

apparatus?apparatus?It packages and prepares It packages and prepares

proteins for export out of the proteins for export out of the cell.cell.

21. What are the 21. What are the functions of the cell functions of the cell

membrane? membrane?

21. What are the 21. What are the functions of the cell functions of the cell

membrane?membrane?

is responsible for maintaining is responsible for maintaining homeostasishomeostasis in cells in cells

22. Define semi-22. Define semi-permeable: permeable:

22. Define semi-22. Define semi-permeable:permeable:

it allows only certain it allows only certain molecules to pass through.molecules to pass through.

23. What is the 23. What is the overall chemical overall chemical

reaction of reaction of photosynthesis? photosynthesis?

Cellular Energy (Cell Biology 1f,g)

23. What is the overall 23. What is the overall chemical reaction of chemical reaction of

photosynthesis?photosynthesis?

Light EnergyLight Energy + + 6H6H22OO + 6CO + 6CO22 6O6O22 + + CC66HH1212OO66

24. Rewrite the equation 24. Rewrite the equation above using words above using words

(instead of chemical (instead of chemical

formulas).formulas). Light EnergyLight Energy + + 6H6H22OO + 6CO + 6CO22 6O6O22 + +

CC66HH1212OO66

Light EnergyLight Energy + + WaterWater + Carbon Dioxide + Carbon Dioxide OxygenOxygen + +GlucoseGlucose

25. What role does 25. What role does chlorophyll have in chlorophyll have in photosynthesis? photosynthesis?

25. What role does 25. What role does chlorophyll have in chlorophyll have in

photosynthesis?photosynthesis?is the major light-absorbing is the major light-absorbing

pigment in plant pigment in plant photosynthesisphotosynthesis

26. In which 26. In which macromolecule group macromolecule group does glucdoes glucoseose belong? belong?

26. In which 26. In which macromolecule group macromolecule group does glucdoes glucoseose belong? belong?

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates(Sugars ends in –ose and (Sugars ends in –ose and

so does gross!!)so does gross!!)

27. What is the 27. What is the overall chemical overall chemical

reaction of cellular reaction of cellular respiration? respiration?

27. What is the overall 27. What is the overall chemical reaction of chemical reaction of cellular respiration?cellular respiration?

CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + O + EnergyEnergy

28. Rewrite the equation above 28. Rewrite the equation above using words (instead of chemical using words (instead of chemical

formulas).formulas). CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + EnergyO + Energy Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + EnergyEnergy

29. What are the three main 29. What are the three main stages of cellular respiration stages of cellular respiration

(in order)?(in order)?

# 1,3, and 5# 1,3, and 5

29. What are the three main 29. What are the three main stages of cellular respiration (in stages of cellular respiration (in

order)?order)?# 1,3, and 5# 1,3, and 5

Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron TransportTransport

(Cytoplasm)(Cytoplasm) (Matrix)(Matrix) (Cristae/Inner (Cristae/Inner Membrane)Membrane)

30. What is the main 30. What is the main product of cellular product of cellular

respiration? respiration?

30. What is the main 30. What is the main product of cellular product of cellular

respiration?respiration?ATPATP

31. What was broken 31. What was broken down to produce down to produce

ATP? ATP?

31. What was broken 31. What was broken down to produce down to produce

ATP?ATP?Glucose, CGlucose, C66HH1212OO66

32. Label the 32. Label the parts of the parts of the

DNA molecule DNA molecule to the right. to the right.

DNA & Protein Synthesis (Cell Biology 1d, Genetics 4a-e & 5a-c)

32. Label the 32. Label the parts of the parts of the

DNA molecule DNA molecule to the right.to the right.

A,B,C,D= Base PairsA,B,C,D= Base Pairs

E=Alternating E=Alternating Phosphate Phosphate and Sugar and Sugar moleculesmolecules

F=Nucleotide F=Nucleotide (Phosphate, (Phosphate, Sugar, Sugar, Base)Base)

33. Do 33. Do all cellsall cells in a in a person contain the person contain the

same DNA sequence? same DNA sequence?

33. Do 33. Do all cellsall cells in a in a person contain the person contain the

same DNA sequence?same DNA sequence?YES!!YES!!

34. If all cells of a 34. If all cells of a multicellular organism multicellular organism

contain the same genes, contain the same genes, explain how they appear explain how they appear and function differently?and function differently?

34. If all cells of a 34. If all cells of a multicellular organism multicellular organism

contain the same genes, contain the same genes, explain how they appear and explain how they appear and

function differently?function differently?

-cells only transcribe those -cells only transcribe those portions portions

of genes that they needof genes that they need

35. Describe the 35. Describe the nitrogen base-pairing nitrogen base-pairing

rules for DNA. rules for DNA.

35. Describe the 35. Describe the nitrogen base-pairing nitrogen base-pairing

rules for DNA.rules for DNA.

Guanine with cytosine Guanine with cytosine

Adenine with thymine Adenine with thymine

(GCAT)(GCAT)

36. The 36. The process of process of informatioinformation encoded n encoded

in DNA in DNA being being

rewritten rewritten as mRNA as mRNA is calledis called

..

TranscriptioTranscriptionn

36. The 36. The process of process of informatioinformation encoded n encoded

in DNA in DNA being being

rewritten rewritten as mRNA as mRNA is calledis called

..

37. 37.   Determine the mRNA Determine the mRNA sequence that would be sequence that would be produced from this original produced from this original template DNA strand.template DNA strand.

DNADNA = 5`ATG-GCT-A 3` = 5`ATG-GCT-A 3`mRNAmRNA= ?= ?

37. 37.   Determine the mRNA Determine the mRNA sequence that would be sequence that would be produced from this original produced from this original template DNA strand.template DNA strand.

DNA DNA = 5`ATG – GCT - A = 5`ATG – GCT - A 3`3`mRNAmRNA==3`UAC - CGA - U 5`3`UAC - CGA - U 5`

38. What are the 3 38. What are the 3 main differences main differences

between DNA and between DNA and RNA? RNA?

38. What are the 3 main 38. What are the 3 main differences between DNA and differences between DNA and

RNA?RNA?DNADNA RNARNA

ShapeShape Double HelixDouble Helix LinearLinear

SugarSugar DeoxyriboseDeoxyribose RiboseRibose

BasesBases GCATGCAT GCAUGCAU

39. The 39. The process of process of cells using cells using information information

from mRNA to from mRNA to produce produce

proteins is proteins is called_called_ ..

39. The 39. The process of process of cells using cells using information information

from mRNA to from mRNA to produce produce

proteins is proteins is called_called_ .. Translation

40. Label 40. Label each of each of

the parts the parts in the in the

diagram to diagram to the right. the right.

F=mRNAF=mRNA

G=RibosomeG=Ribosome

E=CodonE=Codon

D=Amino acidD=Amino acid

C=tRNAC=tRNA

A=Polypeptide/Protein B=Peptide A=Polypeptide/Protein B=Peptide BondBond

40. Label each 40. Label each of the parts in of the parts in the diagram to the diagram to

the right.the right.

41. What type of 41. What type of bonds connect amino bonds connect amino

acids to produce a acids to produce a protein? protein?

41. What type of bonds 41. What type of bonds connect amino acids to connect amino acids to

produce a protein?produce a protein?Peptide BondsPeptide Bonds

Polypeptide/Protein

42. Which 42. Which amino acids amino acids would the would the

mRNA mRNA sequence sequence

UCA-AUG-GAGUCA-AUG-GAG produce? produce?

42. Which 42. Which amino acids amino acids would the would the

mRNA mRNA sequence sequence

UCA-AUG-GAGUCA-AUG-GAG produce?produce?

Ser-Met-GluSer-Met-Glu

43. List all 43. List all mRNA codons mRNA codons that code for that code for

the amino the amino acid alanine.acid alanine.

43. List all 43. List all mRNA mRNA

codons that codons that code for the code for the amino acid amino acid

alanine.alanine.GCUGCU

GCCGCC

GCAGCA

GCGGCG

44. What is the 44. What is the reason for so many reason for so many different proteins different proteins

existing, existing, when when

there are only 20 there are only 20 amino acids? amino acids?

44. What is the reason for so 44. What is the reason for so many different proteins many different proteins

existing, existing, when when

there are only 20 amino there are only 20 amino acids?acids?

-Each protein is made from a different -Each protein is made from a different combination and number of combination and number of

amino amino acids.acids.

45. Define mutation: 45. Define mutation:

45. Define mutation:45. Define mutation:

-A natural process that -A natural process that produces produces genetic diversity.genetic diversity.

-Most mutation are harmless.-Most mutation are harmless.

46. What are 2 types 46. What are 2 types of mutations? of mutations?

46. What are 2 types 46. What are 2 types of mutations?of mutations?

47. What are some 47. What are some possible causes of possible causes of

mutations? mutations?

47. What are some 47. What are some possible causes of possible causes of

mutations?mutations?

Over exposure to UV light, Over exposure to UV light, smoking, drinking,smoking, drinking, x-rays, x-rays,

geneticsgenetics

48. What could 48. What could happen as a result of happen as a result of

a mutation? a mutation?

48. What could 48. What could happen as a happen as a result of a result of a mutation?mutation?The amino acid The amino acid

sequence can change sequence can change and a different and a different

protein expressed.protein expressed.

NORMAL Sickle Cell

49. Inserting foreign 49. Inserting foreign DNA into an organism DNA into an organism

is known as is known as . .

49. Inserting foreign 49. Inserting foreign DNA into an organism DNA into an organism

is known as is known as ..

Genetic Genetic EngineeringEngineering

50. Give an example 50. Give an example of how the process of how the process

above can be above can be beneficial. beneficial.

50. Give an example 50. Give an example of how the process of how the process

above can be above can be beneficial.beneficial.

1. To make medicine1. To make medicine

2. To make new and better plants and 2. To make new and better plants and animalsanimals

3. To cure diseases3. To cure diseases

51. Define 51. Define chromosomchromosom

e: e:

Meiosis & Genetics (Genetics 2a-f)

51. Define 51. Define chromosome:chromosome:X-like structure made X-like structure made of DNA and Proteinsof DNA and Proteins

52. Define meiosis: 52. Define meiosis:

52. Define meiosis:52. Define meiosis:-The process that changes the -The process that changes the chromosome number from chromosome number from Diploid, 2n, to to Haploid, n.

-To produce haploid gametes [sex cells]-To produce haploid gametes [sex cells]

53. Which cells 53. Which cells undergo meiosis? undergo meiosis?

53. Which cells are 53. Which cells are the result of meiosis?the result of meiosis?

-Males= sperm,n-Males= sperm,n

-Females= egg,n-Females= egg,n

54. Define diploid: 54. Define diploid:

54. Define diploid:54. Define diploid:

2n=Full set of chromosomes 2n=Full set of chromosomes found in any somatic cell of found in any somatic cell of

an organisman organism

55. Define haploid: 55. Define haploid:

55. Define haploid:55. Define haploid:

-Half the number of -Half the number of chromosomes found in a chromosomes found in a

diploid cell. diploid cell.

-Sex cells have a haploid -Sex cells have a haploid number of chromosomes. number of chromosomes.

56. Describe 56. Describe what is what is

occurring occurring and the and the

types of cells types of cells that would that would

be produced be produced in the in the

diagram to diagram to

the right.the right.

2n

n n n n

56. Describe 56. Describe what is what is

occurring and occurring and the types of the types of

cells that cells that would be would be

produced in produced in the diagram to the diagram to

the right.the right.

-Crossing-over-Crossing-over

-Gametes (egg,n, and -Gametes (egg,n, and sperm,n) sperm,n) are madeare made

n n n n

2n

57. What is the 57. What is the difference between difference between

somatic cells and sex somatic cells and sex cells? cells?

57. What is the 57. What is the difference between difference between

somatic cells and sex somatic cells and sex cells?cells?

-Somatic Cells=2n, any cell except -Somatic Cells=2n, any cell except sex cellssex cells

-Sex cells/gametes=n, egg and -Sex cells/gametes=n, egg and sperm onlysperm only

58. Sperm cells and 58. Sperm cells and egg cells can also be egg cells can also be

called called . .

58. Sperm cells and 58. Sperm cells and egg cells can also be egg cells can also be

called called ..

GametesGametes

OrOr

Sex CellsSex Cells

59. Which process 59. Which process occurring during prophase occurring during prophase

1 of meiosis does this 1 of meiosis does this diagram represent? How diagram represent? How

do you know?do you know?

59. Which process 59. Which process occurring during prophase occurring during prophase

1 of meiosis does this 1 of meiosis does this diagram represent? How diagram represent? How

do you know?do you know?-Crossing-over-Crossing-over

-Chromatids are exchanging -Chromatids are exchanging allelesalleles

60. A plant has a 60. A plant has a genotype of TtPp, list all genotype of TtPp, list all

possible genetic possible genetic combinations found in combinations found in

the gametes produced:the gametes produced:

60. A plant has a 60. A plant has a genotype of TtPp, list all genotype of TtPp, list all

possible genetic possible genetic combinations found in combinations found in the gametes produced:the gametes produced:

TPTP

TpTp

tPtP

tptp

61. Define allele: 61. Define allele:

61. Define allele:61. Define allele:-different versions of a gene-different versions of a gene

Ex Gene: Flower colorEx Gene: Flower color

alleles: A=purple alleles: A=purple a=whitea=white

62. How many alleles of 62. How many alleles of each gene are passed each gene are passed on from each parent to on from each parent to

make a child’s make a child’s genotype? Give an genotype? Give an

example.example.

-Half from each parent-Half from each parent

-ex hair color, eye color-ex hair color, eye color

62. How many alleles of 62. How many alleles of each gene are passed on each gene are passed on from each parent to make from each parent to make

a child’s genotype? a child’s genotype?

63. Why is random 63. Why is random chromosome chromosome

segregation an segregation an important part of important part of

meiosis? meiosis?

63. Why is random 63. Why is random chromosome chromosome

segregation an segregation an important part of important part of

meiosis?meiosis?---it ensures a gamete does get two copies -it ensures a gamete does get two copies

of the same allele since it only needs of the same allele since it only needs halfhalf

64. Describe the 64. Describe the process of process of

fertilization (include fertilization (include number of number of

chromosomes and chromosomes and cell types involved). cell types involved).

23 + 23 = 4623 + 23 = 46

Egg + Sperm = Zygote Egg + Sperm = Zygote

64. Describe the 64. Describe the process of process of

fertilization (include fertilization (include number of number of

chromosomes and chromosomes and cell types involved). cell types involved).

65. How many 65. How many pairspairs of of autosomesautosomes are are

found in found in femalefemale body body cells?cells?

What are the sex What are the sex chromosomes?_______ chromosomes?_______

65. How many pairs 65. How many pairs of of autosomesautosomes are are

found in found in femalefemale body body cells?cells?

22 pairs (44)22 pairs (44)What are the sex What are the sex

chromosomes? chromosomes? XX (1)XX (1)

66. How many 66. How many pairspairs of of autosomesautosomes are are

found in found in malemale body body cells?cells?

What are the sex What are the sex chromosomes?_______chromosomes?_______

66. How many 66. How many pairspairs of of autosomesautosomes are found in are found in

malemale body cells? body cells? 22 pairs (44)22 pairs (44)

What are the sex What are the sex

chromosomes? chromosomes? XY (1)XY (1) Guys are XY!!

67. Which sex 67. Which sex chromosome must a chromosome must a

father pass on, in father pass on, in order to be sure he order to be sure he

has a has a sonson? ?

Y!!Y!!Guys are XY!!

67. Which sex 67. Which sex chromosome must a chromosome must a

father pass on, in order to father pass on, in order to

be sure he has a son?be sure he has a son?

STUDY!!!STUDY!!!