world war 2 the devastating effects of world- wide depression and treaty of versailles led to rise...
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World War 2
The devastating effects of world-wide depression and Treaty of Versailles led to rise of totalitarian regimes. German, Italian, and Japanese aggression led to a major war involving most world powers. Following WW2, two superpowers emerged leading to a Cold War.
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World War II
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The World After the Great War
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Treaty of Versailles
Humiliated Germany by forcing to pay reparations, accept guilt, demilitarize, give up land and colonies
Reparations left Germany in debt
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Treaty of VersaillesEstablished League of Nations:
–Organization of 42 nations who met to work out problems of world & avoid future wars, BUT…
–Had no military so League could not enforce any of its laws
–Did not include US (voted against signing treaty & League of Nations because did not want to be involved in future European problems)
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Countries Destroyed
Great Britain:
–After the Great War, England was no longer the leading economic power in the world; war caused large debt & had to borrow from US
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Countries DestroyedFrance:
–Most of fighting during war took place in France & Germany; war destroyed villages, farms, forests
–Huge war debts meant that France could not rebuild quickly
–Built Maginot LineMaginot Line between France & Germany to protect from future invasions
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Countries DestroyedItaly:
–Mad about Versailles Treaty because did not get land on Adriatic Coast
–Unemployment grew in Italy after the war; led to riots & strikes
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Countries DestroyedGermany:
–New Weimar Republic created at Versailles, but seen as traitors; political instability & military coups threatened overthrow of Weimar government
–In 1922 Germany declared could not pay reparations
–Printed more money, led to massive inflationinflation (money value decreased)
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Countries DestroyedRussia:
–By 1921, Russians had experienced the Great War, Russian Revolution, & a Civil War
–27 million Russians were killed as a result of these wars
–Russia’s economy was broke
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1919-1939 Between WWI & WWII, the
European countries that fought in the Great War were in debt & were slowly able to rebuild
The USA & Japan emerged from the Great War with wealth & prosperity because both had traded with Allies during war
In USA, the 1920s were a great time
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1919-1939New innovations were made in
psychology, physics, art, and transportation:
–Sigmund Freud created new ideas in psychology; believed that human mind had conscious & subconscious thoughts that affect peoples’ behavior & mental illness
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Sigmund
Freud
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1919-1939Albert Einstein created new ideas
in physics (many disproved Newton’s ideas); believed light traveled at constant speed; believed space & time were not constant, but moved relative to other objects (Theory of Relativity); believed all matter could be transferred to energy (E=mc2)
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1919-1939Pablo Picasso revolutionized art
by creating cubismcubism (abstract form of art using geometric shapes)
Salvador Dali utilized surrealismsurrealism in art (using of dream-like images & unnatural objects); based on Freud’s ideas
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Pablo Picasso Salvador Dali
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1919-1939Other technological innovations
changed human life:–Cars became easy to buy &
became a common purchase; paved highways built to connect places
–First commercial air travel–Radio allowed people to hear
news & entertainment
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Economic DepressionIn 1929, the US Stock Market crashed
–investors were buying on marginmargin (pay for only part of a stock), lenders called in loans which led to panic; banks collapsed; workers lost jobs (Great Depression in US)
No money for investment in Europe; European banks collapsed; led to world-wide economic depression
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Affects of ConditionsBad conditions led to rise of
totalitarian regimes in Europe:
–FascistsFascists in Italy under Mussolini
–NazisNazis in Germany under Hitler
–CommunistsCommunists in Russia under Lenin & Stalin