THE SECOND THE SECOND

WORLD WARWORLD WAR19411941--19451945

Modified by Elizabeth RamosModified by Elizabeth Ramos

WAR IN WAR IN

EUROPEEUROPE

DEFEATING DEFEATING

GERMANYGERMANY

�� Operation Torch Operation Torch (1942(1942--May 1943)May 1943)

�� Gen. George C. MarshallGen. George C. Marshall�� Second front in France?Second front in France?�� Stalingrad Stalingrad (Dec 1942/Jan 1943)(Dec 1942/Jan 1943)

�� Air War Air War

�� Invasion of Italy Invasion of Italy

DD--DayDay

Invasion of NormandyInvasion of Normandy

Eisenhower Meets with Paratroopers before DEisenhower Meets with Paratroopers before D--

DayDay

DD--DAY LANDING JUNE 6, 1944DAY LANDING JUNE 6, 1944After the Normandy InvasionAfter the Normandy Invasion

DEFEATING DEFEATING

GERMANYGERMANY

�� Allied invasion of France Allied invasion of France �� Normandy Normandy -- DD--Day Day (June 6, 1944)(June 6, 1944)

�� Battle of the Bulge Battle of the Bulge (late December 1944)(late December 1944)

�� Fall of GermanyFall of Germany�� Berlin Berlin (June 2, (June 2,

1945)1945)

�� Hitler suicide Hitler suicide ((April 30) April 30)

�� Surrender Surrender June June 7, 1945 (V7, 1945 (V--E Day)E Day)

WAR IN THE WAR IN THE

PACIFICPACIFIC

GUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTION

�� Why did the United Why did the United States decide to use States decide to use atomic bombs against atomic bombs against Japan?Japan?

(strictly military measure to end the war? or (strictly military measure to end the war? or diplomatic measure designed to intimidate the diplomatic measure designed to intimidate the Soviet Union in the postwar era?)Soviet Union in the postwar era?)

WAR IN THE PACIFICWAR IN THE PACIFIC

�� PhilippinesPhilippines

�� Bataan Bataan

Death March Death March

�� Midway Midway (June 4(June 4--7, 1942)7, 1942)

�� IslandIsland--

hoppinghopping

�� Gen Douglas Gen Douglas

MacArthurMacArthur

�� Admiral Chester Nimitz Admiral Chester Nimitz

�� GuadalcanalGuadalcanal

IslandIsland--Hopping in the PacificHopping in the Pacific

American Troops Before Amphibious LandingAmerican Troops Before Amphibious Landing US troops wading ashore US troops wading ashore ButaritariButaritari, November 1943, November 1943

Attempting to Secure a Beachhead on Pacific IslandAttempting to Secure a Beachhead on Pacific Island Sprawled bodies on beach TarawaSprawled bodies on beach Tarawa

WAR IN THE PACIFICWAR IN THE PACIFIC

�� kamikazeskamikazes

�� Iwo Jima Iwo Jima

(Feb(Feb--March March 1945)1945)

Flag Raising on Flag Raising on Iwo JimaIwo Jima

BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGEBEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGE

�� FDR death FDR death (Warm Springs, GA, April 12, 1945)(Warm Springs, GA, April 12, 1945)

��Harry S Truman Harry S Truman (President 1945(President 1945--53)53)

Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin at Yalta, Feb. 1945Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin at Yalta, Feb. 1945President Truman addressing President Truman addressing

Congress after RooseveltCongress after Roosevelt’’s deaths death

Potsdam Conference

� Clemente Attlee elected UK PM

� Unconditional surrender

Churchill believing Stalin to be a "devil"-like tyrant leading a vile system “

BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGEBEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGE

�� Manhattan Project Manhattan Project (begun 1942)(begun 1942)

�� AlamagordoAlamagordo, NM, , NM, July 16, 1945July 16, 1945

�� Unconditional surrender or Unconditional surrender or

face face ””utter destructionutter destruction””

�� Hiroshima Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)(August 6, 1945)

�� Nagasaki Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)(August 9, 1945)

�� Japan surrender Japan surrender September 2, 1945 September 2, 1945

(V(V--J Day)J Day)

Atomic Bombs: Atomic Bombs: ““Little BoyLittle Boy”” && ““Fat ManFat Man””

Col. Paul W. Col. Paul W.

TibbetsTibbets, Jr., & the , Jr., & the

ENOLA GAYENOLA GAY

Hiroshima After Hiroshima After

the Bomb Blast, the Bomb Blast,

August 6, 1945August 6, 1945

Hiroshima After the Bomb Blast, August 6, 1945Hiroshima After the Bomb Blast, August 6, 1945

Hiroshima after the atomic bomb, August 6, 1945Hiroshima after the atomic bomb, August 6, 1945

Nagasaki atomic Nagasaki atomic

bombingbombing

August 9, 1945August 9, 1945

Aftermath of Nagasaki bombingAftermath of Nagasaki bombing

Arguments for useArguments for use

�� Japanese refused to surrender. It Japanese refused to surrender. It was estimated an invasion similar was estimated an invasion similar to Dto D--Day was needed to bring the Day was needed to bring the

war to an end. war to an end.

�� US officials estimated conquest of US officials estimated conquest of JapanJapan’’s empire would last an s empire would last an

additional 18 months to 2 years. additional 18 months to 2 years.

�� US officials estimated Allied US officials estimated Allied casualties at 1/2 to 1 1/2 million, in casualties at 1/2 to 1 1/2 million, in addition to huge Japanese losses if addition to huge Japanese losses if

there was an invasion of Japan. there was an invasion of Japan.

�� Japanese leadership was informed Japanese leadership was informed of the destructive power and nature of the destructive power and nature of the bomb and offered a period to of the bomb and offered a period to

surrender but declined.surrender but declined.

Arguments opposedArguments opposed

�� Bombs were untested and their Bombs were untested and their destruction unknowndestruction unknown

�� Neither city was a major Neither city was a major military target and the attacks military target and the attacks

would mainly kill Japanese would mainly kill Japanese civilians.civilians.

�� Radiation poisoning, birth Radiation poisoning, birth defects and contamination defects and contamination

would have negative effects on would have negative effects on the population.the population.

�� Would set a precedent about Would set a precedent about using weapons of mass using weapons of mass

destruction in wardestruction in war

Surrender ceremonies on the Surrender ceremonies on the USS MissouriUSS Missouri

Japanese SurrenderJapanese Surrender on the on the USS MissouriUSS Missouri Sept 2, 1945Sept 2, 1945

RESULTS OF THE SECOND RESULTS OF THE SECOND

WORLD WARWORLD WAR

�� 300,000 dead, over 800K wounded300,000 dead, over 800K wounded�� $320 billion cost$320 billion cost��National debt rose from $50 Billion in 1941 to $250 National debt rose from $50 Billion in 1941 to $250

billion by 1945billion by 1945��End of DepressionEnd of Depression�� Joined United NationsJoined United Nations��Only major power without significant physical Only major power without significant physical

damagedamage

WWII Memorial, Washington, DCWWII Memorial, Washington, DCWWII Memorial, Washington, DC

Dedicated on April 29, 2004Dedicated on April 29, 2004

GUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTION

��To what extent did the To what extent did the Second World War bring Second World War bring about lasting change in about lasting change in the American society, the American society, economy and government? economy and government?

WAR ONWAR ONWAR ONWAR ONWAR ONWAR ONWAR ONWAR ON THETHETHETHETHETHETHETHE

HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME

FRONTFRONTFRONTFRONTFRONTFRONTFRONTFRONT

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMYMOBILIZING THE ECONOMY

1.1. Industrial ProductionIndustrial Production

��War Production Board War Production Board ((later:later: Office of War Mobilization)Office of War Mobilization)

��By 1944, war production double that of all Axis powersBy 1944, war production double that of all Axis powers

�� ““costcost--plusplus”” basisbasis

��Results: Results:

�� end of Depression; end of Depression;

�� consolidation of consolidation of

U.S. industryU.S. industry

Effects of War Effects of War

SpendingSpending

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMYMOBILIZING THE ECONOMY

2.2. Rationing and Price Rationing and Price ControlsControls

�� Office of Price Office of Price Administration Administration

�� rationingrationing

�� AntiAnti--Inflation ActInflation Act

3.3. Controlling LaborControlling Labor

�� ””nono--strikestrike”” pledgespledges

�� SmithSmith--ConnallyConnally AntiAnti--Strike Act Strike Act (War Labor Disputes Act) (War Labor Disputes Act) (1943)(1943)

�� personal incomepersonal income

�� union membershipunion membership: major increase: major increase

Ration CardRation Card

Labor Union Membership, Labor Union Membership,

19201920--19601960

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMYMOBILIZING THE ECONOMY

4.4. Farmers Farmers –– farm income doubled, as in World War Ifarm income doubled, as in World War I

5.5. Financing the War: Financing the War: $321 billion total!$321 billion total! cost $100 billion for 1945 alonecost $100 billion for 1945 alone

�� Income Tax Income Tax (Revenue Act of 1942 (Revenue Act of 1942 ––94%!, everyone, withholding)94%!, everyone, withholding)

�� Liberty BondsLiberty Bonds

War Bond

Military Expenditures Military Expenditures Military Expenditures Military Expenditures Military Expenditures Military Expenditures Military Expenditures Military Expenditures and the National and the National and the National and the National and the National and the National and the National and the National Debt, 1929Debt, 1929Debt, 1929Debt, 1929Debt, 1929Debt, 1929Debt, 1929Debt, 1929--------19451945194519451945194519451945

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMYMOBILIZING THE ECONOMY

6.6. Propaganda Propaganda

��Office of War Information Office of War Information

��Result: largely avoided antiResult: largely avoided anti--German hysteria of WWIGerman hysteria of WWI

�� antianti--Japanese hysteria on West CoastJapanese hysteria on West Coast

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMYMOBILIZING THE ECONOMY

EFFECTS ON EFFECTS ON

SOCIETYSOCIETY

EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON THE ECONOMYIMPACT ON THE ECONOMY

��End of the DepressionEnd of the Depression

��High employmentHigh employment

�� Farm crisis endedFarm crisis ended

�� personal incomepersonal income

�� rationingrationing

�� savingssavings

��Union membershipUnion membership

��Corporate consolidationCorporate consolidation

EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON SOCIETY: Demographic ShiftsIMPACT ON SOCIETY: Demographic Shifts

�� UrbanizationUrbanization�� Migration to West, esp. CaliforniaMigration to West, esp. California

�� rapid industrialization of some western states rapid industrialization of some western states (California)(California)

�� Henry J. Kaiser Henry J. Kaiser –– KaiserKaiser SteelSteel

�� South South ––military posts and defense installationsmilitary posts and defense installations

Population Shifts 1940Population Shifts 1940--19501950

Wartime Army Camps, Naval Bases, and Wartime Army Camps, Naval Bases, and

AirfieldsAirfields

EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: WOMEN, WORK AND FAMILYWOMEN, WORK AND FAMILY

�� Armed ForcesArmed Forces -- 200K+ women; non200K+ women; non--combat roles: clerical jobs in combat roles: clerical jobs in WACS and WAVES. WACS and WAVES.

�� Work ForceWork Force -- 6.5 million women entered (57% increase)6.5 million women entered (57% increase)

�� concentrated in government clerical jobsconcentrated in government clerical jobs�� "Rosie the Riveter""Rosie the Riveter"

�� FamiliesFamilies –– ““88--hour orphanshour orphans””, juvenile delinquency, crime, juvenile delinquency, crime�� Surveys of time: real concern that families were negatively impaSurveys of time: real concern that families were negatively impacted by warcted by war

IMPACT ON SOCIETY: Minorities & RightsIMPACT ON SOCIETY: Minorities & Rights

�� Second Great Migration Second Great Migration �� Race riots Race riots -- Detroit and New York (1943)Detroit and New York (1943)�� Armed Forces: Million+ served; in segregated units Armed Forces: Million+ served; in segregated units �� Efforts to end discrimination: black unions, threatened marches Efforts to end discrimination: black unions, threatened marches (A. Philip (A. Philip

Randolph on Washington 1942)Randolph on Washington 1942) -- pressure on companies with pressure on companies with govgov’’tt contractscontracts�� FDRFDR’’s response:s response:

�� Executive order prohibiting discrimination in defense plants Executive order prohibiting discrimination in defense plants �� Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discriminatiFair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discriminationon

Results: Results: �� Significant Significant decrease in number decrease in number willing to accept status willing to accept status of second class of second class citizens. citizens. �� Repudiation of Nazi Repudiation of Nazi racism strengthened racism strengthened civil rights effortscivil rights efforts

Segregated Units

Segregated Segregated

UnitsUnits

EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON MINORITIES & CIVIL RIGHTSIMPACT ON MINORITIES & CIVIL RIGHTS

��BracerosBraceros

�� ZootZoot Suit Riots Suit Riots (Los Angeles 1943)(Los Angeles 1943)

��Native AmericansNative Americans

Washington, D.C. Soldier inspecting a couple of "zootsuits" at the Uline Arena during Woody Herman's Orchestra engagement there (Library of Congress)

EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON MINORITIES & CIVIL RIGHTSIMPACT ON MINORITIES & CIVIL RIGHTS

�� Japanese AmericansJapanese Americans

�� InternmentInternment

�� Executive Order 8066Executive Order 8066

�� KorematsuKorematsu v. U.S. v. U.S. (1944)(1944)

�� In re EndoIn re Endo (1944)(1944)

Japanese American Internment CampsJapanese American Internment Camps

JapaneseJapanese--

American American

InternmentInternment

JapaneseJapanese--American storeAmerican store Members of the Mochida family awaiting

evacuation bus

Crowd of onlookers on the first day of evacuation Crowd of onlookers on the first day of evacuation

from the Japanese quarter in San Franciscofrom the Japanese quarter in San Francisco

Awaiting baggage inspection upon Awaiting baggage inspection upon

arrival at Assembly Center, arrival at Assembly Center,

Turlock, CA, May 2, 1942Turlock, CA, May 2, 1942

JapaneseJapanese--

American American

InternmentInternment

Newly arrived evacuees outside of mess hall at Newly arrived evacuees outside of mess hall at

noon, noon, TanforanTanforan Assembly Center. San Bruno, CA, Assembly Center. San Bruno, CA,

April 29, 1942April 29, 1942.. (National Archives and Records Administration)

War Relocation authority center, War Relocation authority center, ManzanarManzanar, ,

California. July 3, 1942California. July 3, 1942

The Hirano family, The Hirano family,

Colorado River Colorado River

Relocation Center, Relocation Center,

Poston, AZPoston, AZ

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS: GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS: EXPANSION OF GOVERNMENT POWEREXPANSION OF GOVERNMENT POWER

�� New Deal programs New Deal programs -- partially eliminated (Ex: WPA, CCC).partially eliminated (Ex: WPA, CCC).�� Vast expansion of power for federal governmentVast expansion of power for federal government�� Election of 1944Election of 1944

�� FDR ran for unprecedented fourth termFDR ran for unprecedented fourth term�� Thomas E. Dewey Thomas E. Dewey (Rep Gov NY)(Rep Gov NY) –– biggest issue: biggest issue: govtgovt control over peoplescontrol over peoples’’ liveslives�� Harry S TrumanHarry S Truman

Presidential Election of 1944Presidential Election of 1944

Employees in the Executive Branch, Employees in the Executive Branch, 19011901––19951995

SOURCESSOURCES�� Brinkley, Brinkley, American History: A Survey American History: A Survey 10e10e�� America:America: Pathways to the PresentPathways to the Present (2003)(2003)�� National Archives and Records AdministrationNational Archives and Records Administration�� Thomson Wadsworth US History Image Bank Thomson Wadsworth US History Image Bank --

http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_Uhttp://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1931_1945.htmlS/1931_1945.html�� Teaching Politics, Teaching Politics, http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse1950.htmhttp://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse1950.htm�� American Journey OnlineAmerican Journey Online�� Divine, Divine, America Past and Present America Past and Present RevdRevd 77thth Ed.Ed.�� Nash, Nash, The American People The American People 6e; 6e; http://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970http://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970--

,00.html,00.html�� FaragherFaragher, , Out of ManyOut of Many 3e 3e http://http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_apwps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap//�� Jones, Jones, Created EqualCreated Equal

�� Kennedy, Kennedy, American PageantAmerican Pageant 13e13e�� Susan Susan PojerPojer, Horace Greeley H.S., Chappaqua, NY, Horace Greeley H.S., Chappaqua, NY�� HenrettaHenretta, , AmericaAmerica’’s Historys History 5e, 5e, http://http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentralwww.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral�� Roark, Roark, American PromiseAmerican Promise 3e, 3e, http://http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentralwww.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral�� http://http://www.printmini.com/printables/mil/index.shtmlwww.printmini.com/printables/mil/index.shtml (camouflage)(camouflage)