WORLD WAR I

Chapter 11

Countries - 1914

Great Britain King George V Constitutional

Monarchy Largest empire Protector of

weaker/defenseless European nations (Belgium)

Countries - 1914

Germany Kaiser Wilhelm (William) II Nearly absolute Monarchy Strongest military in

Europe Recently unified as an

empire (Second Reich) Austro-Prussian War – 1866 Franco-Prussian War – 1870-71

Took Alsace and Lorraine from France

Countries - 1914

France Parliamentary

democracy lost to Prussia

(Germany) in Franco-Prussian War Gave up Alsace and

Lorraine to Germany Felt continuously

threatened on border with Germany

Countries - 1914

Russia Czar Nicolas II Absolute monarchy lost Russo-Japanese

War Large population, but

weak army struggling economically Recently instituted

legislative body for the people, but ineffective

Protector of the Serbs

Countries - 1914

Austria-Hungary Dual Monarchy (1867) made up of many

different ethnic groups Austrians Hungarians Serbs Slavs Romanians

Serbia recently granted independence

Long Term Causes

Nationalism Imperialism

Militarism

Alliances

Causes of WWI

Nationalism

• increased in late 1800s

• Led to formation of new countries, struggles for power

Serbian leaders wanted to expand borders, unite people in “greater Serbia”

Austria-Hungary opposed expansion Feared growth might encourage ethnic groups

there to rebel

• Most visible in Balkan Peninsula, southeastern Europe

Long Term Causes

Nationalism Imperialism

Militarism

Alliances

Causes of WWI

• quest to build empires and gain resources

• Created rivalry among European nations

• Germany, France, Great Britain vied to become great imperial nations and didn’t want the others to gain power.

Imperialism

Long Term Causes

Nationalism Imperialism

Militarism

Alliances

Causes of WWI

• Massive military buildup in European countries

• Wanted to protect overseas colonies from other nations

• Growing power of armed forces left all sides ready to act at first sign of trouble

• Minor disagreements had potential to turn to armed conflict

Militarism

Long Term CausesNationalism

Militarism

Causes of WWI

Alliances

• Nations formed partnerships to protect against opposing forces

• Triple Alliance united Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

• Great Britain joined France, Russia in Triple Entente

Princip assassinates Archduke Ferdinand

and wife

Austria-Hungary send demands to

Serbia and declared war.

Russia mobilizes troops in support

of Serbia

Germany views as a threat and declares

war on Russia

Germany declares war on Russia’s

ally France

Germany carries out Schlieffen Plan.

Attacks France through neutral Belgium.

Great Britain declares war on

Germany.

War Breaks Out

Great Britain

France

GermanyRussia

Austria-Hungary

Serbia

Italy

Ottoman

Empire

Belgium

Trench Warfare

Schlieffen Plan lead to the formation of the Western Front

Both armies dug trenches for protection, spanning from the English Channel to the Swiss Alps

Little movement for nearly 3 years No man’s land – barren and desolate

wasteland between the trenches

Life in the Trenches

Germans were the first to build trenches & had best land above sea level

Rat infested Lice infested Constant bombardment Often flooded Dysentery and other disease spread quickly

Life in the Trenches

Waterlogged trenches led to Trench foot Caused by cold, wet,

unsanitary conditions. Only way to prevent-

change socks often & keep feet dry.

Also told to coat feet in whale oil

Fun Fact: The British Army treated 20,000 soldiers for trench foot during the winter of 1914-15.

Mechanized Warfare

First used for scouting Dogfights (individual air combats) Used pistols Later incorporated machine guns

and bombs

Invented and first used by the British

Made of steel so bullets bounced off

Useful in charging through barbed wire clearing a path for infantry

Airplane Tanks

war relied on machines powered by gasoline and diesel engines

America Questions Neutrality

Many American’s didn’t see the need to get involved

America was divided Groups varied on opinion

Naturalized citizens (immigrants) Pacifists Socialists Parents Economists

British Blockade

British used in naval force to blockade the German coast Weapons and military supplies Later food

Resulted in famine in Germany Americans didn’t approve of the blockade

because it threatened freedom of the seas More angry over German response to the

blockade

German U-Boat Response

Germany practiced unrestricted submarine warfare Any British or Allied ship around Britain would be sunk

Lusitania – British ocean liner sunk because it supposedly carried ammunition 1198 casualties 128 Americans killed

Many more attacks Many Americans outraged Deal stuck: Germany abandon the tactic of

unrestricted submarine warfare, but would go back if U.S. didn’t persuade G.B. to list the blockade of food and fertilizers

Overt Acts of War

Resuming of unrestricted submarine warfare 4 unarmed merchant ships sunk

Zimmerman Note - German foreign minister to German ambassador in Mexico that proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico Mexico go to war with U.S. Germany would support them in acquisition of

TX, NM, & AZ Russian monarchy replaced with a rep. gov.

(now a true war of democracies)

U.S. Declares War

April 1917, Congress voted to declare war Make the world “safe for democracy” 50 members voted “no”

Section 2

American Power Tips the Balance

Bell Ringer – 2/12

Army Budget – 377,941 > 4,869,955 Navy Budget – 239,633 > 1,278,840

What would you allocate the funds towards? Be specific

Building an Army and Navy Selective Service Act –

met the gov. need for a larger army Men required to register

African Americans served in segregated regiments

Women not allowed to fight, but served in Nurse Corps

Conscientious objectors refused to enlist Rapidly expanded fleet to get men overseas

American Turns the Tide

Introduced the convoy system, cutting down shipping losses by half

Helped lay barrier mines to bottle U-Boats Brought freshness and enthusiasm to tired

troops at the front

War Economy

Congress grants more power to Wilson over much of the economy War Industries Board Railroad and Fuel

Administrations National War Labor

Board Food Administration Liberty Loans

Attacks on Civil Liberties

Explain the changes for each group due to WWI

Immigrants

Women

African Americans

Changes

German Offensive

Germany wanted one more chance to beat the Allies before the U.S. came over. Russia withdrawals March 1918 – last major assault on the

western front

2 downsides High cost U.S. aid arrived

German Collapse

Second Battle of Marne Allies stopped German advances Allies used tanks and aircrafts for help Went on the offensive Broke through the Hindenburg lines

Armistice (truce or cease fire)

“the 11th hour, of the 11th day, of the 11th month”

Section 4

Wilson Fights for Peace

The Big Four

Georges Clemenceau – prevent future attacks from Germany

David Lloyd George – “make Germany pay”

Vittorio Orlando – Wanted control of Austrian-Hungary territory

Woodrow Wilson – Lasting peace

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

1. No secret treaties2. Freedom of the seas3. Tariffs should be lowered or abolished to foster

free trade4. Arms should be reduced to “the lowest point

consistent with domestic safety”5. Colonial policies should consider those of the

colonized people6-13. boundary changes

self-determination Established along nationalistic lines

14. Establish the League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles

Germany Provisions Not allowed a

standard army Return Alsace and

Lorraine to France Pay $33 Billion in war

reparations Stripped of Pacific

colonies Demilitarized zone War Guilt Clause

Other Provisions 9 new nations Ottoman Empire

divided into mandates

Austria-Hungary dissolved into new nations

Russia lost more land than Germany

League of Nations created

Opposition to the Treaty

Senate opposed the League of Nation because it went against U.S. isolationism policy

Henry Cabot Lodge – opposed due to joint economic and military action Wanted to keep declaration of war powers

with Congress Wilson ignored Congress’s attempts to

amend the treaty and compromise on the League of Nations

Costs of WWI

Economic Costs - $338 Billion Human Costs –

22 million casualties 20 million wounded 10 million refugees

Political costs New countries New governments Strained relationships

Domestic Consequence of WWI America emerged as the world’s greatest

industrial power Contributed to the Great Migration Intensified anti-immigrant and anti-

radical sentiments One million women entered the

workforce