World War I

World War IWorld War IIntroductionWWI (1914/17-18)Battle FrontOrigins-WilsonThe United States and WarHome FrontBig GovernmentEconomySocietyConclusionBackground on WWIMany long-term causes of war:Rise of Germany and ItalyImperialismArms RaceAlliance SystemNationalismU.S. PresidentWoodrow Wilson (1913-1921)Goal: United States neutrality

The U.S. Declares WarFurther sinking of U.S. merchant ships and Russias withdrawal from the war hardened Americas resolve to enter the warApril 2, 1917 President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war against the Central Powers.

For the rights of nations great and small and the privilege of men everywhere to choose their way of life and of obedience. The world must be made safe for democracy.-President Woodrow Wilson

World War IIntroductionWWI (1914/17-18)Battle FrontOrigins-WilsonThe United States and WarHome FrontBig GovernmentEconomySocietyConclusionWWI Alliances and Major PowersAllied (Entente) PowersGreat BritainFranceRussiaUnited States

Central PowersGermanyAustria-HungaryTurkeyWhere did Russia Go?Communist overthrew the Russian government

U.S. Contribution to War EffortGeneral John Pershing led U.S. soldiers (about 2 million) in EuropeAmerican troops saw combat in France as they helped to stem German attacksSupplies and U.S. troops provided emotional liftUprisings in Austria-Hungary and Ottoman empire forced both countries to exit the war by early November 1918Mutiny at the Germany naval base in Kiel led to the German Emperor to step down on Nov. 9th.A cease-fire ending the fighting went into effect Nov. 11, 1918World War IIntroductionWWI (1914/17-18)Battle FrontOrigins-WilsonThe United States and WarHome FrontBig GovernmentEconomySocietyConclusionSelective Service Act (Draft)1917males 18-45 eligibleLottery system used1 in 5 draftees were immigrants

How to Pay for WWICost of war: $35.5 billionIncome tax rates were raisedTop tax rate rose to 63%War bonds 2/3 of funds were borrowed

How to Pay for WWI

Committee for Public Information (1917)Headed by George Creel A government-sponsored propaganda agency designed to promote support for American involvement in the war.

Committee for Public Information

Food Administrationheaded by Herbert Hoover Victory GardensSlogans were common:Meatless MondaysWheatless WednesdaysServe beans, by all means

Fuel AdministrationDay Light Savings to preserve fuelSelf-rationing of fuelHeatless Mondays

Fuel AdministrationDay Light Savings to preserve fuelSelf-rationing of fuelHeatless Mondays

National War Labor BoardMediated disputes between labor and industryImprove wages and adopted 8hr workday.Unions agreed not to strike during the war.

Espionage Act of 1917Made it illegal toAid the enemyProvide false reportsInterfere with the war effortSedition Act of 1917Made it illegal toSpeak out publicly against the warCheck Up!How did the role of government change during the first World War?Civil Liberties at Risk?Schenck v. United States, 1919

Charles Schenck mailed pamphlets to draftees telling them the draft was wrong urging them to write protest letters.Convicted of violating Espionage ActCivil Liberties at Risk?Schenck v. United States, 1919

Supreme Courts Decision9-0 upholds conviction

The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panicThe question in every case is whether the words used in such circumstance and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to preventWhen a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its efforts that their utterance will be endured so long as men fightJustice Oliver WendellCheck Up!How are some rights curtailed during times in which national security are at risk?World War IIntroductionWWI (1914/17-18)Battle FrontOrigins-WilsonThe United States and WarHome FrontBig GovernmentEconomySocietyConclusionEconomyEconomic BoomManufacturing increased 33%Real wages increased 20%

EconomyFarmers ProsperedMany farmers took out loans to expand production and buy additional land19131918Corn0.70/Bushel1.52/bushelCotton0.12/lbs.0.29/lbsWorld War IIntroductionWWI (1914/17-18)Battle FrontOrigins-WilsonThe United States and WarHome FrontBig GovernmentEconomySocietyConclusionRace RelationsGreat Migration500,000 African Americans migrated to northern cities looking for factory jobs

Great Migration by Jacob LawrenceWomens Roles11,000 served in Navy overseas1 million worked in industryBegan final push for suffrage

Anti-German Hysteria(Patriotism Turned Ugly)Americans began to fear all things GermanSauerkraut = Liberty CabbageHamburgers = Liberty SandwichesSome towns with German names were changedSome states stopped teaching the German language in public schoolsAnti-German Hysteria(Patriotism Turned Ugly)Support for prohibition of alcohol received a final push during the warNames of brewing companiesPabst, Schlitz, Anheuser-Busch18th Amendment was passed by Congress in 1917; it went into effect in 1920Check Up!How did the U.S. change in the time the country was involved in WWI?World War IIntroductionWWI (1914/17-18)Battle FrontOrigins-WilsonThe United States and WarHome FrontBig GovernmentEconomySocietyThe Treaty of VersaillesConclusionTreaty of VersaillesAllied powers met at VersaillesGoal: Negotiate the peace with Germany.Wilson brought with him 14 points he wished to see in the final treaty.

Wilsons 14 PointsPeace treaties that have no hidden provisions or secret elements.Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed.The removal of all economic barriers, and establishment of equality of trade.National armaments should be reduced.Adjustment of colonial claims, that in determining all such questions of sovereignty, the interests of the people concerned must have equal weight with the claims of the government whose title is to be determined.Russian territory should be evacuated, and Russia welcomed into the society of free nations.Belgium should be evacuated and restored.All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored.Italy's borders would be redrawn to established areas.The autonomy Austria-Hungary should be protected.Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be restored and given freedoms. The countries in the Balkans should be allowed to negotiate freely to resolve their conflicts.The Turkish portion of the Ottoman Empire should have a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are under Turkish rule should have an undoubted security of life and an opportunity of independent development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as passage to the ships and commerce of all nations.An independent Polish state should be erected including the territories inhabited by Polish populations, which should have free access to the sea.The League of Nations should be formed.

Treaty of VersaillesGermany would return all captured landGermany must pay reparations $33 billion to the Allied Powers.Germanys army and navy would be limited in size.Creation of the League of Nations.

Treaty of VersaillesGermany would return all captured landGermany must pay reparations $33 billion to the Allied Powers.Germanys army and navy would be limited in size.Creation of the League of Nations.

League of NationsMembers will reduce armamentsMembers will protect each others from aggression.Colonies of the Central Powers will now be under the supervision of the league.Parts of the Ottoman Empire will be granted their independence under the supervision of the league.Treaty of SevresDissolved Ottoman Empire

Austrian, German, and Russian Empires Divided

Ottoman Empire Divided

Check Up!What were the main results of the treaties that ended World War I.Check Up!What were the main results of the treaties that ended World War I.Answer:Germany was responsible for WWI and was severely punished.Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire lost significant landNew nations were formed throughout EuropeThe League of Nations was formed to help promote international security.The Treaty in the SenateWilson returned to the U.S. to build support for the Treaty.After making a national speech tour, Wilson suffered a severe stroke.The Senate would have the final say on the bill.

The Treaty in the SenateThere were three main opinions within the Senate.

Democrats - supported the treaty without changesRepublicans - opposed the treaty.Republicans - support a revised treaty that did not require members of the league to protect each outer from aggression.Bellwork: Please take a sheet of paper and set this graph up.# ____# ____

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What is the artists main point?

Who supports the treaty/League according the cartoon?

Who opposes the treaty/League according the cartoon?

What is wrong with the treaty/League according to the cartoon?

Cartoon #1What is the artists main point?Who supports the treaty according the cartoon?Who opposes the treaty according the cartoon?What is wrong with the treaty according to the cartoon?

Check Up!There were three main opinions within the Senate. Democrats who supported the treaty without changesRepublicans who opposed the treaty.Republicans who would support a revised treaty that did not require members of the league to protect each outer from aggression.

Examine 5 cartoons and conclude, who opposed the treaty, who favored the treaty, and what fault did some people have in the treaty.

Check Up!Review your data then answer the following questions:Who opposed the treaty?Who favored the treaty?What fault did some people have with the treaty?

World War IIntroductionWWI (1914/17-18)Battle FrontOrigins-WilsonThe United States and WarHome FrontBig GovernmentEconomySocietyThe Treaty of VersaillesConclusionReview and EvaluationWorld War I began in 1914; the United States became involved in 1917The war had a major impact on the Home FrontWere the changes to the U.S. positive or negative?Websites of InterestSpartacus Educational Website: World War IFirst WorldWar.comLost Liners: The LusitaniaWoodrow WilsonSourcehttp://college.cengage.com/history/lecturepoints/index.html https://sites.google.com/site/mrhaywoodhistory/