world war ii. three dictators adolf hitler - fuhrer
TRANSCRIPT
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World War II
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Three Dictators
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Adolf Hitler - Fuhrer
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Adolf Hitler• Born April 20, 1889 in Austria• Father dies – 1903, Mother dies –
1907• Dreams of a career in art, goes to
Vienna, fails• WWI – Hitler serves in Germany’s
army, injured, decorated Corporal• Hitler joins German Worker’s Party -
1919
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• Hitler is named leader of Nazi Party – 1921
• Beer Hall Putsch – arrested for attempting to overthrow the German govt. – 1923, put on trial for treason, goes to prison
• Writes “Mein Kampf”• Germany elects Nazis to power – 1930• Hitler runs for president – 1932• German republic collapses• Hitler named chancellor – Jan. 1933• Becomes dictator – March 1933
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Nazism
• Extreme nationalism (Germany was ripe for this), Hitler dreamed of unifying all German-speaking peoples in one country
• Racial purification – blond hair/blue eyes
• Expansion of territory
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Stalin
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Josef Stalin
• Took control of Russia after Lenin died in 1924
• Created a model communist state• Industrialized Russia (2nd largest in
world by 1937, 2nd only to U.S.)• Did not tolerate any threat to his
power, est. 8-13 million of his own people
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Totalitarianism
• Complete control over citizens• Citizens have no rights• Govt. suppresses all opposition
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Benito Mussolini
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Benito Mussolini• Est. totalitarian regime in Italy• 1921, est. Fascist Party • Marched on Rome (black shirts) and was
named head of Italy’s government• Invade Ethiopia
– Ethiopia appealed to L.O.N., but they failed to act
• Controlled every aspect of Italian life• Fascism – interests of state placed
above interests of individuals
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Japanese Militarists
• Military leaders gained control of govt.
• 1931 – attacked Manchuria (map), gained control
• Withdrew from the League of Nations
• Desire for more “living space”
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Francisco Franco
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Spanish Civil War
• Francisco Franco led group of army officers in civil war
• Backed by Mussolini and Hitler• Spread fascism throughout Spain• Rome-Berlin Axis – agreement
between Hitler, Mussolini and Franco, set up totalitarian govt. in Spain
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Failure of League of Nations
• Remember the League of Nations?• Why does it fail?
– Didn’t hold Japan resp. for invading China
– Japan withdrew from League– Hitler withdrew from League
• Began violating the Treaty of Versailles• League did nothing
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Cont. - Failure
• Mussolini began “empire building”– Ethiopia: Mussolini invaded– League did nothing besides
economically sanction Italy– Ethiopia fell to Mussolini and the
fascists
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Map
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America Responds??• Isolationism – wanted to avoid war,
felt like we had been dragged into WWI.
• Neutrality Acts: – Outlawed arms sales to nations at war– Outlawed arms sales to nations in civil
wars (I.E. Spain)– Roosevelt gets around this – cont’d
sending arms to China since Japan had not formally declared “war” on China
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Roosevelt’s Reaction• Roosevelt wanted to sanction “aggressor”
nations• Spoke out about U.S. isolationism and
sought to encourage other nations to isolate aggressor nations to contain the spread of war
• Only stopped speaking out against isolationism when American public began accusing him of dragging us into another war
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War In Europe
• Hitler reclaimed the Rhineland• Fall of Austria and Czechoslovakia
– Most Austrians were Germans who favored unification, gained control March 1938
– THE WORLD DID NOTHING!!!!!!
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Maps of Europe
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Cont’d
• Hitler wanted to annex Sudetenland• Hitler claimed that Czech was
abusing Germans – Stationed troops on border– France and Great Britain had promised
to protect Czech.– Hitler called for a meeting with
Chamberlain (G.B.) and Daladier (France)
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Munich Agreement
• Hitler stated his reasons for wanting to annex Sudetenland
• Claimed this would be his “last territorial demand”
• Daladier and Chamberlain agreed (they didn’t want another war)
• Sudetenland was turned over to Hitler
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Daladier and Chamberlain
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Appeasement
• Def: giving up principles to pacify an aggressor, giving in to a bully.
• Winston Churchill (G.B.)- spoke out against appeasement policy.
• Churchill was Chamberlain’s political rival
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Winston Churchill
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Germany and Russia
• Germany had it’s sights on Poland• Stalin signed a nonaggression pact with
Germany, they feared Germany expanding into Russia
• Committed to never attack one another• Insured that Germany never had to fight on
two fronts • Agreed secretly to divide Poland between
themselves. This gave Russia a buffer between themselves and Germany
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Germany Invades Poland
• September 1, 1939 – Germany attacks• Luftwaffe – German air force bombed
Poland• Blitzkrieg – “Lightning War”, use of
tanks and airplanes to totally annihilate their enemy
• Two days later, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany
• World War II has begun!!!!!!!
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Phony War
• Maginot Line – system of fortifications built along the French eastern border
• Sitzkrieg – “sitting war” or phony war• Chamberlain steps down and Churchill
becomes prime minister of England
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Hitler attacks Norway and Denmark
• April 1940 • Invaded under the guise that he
was “protecting” them.• Hitler wanted bases along the
coasts to strike at Great Britain.• Hitler continued attacking –
Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium
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Hitler has an eye on France
• Hitler’s invasion of Belgium threatened to render the Maginot Line useless
• Hitler entered France through the Ardennes (wooded region)
• 400,000 British and French troops were stranded at Dunkirk (map)– Rescued by fishing boats, barges, etc.
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Italy joins Germany: France falls• Mussolini allies with Hitler• Italy invaded France – June, 1940• France falls
– Vichy govt. set up (puppet govt.)headed by Marshal Philippe Petain
– Germany controlled northern part of France
– Charles de Gaulle: Fr. Gen. Escaped to England, set up a govt. in exile
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Charles de Gaulle
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Battle of Britain
• Summer, 1940• Luftwaffe bombing of Britain (57 nights)
– Goal: to destroy RAF– Hermann Goering – head of Luftwaffe– Used over 2000 planes – Initially targeted air fields, but moved on to
target civilian areas– Thousands killed, heavy damage to city– Heavy losses on both sides
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Luftwaffe and RAF
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British Response
• Used radar to detect incoming German planes
• Shot down over 185 planes• Cut off and predicted places the
Germans were going to attack