World War IIAPUSH Period 7

Foreign Policy during the

Great Depression

Move toward military isolationism and

insularity coupled with freer trade

2

London Conference - 1933 sought stabilization of global exchange rates

FDR withdrew from negotiations – did not want

cooperation without stable domestic situation

Collapse of conference = strength for trend of

extreme nationalism worldwide

3

Freeing Selves of Filipinos

Tydings-McDuffie Act – Filipinos would be

independent in 12 years – transition – Japan eyes

up the Philippines (1933)

FDR formally recognizes Soviet Union (1933)

4

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR renounced Teddy Roosevelt’s Corollary –

1933

US endorsed non-intervention in Latin America

Relaxed control of Panama Canal Zone

Increased goodwill from Latin America

5

Reciprocal Tariff Act - 1934

New Dealers – low tariff policies

Slashing of tariffs if other country agreed

to it

6

Rise of Stateism over

Individualism

Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler, Imperial Japan

Depression-stricken Americans – little appreciation

for the threat of dictatorial and totalitarian regimes

7

Dictatorships Grow in Post-WWI

Europe

After WWI, Europe moved toward dictatorship

Mussolini and Fascism Fascism – an extreme form of nationalism run by an

authoritarian single party or dictator

Benito Mussolini became dictator in 1920s Italy

*Mussolini as dictator:

*restricted the press

* banned criticism of the state

*banned anti-fascist groups

* started a secret police

* restricted women’s rights

*reinforced ideals of extreme Italian nationalism

Hitler, student of Mussolini Adolf Hitler learned from Mussolini -developed a more

powerful fascism in Germany

Hitler’s Style and election Demagogue, huge rallies

Used propaganda and slogans to gain followers

1933 – Hitler elected chancellor

Hitler Revives Germany’s Economy

6 million unemployed when Hitler came to power

Hitler built up Germany’s military industries

1937-only 500,000 unemployed – Hitler popular

First Neutrality Acts

1935 –outlawed arms sales or loans to

warring nations

1937– outlawed arms sales to nations in

Civil War; US citizens could not travel on

ships of warring nations

Aggression in Europe and

Africa

1936 – Hitler sent troops to the Rhineland

region of Germany – violated Versailles

treaty

1936 – Mussolini conquered Ethiopia

Spanish Civil War – 1936-39

Prelude to WWII – Republic vs. ultra-nationalist

US/Britain stayed neutral, Soviets supplied Republic

Mussolini/Hitler–direct support to nationalists

American volunteers – Abraham Lincoln Brigade -

fought for Republic

Franco’s Victory Ultra-nationalist Francisco Franco won

Franco – dictator until death in 1975

Lebensraum/German Unity

Hitler’s concept of “lebensraum” or

“living-space”

Argued that Germany needed more

space to call its own in order to be a

great nation

Unity of German peoples

Hitler’s Unstopped Expansions 1936 Remilitarization of Rhineland not stopped

Anschluss – March 12, 1938 – Union with Austria

9/1938 – Hitler annexed Sudetenland – after Munich

Agreement – Hitler swore this was his last land

demand

Hitler and British PM

Chamberlain

Hitler continues

March 1939 – Germans fully invade Czechoslovakia

August 1939 – Non-Aggression Pact with Soviet

leader Josef Stalin

Invasion of Poland September 1, 1939 – Poland invaded

Blitzkrieg – “lightning war” –Poland done – 1 month

Britain & France – declare war– spark of WWII in Europe

Too late Britain & France waited for German attack on France

Hitler annexed most of Northern Europe by April 1940

May 1940 – Hitler entered France thru Belgium

French & British retreated; Mussolini took South France

June 22, 1940 – France surrendered

Battle of Britain

Summer 1940 - Battle of Britain – 2 months

of bombing

Germans failed – but Britain left on its own in

Europe

Blitzkrieg - lightning war

Characteristics of Pre-War

Japan

Japan developed ultra-nationalist tendencies as

early as the 1880s – Emperor Hirohito

Japan used Western technologies- industrialized

in 1900s – “Enrich the country, Strengthen the

Army”

Problem - Japan’s natural resources – limited

The March of Japanese Militarism

1910 – Japan Annexed Korea

1931 – Japanese Militarists took over Manchuria

from China

1937 – Japan pushed further into China

1941 – Japan invaded Southeast Asia, Indonesia

Greater Asia Co-Prosperity

Sphere and the Axis Powers June 1940 – Announcement of Greater Asia Co-

Prosperity Sphere

September 1940 – Japan signed Tripartite Pact

Pact created Axis Powers – Germany, Japan & Italy

Stimson Doctrine

Secy of State Henry Stimson- note to China

and Japan after invasion of Manchuria –

territorial acquisitions gained by war will not

be recognized

Quarantine Speech

FDR sought to use economic pressure to create a

quarantine of aggressive countries and restore

peace and order

Use of economic force to avoid aggression

“Cash & Carry” & Lend-Lease 9/1939 –– provision to neutrality acts –Britain &

France buy supplies w/ cash, move w/ own ships

US giving warships to Britain – Sept. 1940

March 1941 – Lend –Lease Act – “Guns not Sons”

Britain (March ‘41), China (April ‘41) Soviet Union (May ‘41)

US became “Arsenal of Democracy”

US would lend or lease supplies to countries whose defense

was vital to US interests

Building Defenses

US had boosted defense spending by 1940

Selective Service and Training Act – 1940 –

16 million men, 21-35, registered for draft

Pearl Harbor US had cut off trade with Japan in 1941 in

response to Japanese aggression in South Pacific

Japan could not live without oil

US knew an attack was imminent but not where

7 December 1941 – Pearl Harbor bombed

Declaration of War 8 December 1941 – US declared war on

Japan

11 December 1941 – Germany and Italy

declare war on US – Tripartite Pact

The Home Front and Total

War After 1941, America prepared for Total War

Propaganda –used to build support for total war

Expanding the military for Total War

10 million drafted; 5 million volunteered

Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps – non-combat

jobs in army given to women – men freed up to

fight

Changing the workforce for Total War Women filled defense jobs left by men

War Production Board – decided which companies

retooled for war production; organized recycling

Office of Scientific Research and Development -

OSRD – scientists were organized to innovate for

the war

Taxing and Rationing for Total War

Office of Price Administration (OPA) –price

and wage controls, rationed key food items

Black Markets developed

Revenue Act of 1942

raised top personal income tax to 88%

Low and middle income Americans paid fed. Income

taxes

War Bonds - raise money for war effort

Executive Orders

Executive Order 8802 – June 1941 -

banned racial discrimination in national

defense industries

Executive Order 9066 – February 1942 –

ordered West Coast Japanese-Americans

to inland internment camps

Controlling Labor and the

Means of Production

National War Labor Board (NWLB) – ceilings

on wage increases

Taking over of coal mines and briefly

railroads by fed gov’t

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act – 6/1943 –

fed gov’t could seize striking factories

Fair Employment Practices Commission –

enforced executive order 8802

Wartime Migrations FDR – disproportionate # of defense spending

contracts went to the South

1.6 million southern blacks left for North and

West

Bracero Program – 1942 (lasted until 1965) –

brought in Mexican farm laborers – labor shortage

War Refugee Board – Jan. 1944 – by various

measures – helped 200,000 Jews escape to US

Contributions of Diversity

Navajo Code-Talkers – used own language to

transmit US messages

Tuskegee Airmen – African-American fighter

pilots - contributions in Italy, European theater

442nd Regimental Combat Team – Japanese-

American Unit – most decorated in US history

Women and the workforce

Majority of Women still did not work for wages

during WWII; 2/3s left labor force after WWII

Revolution in women’s roles for next

generation

WWII and economy

Massive increase in productivity and gov’t

spending to fight WWII broke the Great

Depression

Churchill and Roosevelt Meet 22 December 1941 – Winston Churchill (British

Prime Minister) arrived at White House

Next 3 weeks – Churchill and FDR planned out

war

Battle of the Atlantic Longest continuous battle of the war

1st 7 months of 1942 – 680 allied ships destroyed

Allies began organizing into convoys, convoys

followed by bombers

Battle of Atlantic didn’t shift to Allies until mid ‘43

Eastern Front

June 1941- Nazis launched Operation Barbarossa ,

invasion of the Soviet Union – broke pact

August 1942 – Germans approached Stalingrad –

key Soviet industrial city – named for dictator

Stalin

Stalingrad – 9/10ths conquered by September 1942

A German soldier

drapes a swastika flag

over Stalingrad

Battle of Stalingrad Battle of Stalingrad – a turning point in Europe

Winter 1942-43 – Operation Uranus - Soviets

enclosed Germans in the city as winter set in

2 February 1943 – Nazis defeated

Rest of war, Soviets began pushing Nazis back west

North Africa – Operation

Torch Direct invasion of western Europe deemed

unwise

Operation Torch - began November 1942

Allied forces under US General Dwight

Eisenhower invaded Axis-controlled North

Africa

Allies pushed surrender on German

General Irwin Rommel and the German

Afrika Korps by May 1943

Italian Campaign

Before victory in Africa, Churchill and FDR

had decided they’d only accept complete

surrender

Churchill convinced Allies to take Italy

before France

Italian Campaign (continued)

Sicily captured – Summer 1943

7/25/1943 – Mussolini arrested, stripped of power

Hitler then sent Nazi forces to Italy

Battle of Anzio – near Rome – 1/1944-5/44

Italy not fully taken by Allies until 1945

June 1944

June 1944

D-Day – Invasion of Nazi-Occupied France

6 June 1944 –American, British, and Canadian troops

invaded France at Normandy

August 1944 – US General George Patton

liberated Paris

September 1944 – France, Belgium, Luxembourg

freed

** November – Roosevelt elected to 4th term

September 1944

Battle of the Bulge

Oct. 1944 – US captured Aachen (1st German town)

Dec. 1944 - Hitler tried last ditch attempt to break

allied lines – only created a bulge in the lines

Germans failed, now they could only retreat

British & Americans pushed East, Soviets West

Defeat of the Axis in Europe

April 1945 – Western Allies in western Germany,

Soviets in Berlin

4/12/45– FDR died; Harry Truman took over

4/28/45– Mussolini executed

4/30/45– Hitler - suicide

May 8, 1945 – Germany surrendered – V-E Day -

Victory in Europe Day

Japan’s Early Advances

Japan invaded (Dec. 8, 1941) and occupied the

Philippines (American possession) by 8 May 1942

This brought Japan’s Empire to its largest extent

Burma Road and Bataan:

Japanese Hegemony Americans surrendered to Japanese at Bataan,

Philippines – 9 April 1942

Bataan Death March

Burma Road – cut off by Japanese – Nationalist

China lost land link to Allied Supplies

Doolittle’s Raid

Doolittle’s Raid – April 1942 – American Lt. Col.

James Doolittle led bombing of Tokyo

Represented a morale boost to Americans

Stopping the Japanese

Battle of Coral Sea - May 1942 – US & Australians

stopped Japanese from getting to Australia

Battle of Midway – June 1942 – Allies stopped

Japanese at strategic island northwest of Hawaii

4 Japanese Aircraft carriers, 250 planes destroyed

Turning-Point – “Island-Hopping” strategy soon

began

Aleutian Island Campaign June 1942-August 1943

Japanese repelled, prevented from getting a

point to launch an attack on US mainland

Island-Hopping US-led allies began “island-hopping” strategy

after Midway – goal was to eventually take

Japan

Guadalcanal – Aug. 1942-Feb. 1943 – Allies

defeated Japanese on land – strategic victory

Island Hopping – it worked Battle of Leyte Gulf- October 1944 – Japan’s navy

destroyed near Philippines, despite Kamikazes

US forces under Gen. Douglas MacArthur returned

to Philippines same month

Allies edged toward Japan

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

Iwo Jima - Feb.-March 1945 – 6000 Americans died taking the

island; only 200 of 20,000 Japanese survived

Okinawa – April-June 1945 – 7600 Americans & 110,000

Japanese killed – showed Japanese fanaticism

Flag Raising – Iwo Jima

Background - Using the Atomic Bomb

Summer 1945 – War over in Europe

Japanese developed reputation – willing to fight to

the death rather than surrender

Manhattan Project –J. Robert Oppenheimer, Albert

Einstein; developed first nuclear weapon

Truman’s Offer & Dropping the

Bombs

26 July 1945, President Harry S Truman

offered to let Japan surrender or “face

total destruction”

Japan said “no”

6 August – Hiroshima

9 August – Nagasaki

*Firebombing of Tokyo – March 9-10, 1945

– death toll comparable to Atomic bombs

Hiroshima

Nagasaki

V-J Day 10 August 1945 – Japan showed intent to surrender

14 August 1945 – Japan accepted Allies’ terms,

surrendered – “V-J Day” – Victory over Japan Day

2 September 1945 – surrender finalized