WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I

Unit VEUnit VE

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

Fundamental QuestionFundamental Question

To what extent was the American To what extent was the American public supportive of increased foreign public supportive of increased foreign involvement?involvement?

Great War in Europe (1914-1919)Great War in Europe (1914-1919)

Archduke and wife of Archduke and wife of Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary assassinated by assassinated by Serbian nationalist on Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914June 28, 1914

Alliances and Alliances and ultimatums dragged ultimatums dragged Europe into a Europe into a destructive conflictdestructive conflict

American Neutrality and OpinionAmerican Neutrality and Opinion

NeutralityNeutrality Wilson proclaims neutrality on August 4, 1914Wilson proclaims neutrality on August 4, 1914 Preserve economic prosperityPreserve economic prosperity American loans to AlliesAmerican loans to Allies

OpinionOpinion American Press favored Allies and criticized Central PowersAmerican Press favored Allies and criticized Central Powers Ethnic opinions based on national allegianceEthnic opinions based on national allegiance IsolationistsIsolationists

Populists, Progressives, William Jennings Bryan, Socialists, Midwest, Populists, Progressives, William Jennings Bryan, Socialists, Midwest, West, women, Jane AddamsWest, women, Jane Addams

The Path to WarThe Path to War German U-BoatsGerman U-Boats

LusitaniaLusitania sunk on May 7, 1915 sunk on May 7, 1915 killing 128 Americanskilling 128 Americans

Sussex PledgeSussex Pledge Sussex Sussex in March 1916in March 1916 Wilson threatened sanctions and Wilson threatened sanctions and

Germany promised to abide by Germany promised to abide by freedom of the seasfreedom of the seas

National Security LeagueNational Security League Encouraged preparedness and Encouraged preparedness and

heightened Americanizationheightened Americanization German unrestricted submarine German unrestricted submarine

warfarewarfare Russian Revolution (1917)Russian Revolution (1917) Zimmermann Telegram (1917)Zimmermann Telegram (1917)

German request for Mexico alliance German request for Mexico alliance in return for lost land by U.S.in return for lost land by U.S.

Wilson requested declaration of war Wilson requested declaration of war by Congress against Germanyby Congress against Germany April 6, 1917 by near unanimous April 6, 1917 by near unanimous

votevote

American Domestic War EffortAmerican Domestic War Effort War AgenciesWar Agencies

War Industries BoardWar Industries Board Mass production, standardization, price Mass production, standardization, price

and supply controlsand supply controls

National War Labor BoardNational War Labor Board Representatives from labor and Representatives from labor and

business arbitrated labor disputes to business arbitrated labor disputes to prevent disruptionsprevent disruptions

Food AdministrationFood Administration Committee on Public InformationCommittee on Public Information

War propaganda agencyWar propaganda agency

Liberty BondsLiberty Bonds Financial support for American war Financial support for American war

efforteffort Portrayed as an act of patriotic dutyPortrayed as an act of patriotic duty

American PropagandaAmerican Propaganda

American Domestic InsecurityAmerican Domestic Insecurity Espionage Act of 1917Espionage Act of 1917

Prohibition of:Prohibition of: Interfere in military operationsInterfere in military operations Interfere in military recruitmentInterfere in military recruitment Support of U.S. enemiesSupport of U.S. enemies Promote insubordinationPromote insubordination

Schenk v. United States Schenk v. United States (1919)(1919) ““Clear and present danger”Clear and present danger”

Sedition Act of 1918Sedition Act of 1918 In times of war:In times of war:

Prohibit disloyal, profane, Prohibit disloyal, profane, scurrilous, abusive language scurrilous, abusive language against U.S. government, against U.S. government, military, and flagmilitary, and flag

American Protective LeagueAmerican Protective League Private organization assisted Private organization assisted

government with surveillance government with surveillance and raids on suspected radicals and raids on suspected radicals and enemy sympathizersand enemy sympathizers

American War FrontAmerican War Front Selective Service Act of 1917Selective Service Act of 1917

Conscription of 21-31; 18-45 by 1918Conscription of 21-31; 18-45 by 1918 American Expeditionary Force (AEF)American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

Inspired to preserve democracy and defend Inspired to preserve democracy and defend American honorAmerican honor

General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing Convoy systemConvoy system War EventsWar Events

Spring Offensive (1918)Spring Offensive (1918) German offensive in Western theaterGerman offensive in Western theater Battle of the Marne (July-August)Battle of the Marne (July-August)

Hundred Days Offensive (1918)Hundred Days Offensive (1918) Allied counteroffensive; leads to end of the fightingAllied counteroffensive; leads to end of the fighting Battle of the Somme (August)Battle of the Somme (August) Battle of Argonne Forest (Sept-Nov)Battle of Argonne Forest (Sept-Nov)

Armistice (11/11/1918)Armistice (11/11/1918) German capitulationGerman capitulation

CasualtiesCasualties 117,000 Americans117,000 Americans 1 million British, 1 million British, 1.6 million French, 1.6 million French, 3.3. million Russian, 3.3. million Russian, 2.4 million German, 2.4 million German, 2.9 million Ottoman,2.9 million Ottoman, 1.5 million Austrian-Hungarian1.5 million Austrian-Hungarian

Spanish FluSpanish Flu

Influenza Pandemic Influenza Pandemic (1918-1920)(1918-1920)

Infected and DeathsInfected and Deaths 500 million infected500 million infected 20-50 million deaths20-50 million deaths

Impact and SpreadImpact and Spread Targeted healthy young Targeted healthy young

adultsadults World War I conditionsWorld War I conditions Mass transportationMass transportation

Minorities in World War IMinorities in World War I WomenWomen

Factory jobsFactory jobs Military opportunitiesMilitary opportunities

Rescinded after war except nursesRescinded after war except nurses

BlacksBlacks Great Migration to NorthGreat Migration to North

Factory jobsFactory jobs

400,000 served in AEF in 400,000 served in AEF in segregated unitssegregated units

MexicansMexicans Agricultural and mining Agricultural and mining

opportunities in Southwest and opportunities in Southwest and MidwestMidwest

GermansGermans Targeted as “Huns”Targeted as “Huns” Registration and internmentRegistration and internment

Wilson and PeaceWilson and Peace Fourteen PointsFourteen Points

““peace without victory”peace without victory” Self-determinationSelf-determination League of NationsLeague of Nations

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles German guilt, reparationsGerman guilt, reparations League of NationsLeague of Nations

Wilson and Senate Treaty RatificationWilson and Senate Treaty Ratification Senate OppositionSenate Opposition

IrreconcilablesIrreconcilables Strongly opposed the Treaty of VersaillesStrongly opposed the Treaty of Versailles

ReservationistsReservationists Henry Cabot LodgeHenry Cabot Lodge Amendments to Treaty to limit American Amendments to Treaty to limit American

involvementinvolvement Wilson’s Public CampaignWilson’s Public Campaign

Wilson debilitated by a stroke from exhaustionWilson debilitated by a stroke from exhaustion Senate rejects Treaty and League of NationsSenate rejects Treaty and League of Nations

Postwar AmericaPostwar AmericaEconomic ImpactEconomic Impact

DemobilizationDemobilization Difficult transition from war Difficult transition from war

economy to peace economyeconomy to peace economy Recession of 1918-1919Recession of 1918-1919

Depression of 1920-1921Depression of 1920-1921 OverproductionOverproduction Increased labor forceIncreased labor force Fed raised interest ratesFed raised interest rates Government decreased spendingGovernment decreased spending

Postwar AmericaPostwar AmericaLabor Unions and StrikesLabor Unions and Strikes

Union MembershipUnion Membership Expanded with government Expanded with government

support during WWIsupport during WWI AFL reached 4 million by AFL reached 4 million by

19201920

Strikes of 1919Strikes of 1919 Seattle General StrikeSeattle General Strike Boston Police StrikeBoston Police Strike Steel StrikeSteel Strike Coal StrikeCoal Strike

Anti-union sentiment Anti-union sentiment increasesincreases Association with radicalsAssociation with radicals

Postwar AmericaPostwar AmericaRace RiotsRace Riots

Red Summer of 1919Red Summer of 1919 Three dozen cities Three dozen cities

experienced race riotsexperienced race riots Economic competition Economic competition

and First Red Scareand First Red Scare

Chicago (July-August)Chicago (July-August) Blacks react to stoning of Blacks react to stoning of

young manyoung man

Omaha (September)Omaha (September) Brutal lynching of William Brutal lynching of William

BrownBrown

Postwar AmericaPostwar AmericaFirst Red ScareFirst Red Scare

CausesCauses War PropagandaWar Propaganda Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution Strikes and RiotsStrikes and Riots

TargetsTargets Anarchists, Bolsheviks, Socialists, Anarchists, Bolsheviks, Socialists,

Communists, WobbliesCommunists, Wobblies 1919 Bombings1919 Bombings Attorney General A. Mitchell PalmerAttorney General A. Mitchell Palmer

Palmer RaidsPalmer Raids DeportationsDeportations

Public OpinionPublic Opinion Initially, Americans and press Initially, Americans and press

vigorously supported raidsvigorously supported raids Later, the public denounced violations Later, the public denounced violations

of civil libertiesof civil liberties