writing m ferrarelli
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WRITINGWRITINGWRITINGWRITING
Lic. Mariana FerrarelliLic. Mariana Ferrarelli
Lomas High SchoolLomas High School
Lic. Mariana FerrarelliLic. Mariana Ferrarelli
Lomas High SchoolLomas High School
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Lets consider someLets consider somequestionsquestions
Lets consider someLets consider somequestionsquestions
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How long have humans known how to write?
When did we start using written language?
How did people communicate when there wasnothing to write on?
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How did wecommunicate when
there were nobooks, no pencils, noAs, Bs, Cs?
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Lets think about theLets think about theanswersanswers
Lets think about theLets think about theanswersanswers
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Writing Recent development
5,500 years ago
Oral language
Church & Royalty Writtenlanguage
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Lets discuss the following
WHAT do we write?
Exams at school, essays, compositions
BUT also emails, text messages, our friends walls inFacebook, messages in Twitter, chat messages
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Now
WHAT did we use to write when wewere little?
We probably started with the letters in isolation,then with simple words, then sentences, a shortparagraph
There was always someone next to us guiding ourhand, telling us how to write our first words
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Lets analyse theLets analyse thefollowing piece of writingfollowing piece of writing
Lets analyse theLets analyse thefollowing piece of writingfollowing piece of writing
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Somebody started writing it andcontinued some time later
Then added some other items
They changed their minds and crossed
out something they decided not to buy Then highlighted the important
ingredients
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There are a number ofThere are a number of
stages we ALWAYSstages we ALWAYSfollow when we writefollow when we write
There are a number ofThere are a number of
stages we ALWAYSstages we ALWAYSfollow when we writefollow when we write
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PLANNING
We dont realise but even when writing avery simple shopping list we make importantdecisions, we PLAN our writing, we thinkabout:
Purpose To remind us of what to buy Audience Ourselves Content Items to be bought
Structure List
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DRAFTINGOnce we have PLANNED our piece, theDRAFTING process takes place:
We start writing
We make corrections
We cross out some sections and writethem again
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EDITING & RE-DRAFTINGThe first version of our piece still needspolishing:
We continue correcting our piece
We check SPELLING
We have a look at the VERB TENSES
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FINAL VERSION
We re-read our piece one last timeand check we havent forgotten anyitem in our shopping list.
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These are all essential aspectsof ANY writing
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The PURPOSE
&The PURPOSE
&AUDIENCE (reader) willAUDIENCE (reader) willdetermine the TYPE OFdetermine the TYPE OF
WRITING PIECEWRITING PIECE
The PURPOSE
&The PURPOSE
&AUDIENCE (reader) willAUDIENCE (reader) willdetermine the TYPE OFdetermine the TYPE OF
WRITING PIECEWRITING PIECE
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The PIECE in turn willThe PIECE in turn willdetermine THREE things:determine THREE things:The PIECE in turn willThe PIECE in turn will
determine THREE things:determine THREE things:
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1.1. StructureStructure2. Style2. Style
3. Language and vocabulary3. Language and vocabulary
1.1. StructureStructure2. Style2. Style
3. Language and vocabulary3. Language and vocabulary
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PURPOSE & AUDIENCE
PIECE
STRUCTURE STYLE
LANGUAGE & VOCABULARY
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Lets consider a simple example
Purpose: We want to apply for a job
Audience: Potential employer
PIECE: Letter of application
1. Structure:
2. Style:3. Language and Vocabulary:
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1. StructureHow will we organise the paragraphing?
Introduction: Reason for writingMain Body:
Paragraph 1: Experience
Paragraph 2: QualificationsConclusion: Contact information + closing
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2. Style
Do we know the person we are writing to?
Is s/he our close friend?Is s/he a relative?
Will we use a formal or informal style?
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3. Lge & Vocabulary
Adjectives describing our personality
Verb tenses in the past to talk about ourwork experience
Linkers to connect ideas within aparagraph and between paragraphs
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Next time we write weNext time we write weshould:should:
Next time we write weNext time we write weshould:should:
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PLAN, DRAFT &EDIT our piece soPLAN, DRAFT &
EDIT our piece sothat we can get a successfulthat we can get a successful
FINAL VERSION which, in turn,FINAL VERSION which, in turn,needs to be effective in terms of:needs to be effective in terms of:
PLAN, DRAFT &EDIT our piece soPLAN, DRAFT &
EDIT our piece sothat we can get a successfulthat we can get a successful
FINAL VERSION which, in turn,FINAL VERSION which, in turn,needs to be effective in terms of:needs to be effective in terms of:
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1. Structure: CONTENT &1. Structure: CONTENT &ORGANISATIONORGANISATION2. Style: TARGET READER & REGISTER2. Style: TARGET READER & REGISTER
3. Language and Vocabulary3. Language and Vocabulary
1. Structure: CONTENT &1. Structure: CONTENT &ORGANISATIONORGANISATION2. Style: TARGET READER & REGISTER2. Style: TARGET READER & REGISTER
3. Language and Vocabulary3. Language and Vocabulary
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Lic. Mariana Ferrarelli
Lic. Mariana Ferrarelli
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SourcesAtkinson, D (2003) L2 writing in the post-process era: Introduction,Journal of Second Language Writing, 12, pp 3-15.
Byrne, D (1988) Teaching Writing Skills, Longman.Cassany, D (2008) Describir el Escribir, Paids Comunicacin.Harmer, J (2004) How to Teach Writing, Longman.Hedge, T (2000) Writing in Teaching and Learning in the Language
Classroom, OUP.Hyland, K (2001) Teaching and Researching Writing, Longman.Krashen, S D (1984) Writing: Research, Theory and Applications,
Pergamon.Kroll, B (1990) Second language writing: Research insights for the
classroom, CUP.Smith, F (1983) Reading like a Writer in Language Arts, 60, pp 558-567.
White, R & Arndt, V (1991) Process Writing, Longman.