world war i chapter 11 us history. section 1: road to war objectives i. what were the main causes of...
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World War IWorld War IChapter 11Chapter 11
US History US History
Section 1: Road to WarSection 1: Road to War
ObjectivesObjectives
I. What were the main causes of World War I. What were the main causes of World War I?I?
II. How did most of Europe become II. How did most of Europe become involved in the war?involved in the war?
III. Where was the early fighting in the war III. Where was the early fighting in the war and what were the results?and what were the results?
I. Main Causes of World War I. Main Causes of World War II
NationalismNationalism – the feeling that a – the feeling that a specific nation, language, or culture is specific nation, language, or culture is superior to all others.superior to all others.
ImperialismImperialism – nations compete to gain – nations compete to gain territories and build overseas empires.territories and build overseas empires.
MilitarismMilitarism – a policy of aggressive – a policy of aggressive military preparednessmilitary preparedness
II. Europe becomes involved in the II. Europe becomes involved in the WarWar
Russia’s Russia’s mobilizationmobilization led other countries led other countries to fulfill their own alliance obligationsto fulfill their own alliance obligations
In support of Austria-Hungary, Germany In support of Austria-Hungary, Germany declared wardeclared war on Russia on August 1, on Russia on August 1, 1914 and on France on August 3, 19141914 and on France on August 3, 1914
Germany invaded Belgium on August 3, Germany invaded Belgium on August 3, 1914 leading 1914 leading BritainBritain into the war against into the war against Germany and Austria-HungaryGermany and Austria-Hungary
Eventually Eventually 30 nations30 nations would fight in WWI would fight in WWI
III. Early Fighting & Result of the III. Early Fighting & Result of the WarWar
On the On the western frontwestern front, most fighting took , most fighting took place along a battle line that extended from place along a battle line that extended from Switzerland to the North SeaSwitzerland to the North Sea
The Russians attacked the The Russians attacked the Central PowersCentral Powers on the eastern front, which extended on the eastern front, which extended from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea
The result was that both the The result was that both the Central PowersCentral Powers and the and the Allied PowersAllied Powers realized that the realized that the war would not be a short one war would not be a short one
Ch. 11 Section 2: Ch. 11 Section 2: Wilson & Neutrality Wilson & Neutrality
ObjectivesObjectives
I. What was trench warfare like?I. What was trench warfare like?
II. How did new weapons affect the II. How did new weapons affect the fighting in WWI?fighting in WWI?
III. How did the US try to remain neutral in III. How did the US try to remain neutral in the war, and what events forced the the war, and what events forced the US to enter the war?US to enter the war?
I. Characteristics of Trench I. Characteristics of Trench WarfareWarfare
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare – the strategy of – the strategy of defending a position by fighting defending a position by fighting from the protection of deep ditches from the protection of deep ditches
Ranged from Ranged from simple holes to complex simple holes to complex networksnetworks that were six to eight feet that were six to eight feet deep with rooms for sleeping and eatingdeep with rooms for sleeping and eating
Cold, wet, and Cold, wet, and dirtydirty Health problems and Health problems and diseasesdiseases
II. New TechnologyII. New Technology
New technology made the war New technology made the war even more even more dangerousdangerous
Machine and other types of big guns Machine and other types of big guns launched deadly artillery shells and launched deadly artillery shells and poison poison gasgas
TanksTanks were used to support infantry were used to support infantry attacks and were difficult to destroyattacks and were difficult to destroy
AirplanesAirplanes were used to gather information, were used to gather information, shoot down enemy planes, and fire on shoot down enemy planes, and fire on trenchestrenches
III. Neutrality & WarIII. Neutrality & War
President Woodrow Wilson’s declaration President Woodrow Wilson’s declaration of neutrality reflected the of neutrality reflected the nation’s policy of nation’s policy of isolationismisolationism
Most Americans viewed the war as a Most Americans viewed the war as a EuropeanEuropean conflict conflict
US neutrality did not prevent Americans US neutrality did not prevent Americans from from tradingtrading with warring European with warring European nationsnations
The sinking of the The sinking of the LusitaniaLusitania infuriated infuriated the American public the American public
III. Neutrality & War (cont)III. Neutrality & War (cont) The German violation of the The German violation of the Sussex PledgeSussex Pledge
on February 1, 1917, led to America on February 1, 1917, led to America breaking diplomatic relations with Germanybreaking diplomatic relations with Germany
The Zimmerman Note led to an The Zimmerman Note led to an American American war declaration on Germany onwar declaration on Germany on April 6, April 6, 19171917
Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note – telegram sent to – telegram sent to Germany’s foreign minister to Mexico during Germany’s foreign minister to Mexico during WWI proposing an alliance WWI proposing an alliance between the two countries between the two countries
SECTION 3 OLD-SECTION 3 OLD-Section 3: America Prepares for Section 3: America Prepares for
WarWarObjectivesObjectives
I. How did the US government prepare I. How did the US government prepare the military for war?the military for war?
II. What contributions did women and II. What contributions did women and African Americans make to the war African Americans make to the war effort?effort?
III. How did the war affect industry and III. How did the war affect industry and labor?labor?
I. Government prepares for I. Government prepares for WarWar
May 18, 1917, Congress passed the May 18, 1917, Congress passed the Selective Service ActSelective Service Act – Required all – Required all men between the ages of 21-30 to men between the ages of 21-30 to register to be drafted into the armed register to be drafted into the armed forcesforces
Army built Army built training campstraining camps to train to train soldiers for the warsoldiers for the war
II. Contributions of Women & II. Contributions of Women & African AmericansAfrican Americans
Some Some 250,000250,000 female volunteers served female volunteers served as nurses, signalers, typists, as nurses, signalers, typists, interpreters, translating calls and interpreters, translating calls and sending battle orderssending battle orders
On the home front, On the home front, womenwomen filled filled important industrial jobs in factoriesimportant industrial jobs in factories
Pressure from the Pressure from the NAACPNAACP led the military led the military to create some combat units and one to create some combat units and one officer-training camp for African officer-training camp for African AmericansAmericans
Section 4: America “Over Section 4: America “Over There”There”
ObjectivesObjectivesI. What were the experiences of US I. What were the experiences of US
soldiers in World War I?soldiers in World War I?
II. How did the final battles of the war II. How did the final battles of the war progress?progress?
III. Why did Germany finally agree to an III. Why did Germany finally agree to an armistice?armistice?
I. US Soldiers in World War II. US Soldiers in World War I
US troops served as individual units and US troops served as individual units and were knows as the were knows as the American American Expeditionary ForceExpeditionary Force
Doughboys trained in specially dug Doughboys trained in specially dug trenches and practiced with real shells trenches and practiced with real shells and rifles and were and rifles and were trained for victorytrained for victory and not stalemateand not stalemate
DoughboysDoughboys – nickname for American – nickname for American soldiers in World War Isoldiers in World War I
II. The Final BattlesII. The Final Battles
In the In the spring of 1918spring of 1918, Germany launched , Germany launched a series of attacks to break the a series of attacks to break the stalemate on the western frontstalemate on the western front
March 21, 1918, the Germans launched an March 21, 1918, the Germans launched an attack on the Somme River that ended up attack on the Somme River that ended up costing the Germans costing the Germans 250,000 casualties250,000 casualties
The other battles, Germany advances were The other battles, Germany advances were halted at northwestern France, the Marne, halted at northwestern France, the Marne, and the town of and the town of Chateau-ThierryChateau-Thierry, the , the turning point of the war had finally cometurning point of the war had finally come
III. Reasons for an ArmisticeIII. Reasons for an Armistice German people and army were German people and army were wearyweary
of warof war
Civilians were without food or Civilians were without food or supplies and deaths from supplies and deaths from starvationstarvation were intense were intense
German soldiers German soldiers rebelledrebelled and the and the Germans did not have enough soldiers Germans did not have enough soldiers to continue fightingto continue fighting
Section 5: Establishing Section 5: Establishing PeacePeace
ObjectivesObjectives
I. What were the human & economic I. What were the human & economic costs of the war?costs of the war?
II. What were the terms of the Treaty II. What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?of Versailles?
III. How did Americans respond to the III. How did Americans respond to the Treaty of Versailles?Treaty of Versailles?
I. Human costs of the WarI. Human costs of the War
AlliesAllies lost more than 5 million lost more than 5 million soldiers and 116,000 soldiers and 116,000 American troops diedAmerican troops died
Central Powers lost about Central Powers lost about 3.4 million3.4 million soldierssoldiers
More than More than 20 million20 million soldiers on soldiers on both sides were wounded both sides were wounded
Thousands of civilians were Thousands of civilians were woundedwounded
Economic cost of the WarEconomic cost of the War
Economies of nations involved in Economies of nations involved in the war were the war were ruinedruined
War destroyed the War destroyed the landland itself itself Cost of the war estimated at more Cost of the war estimated at more
than than $145 billion$145 billion for the for the AlliesAllies and and $63 billion$63 billion for the for the Central PowersCentral Powers
More than More than $30 billion$30 billion in property in property destroyed and $1 billion in reliefdestroyed and $1 billion in relief
War War debtsdebts
II. Terms of the Treaty of II. Terms of the Treaty of VersaillesVersailles
The treaty included some of the The treaty included some of the Fourteen PointsFourteen Points such as such as self-determinationself-determination
Fourteen PointsFourteen Points – President Wilson’s plan for – President Wilson’s plan for organizing post-WWI Europe and for organizing post-WWI Europe and for avoiding future wars.avoiding future wars.
People of some nations won the right to People of some nations won the right to decide their own decide their own political situationpolitical situation
New nationsNew nations were formed and old ones were formed and old ones were restored such as Czechoslovakia and were restored such as Czechoslovakia and PolandPoland
III. Americas response to the III. Americas response to the TreatyTreaty
Congress Congress did not approve of the did not approve of the Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles
Congress Congress negotiatednegotiated peace treaties peace treaties with Austria, Germany, and Hungarywith Austria, Germany, and Hungary
The United States never joined the The United States never joined the League of NationsLeague of Nations
QUICK REVIEWQUICK REVIEW
President President WilsonWilson proposes the Fourteen proposes the Fourteen Points at Paris Peace Conference in Points at Paris Peace Conference in
19191919
Thirty-nine U.S. Thirty-nine U.S. SenatorsSenators sign petition sign petition against US entry into League of Nationsagainst US entry into League of Nations
The US The US refusesrefuses to ratify the to ratify the Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles