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World War IWorld War I

1914- 1918 1914- 1918

Total War

““No Man’s Land”No Man’s Land”

“ “ The War to End All Wars”The War to End All Wars”

““The World must be made safe for Democracy”The World must be made safe for Democracy”

“ “All quiet on the Western Front”All quiet on the Western Front”

“ “The Yanks Are Coming”The Yanks Are Coming”

““The Great War” “Rape of Belgium”The Great War” “Rape of Belgium” “ “Stalemate” Stalemate”

“ “Doughboys” “Peace, Land and Bread”Doughboys” “Peace, Land and Bread”

Causes of WW ICauses of WW I

1919thth and early 20 and early 20thth century nationalism, century nationalism, industrialism, imperialism and militarism industrialism, imperialism and militarism led European nations to develop unstable led European nations to develop unstable alliances in order to strengthen and alliances in order to strengthen and protect their worldly possessions.protect their worldly possessions.

Aggressive Nationalism Aggressive Nationalism

Triple EntenteTriple Entente

Alliance between: Alliance between:

BritainBritain

Russia

France

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance

GermanyGermany

Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

ItalyItaly

The Alliance System The Alliance System

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

Britain

France

Russia

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Italy

Alliances Alliances

BalkansBalkans

Tension in the BalkansTension in the Balkans

The Balkan Peninsula nations were gaining The Balkan Peninsula nations were gaining their independence from the declining Ottoman their independence from the declining Ottoman Empire. Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria were Empire. Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria were extremely nationalistic.extremely nationalistic.

The Balkan nation of Bosnia was under the The Balkan nation of Bosnia was under the control of Austria ( in 1909) and Austria had control of Austria ( in 1909) and Austria had imperialistic aims against Serbia.imperialistic aims against Serbia.

Russia had warned Austria it would protect Russia had warned Austria it would protect Balkan Slavic nations.Balkan Slavic nations.

Because of the alliance system, extreme Because of the alliance system, extreme nationalism and ethnic differences; the Balkans nationalism and ethnic differences; the Balkans were called the were called the “Powder Keg of Europe“Powder Keg of Europe””

It only required a “spark” to start a major It only required a “spark” to start a major world crisis.world crisis.

Pan-Slavism ( pro Slavic)

The Balkans, 1914

Pan-Slavism ( pro Slavic)

The Balkans, 1914

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The Spark that started WW IThe Spark that started WW I

On On June 28, 1914June 28, 1914 – –the Arch Duke to the the Arch Duke to the Austrian ThroneAustrian Throne, Franz, Franz FerdinanFerdinand and his wife d and his wife Sophie, were Sophie, were assassinated in assassinated in SarajevoSarajevo, , BosniaBosnia by by Gavrillo Princip, an Gavrillo Princip, an extreme Serb extreme Serb nationalists supported by nationalists supported by a group called the Black a group called the Black Hand.Hand.

Franz Ferdinand and his family

The assassination at SarajevoThe assassination at Sarajevo

June 28, 1914

C:\Documents and Settings\aailswor\C:\Documents and Settings\aailswor\Desktop\The Great War PBS.mhtDesktop\The Great War PBS.mht

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavrilloPrincipGavrilloPrincip

WW I Begins - 1914WW I Begins - 1914

Austria soon declared war on Serbia with a” Austria soon declared war on Serbia with a” blank check” ( total support) from Germany.blank check” ( total support) from Germany.

Diplomacy failed as nations under alliance Diplomacy failed as nations under alliance

agreements declared war.agreements declared war.

By By August of 1914,August of 1914, European nations were European nations were at war.at war. “ The Guns of August” “ The Guns of August”

Which Nations?Which Nations?

Central PowersCentral Powers

GermanyGermany

Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

Ottoman TurksOttoman Turks

Allied PowersAllied Powers

BritainBritain

FranceFrance

Italy ( in 1915)Italy ( in 1915)

Russia (to 1917Russia (to 1917

USA ( in 1917)USA ( in 1917)

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters

Questions 1-8

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

French Women Factory Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Russian Women Soldiers

Russian Women Soldiers

SpiesSpies

“Mata Hari”

Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

German Spy!

“Mata Hari”

Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

German Spy!

Major Battles during WW Major Battles during WW II

Tannenberg- 1914Tannenberg- 1914

Gallipoli- 1915Gallipoli- 1915

Verdun- 1916Verdun- 1916

Somme- 1916Somme- 1916

Ypres- 1917Ypres- 1917

Meuse-Argonne- 1917Meuse-Argonne- 1917

New WeaponsNew Weapons Tanks

Poison GasPoison Gas

Chemical warfare Chemical warfare made trench warfare made trench warfare more horriblemore horrible

Mustard/Blister Mustard/Blister agents deployedagents deployed

First used on French First used on French in 1915 in 1915

SubmarinesSubmarines

• German U -BoatGerman U -Boat

AviationAviation

German Ace:The Red Baron

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

The Flying Aces of World War I

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “Red Baron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

Machine GunMachine Gun

Zeppelin

No Man’s Land

Artillery

1914 1914

• August 4- August 4- Germany invades Germany invades France through France through neutral Belgium.neutral Belgium.

( called the ( called the Rape Rape of Belgium)of Belgium)

The Schlieffen Plan

1914 1914 • August 26-30 German August 26-30 German

victory over Russia on victory over Russia on the Eastern front at the the Eastern front at the Battle of Tannenberg.Battle of Tannenberg.

• German advance into German advance into France is stopped at France is stopped at the the Battle of the Marne.Battle of the Marne.

• Both sides dig in and Both sides dig in and Trench WarfareTrench Warfare begins. begins.

Trenches

19151915• January 19, 1915 First German Zeppelin air raid on January 19, 1915 First German Zeppelin air raid on

EnglandEngland

• February 4 Germany declares an February 4 Germany declares an unrestricted submarineunrestricted submarine blockade of Great Britain. Any boat approaching blockade of Great Britain. Any boat approaching England is considered a legitimate targetEngland is considered a legitimate target

• April 22-May 5 April 22-May 5 Battle of YpresBattle of Ypres marks first use of marks first use of chemical weaponschemical weapons

• April 25 Allies begin assault on April 25 Allies begin assault on GallipoliGallipoli peninsula in peninsula in TurkeyTurkey

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Allies withdraw

April, 1915 Allies begin assault of the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey. Result is a military disaster for the allies and they are forced to withdraw from Gallipoli.

19161916

• February 21 - December February 21 - December 18, 1916 The longest 18, 1916 The longest battle of the war, the battle of the war, the Battle of VerdunBattle of Verdun, is , is fought to a draw with an fought to a draw with an estimated one million estimated one million casualties casualties

• July 1-November 18 The July 1-November 18 The Battle of the SommeBattle of the Somme results in an estimated results in an estimated one million casualties one million casualties and no breakthrough for and no breakthrough for the Alliesthe Allies

1916 – War at Sea1916 – War at Sea

Battle of JutlandBattle of Jutland off off of the coast of of the coast of Norway between Norway between German and British German and British Navy.Navy.

Terrible losses for Terrible losses for both sides in men both sides in men and ships.and ships.

19171917

Czar Nicholas IICzar Nicholas II of of Russia abdicates the Russia abdicates the throne.throne.

A Provisional A Provisional Government is Government is established in established in Russia.Russia.

Czar Nicholas II and family

1917 Russian Revolution1917 Russian Revolution

• November ( October) Bolshevik November ( October) Bolshevik ( Reds) socialists, led by ( Reds) socialists, led by Vladimir I. Vladimir I. Lenin,Lenin, overthrow overthrow the Kerensky government. Lenin the Kerensky government. Lenin promises the Russian people promises the Russian people “Peace, Land, Bread”“Peace, Land, Bread”

• The new Russian government The new Russian government signs a humiliating treaty with signs a humiliating treaty with Germany- Germany- Treaty of Brest-Treaty of Brest-LivoskLivosk. Russia pulls out of WW . Russia pulls out of WW I.I.

Civil war rages in RussiaCivil war rages in Russia between the Reds and Whitesbetween the Reds and Whites

Vladimir Lenin

US Enters WW I – 1917US Enters WW I – 1917 Events that lead the US to War Events that lead the US to War

Sinking of the LusitaniaSinking of the Lusitania

Sinking of the SussexSinking of the Sussex

Zimmerman TelegramZimmerman Telegram

Germany sinks three US shipsGermany sinks three US ships

May 7,1915- German U-Boat sinks Lusitania

May 7,1915- German U-Boat sinks Lusitania

German U-Boat sinks British Passenger ship, killing over 1200, including 126 Americans

America Remains NeutralAmerica Remains Neutral

Presidential Election of 1916, Presidential Election of 1916, President Woodrow Wilson is President Woodrow Wilson is reelected on the slogan,reelected on the slogan, “He kept us “He kept us out of War”out of War”

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram

US intercepted a telegram from German Minister Zimmerman to Mexico , in which Germany pledged support for an invasion of the United States.

The SussexThe Sussex German U-German U-Boat sinks Boat sinks

French passenger ship, French passenger ship, the Sussexthe Sussex, killing , killing Americans.Americans.

President Wilson President Wilson threatens to break threatens to break diplomatic relations diplomatic relations with Germany.with Germany.

Germany promises not Germany promises not to fire on passenger to fire on passenger ships in the ships in the Sussex Sussex Pledge.Pledge.

US joins AlliesUS joins Allies

Germany sinks Germany sinks three US Shipsthree US Ships

April 6, 1917- April 6, 1917- The US The US declares war declares war on Germany.on Germany.

President Woodrow Wilson asks for a declaration of War

US Mobilizes and enters WW IUS Mobilizes and enters WW I Selective Service Selective Service

Act,Act, a national draft, a national draft, was passed in May, was passed in May, 1917.1917.

US Troops ( called US Troops ( called Doughboys) enter Doughboys) enter France and fight in France and fight in major offensives.major offensives.

John J. “Blackjack” John J. “Blackjack” PershingPershing is US is US CommanderCommander

US opinions are divided US opinions are divided

To unify public opinion, the government To unify public opinion, the government created the created the CPI, Committee on PublicCPI, Committee on Public Information.Information. It distributed printed material to It distributed printed material to unify public opinion to support the war effort.unify public opinion to support the war effort.

The The Espionage Act and the Sabotage Espionage Act and the Sabotage ActAct gave the government new tools to stop gave the government new tools to stop spying and sabotage.spying and sabotage.

More Changes on the More Changes on the HomefrontHomefront

US government sold” US government sold” Liberty Bonds”Liberty Bonds” and and increased taxes to support the war effort.increased taxes to support the war effort.

Women went to work in factories producing weapons Women went to work in factories producing weapons and war materials.and war materials.

New government agencies were created to help New government agencies were created to help organize and support the war effort:organize and support the war effort:

WIB- WIB- War Industries Board-War Industries Board- fixed prices and fixed prices and regulated production.regulated production.

CND- Council of National DefenseCND- Council of National Defense CAC- Civilian Advisory Commission CAC- Civilian Advisory Commission

US Troops Battle in EuropeUS Troops Battle in Europe

US troops fight in major Allied US troops fight in major Allied offensives including: offensives including:

Chateau-ThierryChateau-Thierry Belleau-Wood Belleau-Wood Meuse Argonne ForestMeuse Argonne Forest

Sergeant York- US Hero

WW I EndsWW I Ends

11/11/1918-11/11/1918- On the eleventh hour of On the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh the eleventh day of the eleventh month of 1918- an month of 1918- an ArmisticeArmistice ( end ( end of fighting) was signed. of fighting) was signed.

The fighting ends! Basically a The fighting ends! Basically a German surrender.German surrender.

Wilson’s Fourteen PointsWilson’s Fourteen Points

Wilson proposes a Wilson proposes a peace plan, a “just peace plan, a “just and stable peace” and stable peace” plan in 1918 known plan in 1918 known as the as the Fourteen Fourteen Points.Points.

The plan was in The plan was in three major parts.three major parts.

President Wilson“The World Must be Made Safe For Democracy”

Questions 9-18

Fourteen Points- Part IFourteen Points- Part I

Wilson’s Plan :Wilson’s Plan : Self – determination for nations Self – determination for nations . Freedom of the Seas. Freedom of the Seas Armament ReductionsArmament Reductions Free TradeFree Trade Impartial negotiationsImpartial negotiations League of NationsLeague of Nations

Fourteen Points Part IIFourteen Points Part II

II. Recommended boundaries in II. Recommended boundaries in conquered Austria and Ottoman Empireconquered Austria and Ottoman Empire

Fourteen Points Part IIIFourteen Points Part III III. III. League of Nations-League of Nations- an association an association

or covenant of nations were to be or covenant of nations were to be established for future world peace.established for future world peace.

The Fourteen PointsThe Fourteen Points Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but

diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed

in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the

nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in

determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. claims of the government whose title is to be determined.

The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy.

Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired.

All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. more be made secure in the interest of all.

A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognisable lines of nationality. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognisable lines of nationality. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the

freest opportunity to autonomous development. freest opportunity to autonomous development. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the

sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. several Balkan states should be entered into.

The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. international guarantees.

An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. should be guaranteed by international covenant.

A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.

A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.

Point 14 – The League of Nations

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

Paris Peace Treaty that Paris Peace Treaty that officially ended WW I- officially ended WW I- held at the Versailles held at the Versailles Palace in France is Palace in France is known as the known as the Treaty Treaty of Versailles.of Versailles.

The Big FourThe Big Four

Lord George- BritainOrlando- ItalyClemenceau- FranceWilson-USA

The French and The French and English insisted on English insisted on punishing Germany.punishing Germany.

Only Wilson’s last Only Wilson’s last point, the 14point, the 14thth Point – Point – The League of The League of Nations was finally Nations was finally accepted.accepted.

Terms of Treaty of Terms of Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

Germany forcedGermany forced to: to: Accept War Guilt ClauseAccept War Guilt Clause Reduce its army to 100,000Reduce its army to 100,000 Give up its navyGive up its navy Give up territorial possessions to be Give up territorial possessions to be

governed as mandates by other nationsgoverned as mandates by other nations Pay reparation paymentsPay reparation payments Have its industrial area occupiedHave its industrial area occupied

More Terms:More Terms:

Austria- Hungary lands were dividedAustria- Hungary lands were divided New nations were createdNew nations were created Britain and France divide up Middle East and Britain and France divide up Middle East and

Far East territories to be governed as Far East territories to be governed as mandates.mandates.

European nations accepted the covenant of a European nations accepted the covenant of a League of NationsLeague of Nations ( the one idea of Wilson ( the one idea of Wilson accepted )accepted )

US Rejects TreatyUS Rejects Treaty

Woodrow Wilson returns to the US with the Woodrow Wilson returns to the US with the Versailles Treaty including the League of Nations.Versailles Treaty including the League of Nations.

The US Senate, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, refuse The US Senate, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, refuse to ratify the treaty and reject the league of nations. to ratify the treaty and reject the league of nations.

Many did not want the US to become involved in Many did not want the US to become involved in another European conflict.another European conflict.

The US begins a policy of The US begins a policy of isolationism.isolationism.

US Retreat from IdealismUS Retreat from Idealism

After the war, the world stated it will follow if After the war, the world stated it will follow if America leads. Yet, the US rejected world America leads. Yet, the US rejected world leadership and American society moved from leadership and American society moved from a sense of idealism to disillusionment to a sense of idealism to disillusionment to isolationism.isolationism.

In the Presidential election of 1920, Warren G. In the Presidential election of 1920, Warren G. Harding won a landslide victory on a campaign Harding won a landslide victory on a campaign of “of “Normalcy”.Normalcy”.

Toll of the WarToll of the War

18 million deaths18 million deaths

37 million wounded37 million wounded

20 billion spent on 20 billion spent on warwar

Questions 19-25.