world war i. causes of wwi – m.a.i.n. militarism: a glorification of the military this can be seen...
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World War I
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Causes of WWI – M.A.I.N.
Militarism: A glorification of the military This can be seen
with a build up of militaries
Nations began building huge navies and stockpiling weapons
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Causes of WWI – M.A.I.N.
Alliance System: The formation of alliances pitted several nations against each other
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
Triple Entente: France, Russia, and GB
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Causes of WWI – M.A.I.N.
Imperialism: Competition and protection of colonies raises tensions among nations
Also, how might the theory of Social Darwinism cause war?
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Causes of WWI – M.A.I.N.
Nationalism: Extreme pride in one’s nation/country (jingoism) France wanted revenge
for Germany taking Alsace-Lorraine territory
Serbian nationalism fueled a hate for A-H
Nationalism fueled a desire by every nation for victory
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The Spark That Started WWI
A-H had control over many different ethnic groups
Serbs, under A-H control, wanted to break free
Serbia wanted an all-Serb nation of its own (nationalism)
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The Spark That Started WWI
Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to the A-H throne) visited Sarajevo, Bosnia
This is an area full of Serbs
A terrorist group known as the Black Hand planned to assassinate him here.
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The Spark That Started WWI
Gavril Princip, a Serbian nationalist, assassinated the Archduke
This outraged the A-H, and they threatened war against Serbia
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Alliance System Kicks In
Germany, an ally of A-H, gave them a “blank check” This meant that if A-H declared war on Serbia,
Germany would fully support A-H A-H soon declared war on Serbia
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Germany, EuropeJuly, 28, 1914
Austria-Hungary
You can have whatever you like…
War against Serbia Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany
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Alliance System Kicks In
Russia, an ally of Serbia, responds by mobilizing on the border of Germany
This angers Germany, and they declare war on Russia
France, the ally of Russia, declares war on Germany as well
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The Schlieffen Plan
Germany would plan to attack through Belgium and into France
After France’s defeat, the Germans would then shift to the east and defeat the Russians
This is known as the Schlieffen Plan
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The Schlieffen Plan
The problem was that Belgium was neutral, and protected by GB
As soon as Germany enters Belgium, GB declares war on Germany
The plan was foiled, and the war would stall in France on the western front
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New Technology Changes Warfare
The war was now a stalemate: This meant that neither side was making progress
So, both sides dug trenches to fight in
Most of fighting occurred in France on the Western Front
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Trench warfare was ugly as soldiers battled wet, cold, and dangerous conditions
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One common problem was trench foot
Dude, you might want to get your feet out of there…just
sayin’
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New Technology Changes Warfare
One reason for digging the trenches and the danger of “no mans land” was the invention of the machine gun
Its rapid fire could easily kill soldiers in the open
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New Technology Changes Warfare
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New Technology Changes Warfare
Tanks were first introduced in WWI
But, they were mostly ineffective
Their purpose was to break through defenses, such as barbed wire
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New Technology Changes Warfare
Airplanes were first used in WWI, but were again, not very effective
They were used for reconnaissance, bombing, and some air to air combat
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New Technology Changes Warfare
Poison gases were introduced
Mustard, chlorine, etc. would kill, burn, blind
Gas masks were used
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New Technology Changes Warfare
Most of these technologies usher in “mechanized warfare”
This change in fighting results in millions more deaths during WWI
It is the reason why the war was stalemated for so long
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Wilson Urges Neutrality
Wilson desired neutrality Americans, however,
were split in their opinions Some wanted isolation German-Americans
supported Germany British-Americans
support GB, etc
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US Moves Towards War
GB began stopping all goods going to Germany
International law permitted non-contraband goods, but GB ignored thisNon-contraband=food, clothingContraband= war supplies
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US Moves Towards War
Germany responded by using U-boats (submarines) to sink any ships going to GB
One ship was the Lusitania, which carried US passengers
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US Moves Towards War
The sinking of the Lusitania outraged Americans, 128 were killed
The ship did have contraband goods on it though
This warfare by German U-boats was called unrestricted submarine warfare
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US Moves Towards War
Wilson still would not go to war, but began preparations
The National Defense Act began increasing the size of the military
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US Moves Towards War
The Germans, suffering from a blockade, were desperate
They wanted to resume unrestricted warfare, but were worried about brining the US into war
They wrote Mexico a letter, promising to help them regain territory if they distracted the US
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US Moves Towards War
This was known as the Zimmermann Telegram
Once this was discovered by the US, their was no keeping us out of war
April 2, 1917, the US declared war on Germany
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The Home Front During WWI
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Mobilization
Organization of a nation's armed forces for active military service in time of war or other national emergency. It includes recruiting and training, building military bases and training camps, and procuring and distributing weapons, ammunition, uniforms, equipment, and supplies.
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In groups of 2, help Wilson mobilize for war by addressing each of the following problems:
1. The army has only 200,000 soldiers2. For 3 years, Wilson has stated that the USA will
stay neutral in WWI. Now the USA has declared war. How do we keep morale high in support of this conflict?
3. How do we feed soldiers & civilians?4. How do we get enough fuel for the military,
factories, & civilians?5. How do we make enough weapons?
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American Builds An Army
Wilson asked soldiers to volunteer
This wasn’t enough soldiers, so he passes the Selective Service Act
This created a draft, supplying 2.8 million soldiers Another 2 million
volunteered
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The War Economy
The economy at home needed to be able to support this large war
Factories were needed to produce bullets instead of lipstick
Food, resources, railroads were all regulated by the government
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The War Economy
War Industries Board regulated industryLed by Bernard Baruch
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A War Economy
The conservation of food was called the “gospel of the clean plate”
It called for “wheatless Wednesdays” or “Meatless Mondays” The food saved would be shipped to soldiers who needed it
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Influencing How Americans Think
Committee on Public Information (CPI), used the media to convince Americans that the war was a good idea
This is known as propaganda
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Some Disagree With the War
Some thought it was unconstitutional to force people to fight
Some claimed conscientious objector status These people say it
is against their moral or religious beliefs to fight
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Government Silences Opposition
Some women, the media, and others spoke out against the war
In response to this, the Espionage Act was passed Banned seditious
literature Penalized people who
were disloyal and treasonous in their activities
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Government Silences Opposition
The Sedition Act was also passed “unlawful to use
disloyal, profane…or abusive language” about the government
Schenk v United States decided that the 1st amendment could be suppressed when order is necessary
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German-Americans Experience Discrimination
Germans were vilified in movies and posters
Hamburgers renamed “liberty steaks”
Dachshunds renamed “liberty pups”
Germany forbidden to be spoken
Some were beat upI am an evil German spy! I will bite
your knees off!
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War Changes Society
Women Women move into
workforce to take jobs left by men
Farms, Red Cross, Army Corps of Nurses were other popular jobs for women
Their sacrifice convince govt leaders to give women the right to vote
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War Changes Society
African Americans: 367,000 served in
segregated units in hopes of proving their worth
Great Migration was a massive movement from the South to the North to take industrial jobs (1.2 million)
Detroit, Chicago, NY
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War Changes Society
As AA’s left the south, Mexicans moved across the border to take their place
Most take jobs working on farms in the South
Those who moved to California grouped together in barrios
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Task Rotation: SKITS
President Wilson is trying to keep the US out of the War because of the many immigrants we have living here.
The setting will be June of 1915. The Lusitania has just been sunk and 128 Americans have died as a result.
Three friends—one is German-American, one is Russian-American, and one is a native-born American citizen—are having lunch.
The friends discuss how America should respond to WWI, since Americans have now dies as a result.
In groups of 3 write a skit that must include a minimum of 15 dialogue exchanges.
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Wilson, War, and Peace
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Americans End the Stalemate
German use of unrestricted warfare wreaked havoc on the Allies
To combat this, the Allies used the convoy system (p. 507) This system protected
merchant ships from the U-boats
It dramatically reduced Germany’s ability to stop the Allies from receiving supplies
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Americans End the Stalemate 1917- series of events
start to bring war to end Feb. 1917- Russian people
revolt against “Czar,” “Czar,” ruler Tired of war, death, and
starvation 7 Nov. 1917- new
Russian gov’t est.That gov’t signs
peace treaty w/ Germany to get out of the war!
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Americans End the Stalemate
This treaty allowed the Germans to focus all of their troops on the Western front
Americans, however, finally arrived and boosted morale
The tide was about to turn
“Doughboys” was the nickname for US soldiers
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The Turning Point
June 1918- US “doughboys” “doughboys” arriving @ 250,000 per month! Americans, led by General Pershing, raised morale and turned back the
Germans American manpower and bravery proved decisive By August, USA was pushing the Germans further and further
east German people had had enough! Refused to fight any longer
9 Nov. 1918- German “Kaiser,” “Kaiser,” ruler gave up throne Germany becomes a republic
11 Nov. 1918- Germans sign “armistace” “armistace” cease fire agreement
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The War Ends
November 11, 1918 – the 2 sides signed an armistice (cease fire)
5 million Allied troops dead
8 million Central Powers troops dead
6.5 million civilians dead
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Wilson’s Plans for Peace
Wilson wanted “peace without victory”- meaning he didn’t want any land or money for the victory
He wanted to ensure a lifetime of world peace and freedom for all nations
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Wilson’s Plans for Peace
Wilson’s 14 points:End to secret
treatiesFreedom of seas,
tradeEnd of colonialismArms reductionSelf determinationLeague of Nations
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Self-determination: The right of a collective group of people to
choose their own form of government
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Wilson’s Plans for Peace
League of Nations: This would be a world organization where nations would resolves disputes peacefully
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Paris Peace Conference
Allied leaders met to discuss a peace treaty GB = David Lloyd
George France = Georges
Clemenceau Italy = Vittorio
Orlando USA = Woodrow
Wilson
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Paris Peace Conference
The other three members were not interested in “peace without victory”
They wanted revenge and reparationsReparations: Payment for war damages
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Paris Peace Conference
These 3 men rejected Wilson’s 14 points
The Treaty of Versailles Colonies kept Reparations extremely
high War guilt clause
established to justify high reparations
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Paris Peace Conference
The League of Nations was kept by the Big 4 US does not join in
fear of being dragged into international conflict
This was never able to prevent more conflict
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Paris Peace Conference
Problems with the treaty Self-determination not
followed (hard to draw accurate boundaries)
Burden of reparations too much for Germany to bear
Germans resentful of the treaty
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Changes in Russia
While debate of treaty was going on in Paris… Russians in middle of civil war
Many groups battled for control 1920- Vladimir Lenin and Bolsheviks had won
Change name of country to Union of Soviet Socialist Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicRepublic, or USSR, or Soviet Union
Set up new gov’t based on ideas of Karl Marx, a German economist
Set up communismcommunism, economic system were peoples’ gov’t owns everything and profits divided equally
Homes, farms, land, crops, animals, etc
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Effects of the War on North Carolina
Changes from WWI would leave the USA forever changed Including NC
86,000+ NC soldiers fought in WWI 3 training camps were created in NC for US soldiers to train b4
deployment Camp Greene in Charlotte Camp Polk in Raleigh Camp Bragg near Fayetteville
When the war ended, soldiers returned Told tales of places and people they had seen Gave many a new outlook on the world Became critical of conditions at home
Lead to support drives for improvements w/in the state
Many became more tolerant of others ideas and cultures b/c of what they saw during the war overseas
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Effects of the War
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Returning Home From War
A flu virus struck the US from 1918-1919Killed millions around the world
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Returning Home From War
Women and African Americans suddenly found themselves without jobs
Returning soldiers once again flooded the workforce
Race riots became a problem over growing frustrations
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Returning Home From War
After war, people spent money like crazy
The demand for consumer goods led to inflation, rising prices
The demand for food, however, dropped dramatically…why?
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The Red Scare
The Communists in the Soviet Union were brutal and promoted world wide revolution
This scared many Americans into believing a communist revolution was at hand in the US
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The Red Scare
This fear of communism is known as a Red Scare
The Palmer Raids allowed the FBI to arrest suspected communists without any warrant or evidence
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The Red Scare
Two Italian immigranst, Sacco and Vanzetti, were arrested and convicted of murder
Very little evidence to convict them, but because of their anarchist and foreign background, they are found guilty
Research in fact did prove their guilt later on
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Seeking A Return To Normalcy
By 1920, the US had become the richest and most industrialized nation in the world
The US became a creditor nation This meant that other
nations needed to borrow from us…advantage?
Economic center of world in NY now
Warren G. Harding was elected President in 1920