totalitarian arch - jenny

8/4/2019 Totalitarian Arch - Jenny

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TOTALITARIANARCHITECTURE

GENEVIEVEMIALA


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POLITICAL SYSTEMwhere state recognizes no limits to

authority, and regulates every

aspect of public and private life

wherever feasible.

State-controlled

Centralized government

Dictatorial control

Authoritarian / autocratic

Single party Mass surveillance

Use of terror

TOTALITARIANISM


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TOTALITARIANISMin ARCHITECTURE

Brutalist structures are an expression of totalitarianism given that theirgrand, concrete-based

design involves destroying gentler, more-human places such as gardens.

--Theodore Dalrymple, City Journal

Ministry of Truth as an enormous, pyramidal structure of white concrete, soaring up terrace after

terrace, three hundred meters into the air.

--George Orwell


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SENATE HOUSE and LIBRARY, University of LondonArchitect: Charles Holden

Ministry of Truth in George Orwells novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four


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the vast bulkof London University insulting the autumnal sky.

--Evelyn Waugh, Put Out More Flags


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Stalinistortotalitarian due to its great scale.

--Anonymous


7/76TO TA L I T AR I AN A R C H I T E C T U R E

BE IT FROM THETHIRD REICH, THE SOVIET UNION,

OR SOMEWHERE ELSE, HAS ALWAYS BEEN AN

IMPORTANT SOURCE OF INSPIRATION IN

DEPICTIONS OF DYSTOPIA. THEOPPRESSIVE

REGIMEDOES OF COURSE NEED TO HAVE

OPPRESSIVE BUILDINGS TO SHOW ITS POWER.

Posted by: Nexus

EXPLORING DYSTOPIA. A forum about futures that hopefully will never come true.

www.exploringdystopia.freeforums.org
http://www.exploringdystopia.freeforums.org/http://www.exploringdystopia.freeforums.org/



Architecture of :

Dictatorship

Over-centralized governments

Political groups intolerant of opposition

As an International Style, it often drew on

simplified Neo-Classicism, and sculpture

based on C19 realism and Classicism for

massive oversized state monuments.

For the first half of the 20 th century, Fascist

and Communist governments created

monumental architecture, largely to intimidatetheir people and showcase the regimes

strengths.



COMMUNIST CHINA

FASCIST ITALY

STALINIST SOVIET UNION

NAZI GERMANY



COMMUNIST CHINA Concrete boxes with traditional elements, like the

upturned eaves.

Referred to as swimming pool architecture, with

additions that look like ill-fitting wigs.

During Mao era, families were moved into concrete

apartment blocks or jammed into courtyard dwelling

built for a single familywith several other families.

Central courtyard was filled with crude brickcompounds.

Housing and factories were combined within walled

encalves.

Apartment buildings were 4-6 stories tall.

MAOZEDONG (1943 1976 )Mao Tse-Tung


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FASCIST ITALY

BENITOMUSSOLINI

Larchitettura Fascista

Mussolinis grand scheme was to transform the city

with propagandistic buildings and urban stages,

whose look and feel would broadcast hisachievements and objectives.

Architects took their cue from the forms of classical

Roman buildings, but instead of the ornate details

and rounded edges, Fascist buildings are Teutonic

blocks ofunrelieved travertine, which makes themcold and forbidding.

MUSSOLINI WANTED TO CREATE AN

IMPACT NOT ONLY ON ITALYS HISTORY,

BUT ALSO ON ITS ARCHITECTURAL

RECORD.

(1922-1943)


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( C ol lo se o Q ua dr a to )

P a l la z o d e l la C i v i l t a d e l L a v o r o

G i o v a n n i G u e r r i n i ,

E r n e s t o B r u n o L a p u l a ,M a r i o R o m a n o


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( C ol lo se o Q ua dr a to )

P a l la z o d e l la C i v i l t a d e l L a v o r o

G i o v a n n i G u e r r i n i ,

E r n e s t o B r u n o L a p u l a ,M a r i o R o m a n o


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( M i n i s t r y o f F o r e i g n A f f a i r s ) P al a zz o d el la F ar n es in a

E n r i c o d e l D e b b i o ,

A r n a l d o F o s c h i n i ,V i t t o r i o M o r p u r g o B a l l i o


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( M i n i s t r y o f F o r e i g n A f f a i r s ) P al a zz o d el la F ar n es in a

E n r i c o d e l D e b b i o ,

A r n a l d o F o s c h i n i ,V i t t o r i o M o r p u r g o B a l l i o


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- - C o u r t h o u s e


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G u i s e p p e T e r r a g n i ( L o c a l H e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h e G u a r d i a d i F i n a n z a ) C a s a d e l F a s c i o


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G u i s e p p e T e r r a g n i ( L o c a l H e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h e G u a r d i a d i F i n a n z a ) C a s a d e l F a s c i o


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G u i s e p p e T e r r a g n i ( M u s e u m o f t h e G u a r d i a d i F i n a n z a ) C a s a d e l F a s c i o


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G u i s e p p e T e r r a g n i N o v o c o m u m


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M a r i o M e s s i n a C i n e m a I m p e r o


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M a r i o M e s s i n a C i n e m a I m p e r o


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G i u s e p p e P a t t a z z i ( P e t r o l S t a t i o n ) F ia t Ta gl i er o B ui ld in g


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( F o r o M u s s o l i n i ) F o ro I ta l i co S p or ts Co m pl exE n r i c o d e l D e b b i o ,L u i g i M o r e t t i


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TO TA L I T AR I AN A R C H I T E C T U R E

STALINIST SOVIET UNION Stalins reforms through the Five-Year Plans were to

turn Russia into a leading world power.

HE WAS A BRILLIANT CHOREOGRAPHER OF

MASS CEREMONIES BUT HE BADLYNEEDED CEREMONIAL LOCATIONS, BROAD

SQUARES, STRAIGHT AVENUES AND

LAVISHLY DECORATED PALACES.

Moscow was to become the supreme world capital,

the sacred city of communist ideology, the lifetime

monument to Joseph Stalin, the father and the son of

the nation.

Link his empire with the respectable past of Russia

Russian classical churches and estates nearby

served as brilliant inspirationadorned with pompousbaroque features, classicism had convincing potential

to tell stories in brick and stucco, giving advice,

promise and warning.

JOSEPHSTALIN (1941-1953)Iosif Vissarionovich

Dzhugashvili



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STALINIST SOVIET UNION 1930s Soviet press: fusion of artistic methods so that

architectural ensembles include sculptures, murals,

mosaics, stain glass, and putting a strong emphasis

on Egyptian art. No other epoch could boast of the use of so many

symbolic decorative elements borrowed from different

cultures, religions and historical periods. Ancient

symbols were used out of context and have been

perceived as Soviet emblems since then.

All cities were built to a general development plan.

Projects would be designed forwhole districts, visibly

transforming a citys architectural image.

JOSEPHSTALIN (1941-1953)Iosif Vissarionovich

Dzhugashvili

1 9 3 5 M o s c o w


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1 9 3 5 M o s c o w

M a s t e r P l a n Broadened main streets

Houses demolished or

moved away

New ring of squares

around Kremlin

Moskva and Yauza Rivers

were decked in granite

embankments

Crossed 11 bridges

Moscow was connected

with the Volga River by a

canal, with ports, locks

and embankments all

lavishly decorated of

sculptures of Lenin and

Stalin

First Metro line was

opened

1 9 3 5 M o s c o w


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1 9 3 5 M o s c o w

M a s t e r P l a n 40 underground palaces

(stations) were created

along the 50-km long line

New city design was

comprehensive,

Construction of new

factories, schools and

universities, hospitals,department stores, offices,

apartment buildings and

parks

Churches, monasteries,

romantic wooden houses

disappeared, but a new

capital was erected

S t l i k i V t ki ( S t l i H i h R i )


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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )E n g l i s h n i c k n a m e : S e v e n S i s t e r s

Group of skyscrapers in Moscow designed in the

Stalinist style.

Elaborate combination of Russian Baroque and

Gothic styles and the technology used in building

American skyscrapers.

S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h R i s e s )


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( R a d i s s o n R o y a l H o t e l , M o s c o w ) H o t e l U k r a i n aA r k a d y M o r d v i n o vV y a c h e s l a v O l t a r z h e v s k y1 o f 7



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( R a d i s s o n R o y a l H o t e l , M o s c o w ) H o t e l U k r a i n aA r k a d y M o r d v i n o vV y a c h e s l a v O l t a r z h e v s k y1 o f 7



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K o t el n ic h es k ay a E m ba n km e nt B u i l di n gD m i t r y C h e c h u l i nA n d r e i R o s t k o v s k y2 o f 7



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K u dr i n sk a ya S q ua r e B u i l d in gM i k h a i l P o s o k h i n , S r .A s h o t M n d o y a n t s3 o f 7



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( H i l t o n M o s c o w H o t e l ) H o t e l L e n i n g r a d s k a y aL e o n i d P o l y a k o v4 o f 7

S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )


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M i n i s t r y o f F o r e i g n A f f a i r s5 o f 7


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R e d G a t e s A d m i n i s t r a t i v e B u i l d i n g6 o f 7

A l e x e y D u s h k i n



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R e d G a t e s A d m i n i s t r a t i v e B u i l d i n g6 o f 7

A l e x e y D u s h k i n



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( M a i n B u i l d i n g ) M o s c o w S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y7 o f 7

M a t v e i K a z a k o vD o m e n i c o G i l i a r d i



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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h R i s e s )E n g l i s h n i c k n a m e : S e v e n S i s t e r s





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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h R i s e s )E n g l i s h n i c k n a m e : S e v e n S i s t e r s



NAZI GERMANY


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NAZI GERMANY Hitlers government sponsored architecture on an

immense scale.

In 1936, he opened Summer Olympic games in

Berlin.

Made contributions to the design of the Volkswagen

Beetle and charged Ferdinand Porsche with its

design and construction.

Hitlers social and economic policies were

modernization that had anti-modern goals(historians: David Schoenbaum and Henry Ashby

Turner).

Hitler had the deliberate strategy of pursuing a

revolutionary modernization of German society

(Rainer Zitelmann).

ADOLFHITLER (1934 1945 )Adolf Schicklgruber

NAZI GERMANY


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NAZI GERMANY Used architecture to some degree to achieve control

over government, to firmly establish its authority

leaving no doubt as to who was in charge.

NAZI ARCHITECTURE aims to reflect the beliefs ofNational Socialism, celebrate the German national

identity and glorify the idea of the master Aryan race,

as perceived by Hitler and his associates.

Hitler planned to transform Berlin into Welhauptstadt

(World Capital) Germania.

BERLIN AS THE WORLD CAPITAL WILL

ONLY BE COMPARABLE WITH ANCIENT

EGYPT, BABYLON AND ROME! WHATARE LONDON AND PARIS COMPARED

TO THAT!ADOLFHITLER (1934 1945 )

Adolf Schicklgruber

NAZI GERMANY


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NAZI GERMANY Spent tens of billions of dollars on halls, palaces,

chancelleries and stadiumsbut were dissipated in

war.

BIG IS ENOUGHhis designs are like his speeches:huge, hammeringly repetitious, banal, but filled with

inescapable, machine-like force.

No sense of proportion, interval, space or even

ornament.

VERY BIG BUILDINGS TEND TO MAKE VERYBIG IMPRESSIONS ON PEOPLEAND THAT

WAS ENOUGH.

Form Follows Functionthe function had nothing to

do with human needs. It was simply to intimidate the

people, and to assert the statevisual symbols.

He hoped: No Berliner could look anywhere in his

city without seeing that overpowering dome, those

relentless colonnades. www.time.com


NAZI GERMANY


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NAZI GERMANYBUILDINGS:

Pure metaphor.

Outside form: as sharp and infantile as play blocks;sphere piled on cube piled on rectangle.

Inside space: designs are illegible.

What rooms stare from those endlessly repeated

window bays?

Where do those interminable corridors go?

Does anyone ever walk up that colossal staircase?

ALL PARTS REFLECT THE PROCESSES OF

TOTALITARIAN POLITICSEXPLICIT IN

THEIR DEMANDS, OBSCURE IN THEIR

WORKINGS.

www.time.com


NAZI GERMANY


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NAZI GERMANY

HOW I WISH I HAD BEEN

AN ARCHITECT!

He often exclaimed to his Nazi master builder,

Albert Speer.

www.time.com



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B E R T H O L D K O N R A D H E R M A N N A L B E R T S P E E R (1905-1981)

A German Architect who joined the Nazi Party in 1931


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A German Architect who joined the Nazi Party in 1931.

His architectural skills made him increasingly

prominent within the Party.

The organizers of the 1933 Nrnberg Nazi Party rallyasked him to submit designs for the rally, which won

him his first national post as Nazi Party Commissioner

for the Artistic and Technical Presentation of Party

Rallies and Demonstrations.

Minister of Armaments and War Production for the

Third Reich


He became Hitlers chief architectthe first architect of


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He became Hitler s chief architect the first architect of

the Third Reich (1934-1939).

Commissioned by Hitler to design and construct a

number of structures, including the Reich Chancelleryand the Zeppelinfeld stadium in Nuremberg.

He also made plans to reconstruct Berlin on a grand

scale, with huge buildings, wide boulevards, and

recognized transportation system.



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( s c a l e m o d e l ) G r o e r P l a t z ( G r e a t H a l l ) , T h e Vo l ksh a l l e

1000 ft high dome (16


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1000 ft. high dome (16

times the volume of

Michelangelos cupola on

St. Peters).

May look like a crossbetween a white elephant

and a cookie cutter.

Designed to hold 150,000

human ants.

Would have been, not

only the largest building in

the world, but also the

most crushing and

politically expressive.


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( s c a l e m o d e l ) T h e V o l ksh a l l e


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( s c a l e m o d e l ) T h e V o l ksh a l l e


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( 1 9 3 3 N u r e m b u r g N a z i P a r t y R a l l y G r o u n d ) Z ep pe l i n f e ld S t ad iu m


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( o u t s i d e ) N e w R e i c h C h a n c e l l e r y i n Vo s s - S t r a s s e


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( A d o l f H i t l e r s O f f i c e ) N e w R e i c h C h a n c e l l e r y


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T h e E h r e n h o f ( H o n o r Y a r d ) , N e w R e i c h C h a n c e l l e r y


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( a f t e r t h e B a t t l e o f B e r l i n ) N e w R e i c h C h a n c e l l e r y


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( a f t e r t h e B a t t l e o f B e r l i n ) N e w R e i c h C h a n c e l l e r y


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B e r l i n V i c t o r y C o l u m n


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T H A N K S !

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