writing the rrl
TRANSCRIPT
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JEFFREY A. LUCERO
A.H.Sc.Ed., B.Sc.N., R.N.
Theory, Review of Related
Literature, and Conceptual
Framework
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Theory
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Theory
Knowledge of science or art derivedfrom such study and speculation(Webster, 2000)
A hypothesis that has been tested fornumerous times (Venzon, 2004)
An integrated set of definedconcepts and statements thatpresent a view of a phenomenonand can be used to describe,explain, predict, and control thatphenomenon (Burns & Grove, 2007)
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Theories are abstract rather
than concrete.
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Functions of Theories in Research
It identifies parameters for the
study
It guides data collection
It provides perspective in he
interpretation of data to enable
the researcher to structure facts
into an orderly system
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Review of Related Literature
Part of research where the
researcher gathers, compiles, and
synthesizes information from
various sources.
This gathered information then
serves as the theoretical
foundation towards solving the
research problem
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Review of Related Literature
(cont’d.)
It answers the question: What has
been done relative to the problem
at hand?
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Related Literature
vs.
Related Studies
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Related Literature
Any material, information, or article
fund in books, magazines,
periodicals, encyclopedias, journals,
newspapers, and other publications
These are related to the existing
problem and they may be classified
as either local which are printed in
the country, or foreign, if printed
abroad.
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Speeches
Letters
Diaries
Bulletin
Circulars
Reports
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Provided that
it meets the
required
expression for
it to be called
as literature
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Related Studies
Studies, inquiries, or investigations
that are already conducted to
which the present proposed study
is related or has some bearing or
similarity.
Investigations that are usually
unpublished materials
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Importance of Related
Literature and Studies
They help or guide the researcher in
searching for or selecting a better
research problem or topic.
They help the investigator
understand his topic or research
better.
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Importance of Related
Literature and Studies
(cont’d.)
They ensure that there will be no
duplication of other studies.
They help and guide the researcher
in locating more sources of related
information.
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Importance of Related
Literature and Studies
(cont’d.)
They help and guide the researcher
in making his research design
They help and guide the researcher
in making comparison between his
findings with the findings of other
researchers on similar studies.
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Sources of Review Materials
Experimentation
First-hand Investigation
Doctoral dissertation and
Monographs in Professional
Journals
Annual Reports of Research
Institutions, Government Offices,
and Agencies
Textbooks
Encyclopedia
Magazines and Newspapers
Internet Articles
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Criteria on Evaluating
Materials for RRL
Accuracy and Dependability
Up-to-Dateness
Suitability for Specific Purpose
Authority
Scope
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Criteria on Evaluating
Materials for RRL (cont’d.)
Treatment and Style
Arrangement
Illustrations, Tables, and
Diagrams
The Author
The Publisher
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Where to Locate Sources
Libraries
Government and Private
Offices
Network sites
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Organizing the Review of Related Literature
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Make an outline of the topics to be
presented.
Classify the reviews into topics.
Compare and contrast the findings where
necessary.
If there is no work on the subject matter, a
reasonable review can still be made by
citing related works.
Padded reviews are undesirable.
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Organizing the RRL
Cite results and not tabulated data.
Do not cite the opinion of the author unless it is unessential argument.
State the research findings on your own words to suit the purpose of the paper.
If the information was obtained from a secondary source, check the citation from the original publication.
Citing word for word requires enclosing them in a quotation mark.
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Common Errors in Writing the
Review of Related Literature
We tend to rely on secondary
sources.
We tend to look only at the
findings of different researches.
Overlooking resources on less
developed countries.
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Conceptual Framework
A scheme formulated out of the review
of related literature
Clarifies the relationship between and
among the major variables of the study
The researcher’s own position on the
problem
An explanation of the problem to be
studied after the researcher’s review of
various literatures and studies.
Illustrated in a conceptual paradigm
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Paradigm
A schematic diagram which
depicts the relationship of
variables.
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Use circles
and arrows to
show cause
and effect
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Use boxes
and straight
lines to show
a relationship
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Input Process Output
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Demographic
Profile
Academic
Performance
in English
Intelligence
Quotient
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Student’s
Knowledge
before the
Lesson
Different
techniques in
Teaching
English
Student’s Level
of
Comprehension
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End of the Presentation
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