world history industrial revolution. causes: causes: increasing population increasing population...

World History

Industrial Revolution


Causes:Increasing populationChildren were a high % of total population.

Growth also contributed to migration.


Agricultural (revolution) #2

New food & forage cropsOnly the wealthy could afford new crops, new farming methods ---Enclosure

Result: Unemployed farmers


Trade/InventionsIncreased demand led to increased production

Added craftsmen to workshops & used Putting-out system.


Economic & population growth

Desire to use new ideasMining & metal industries

Largest merchant marine

Fluid social structure


Britain also had:Good water transportation system

Unified marketHighly developed commercial sector


Continental Europe experienced similar circumstances but delayed due to war, lack of markets, management skills, & no desire to experiment with new technologies.


Mass production – potteryDemand created for porcelain.

1759 Josiah Wedgewood used division of labor & molds rather than potters wheel to mass produce @ low cost.


Spinning Jenny – 1764Water frame – 1769 and invented by Richard Arkwright.

Mule – 1785 Samuel Crompton – better, faster.


Mechanization led to efficiency and lower prices.

Cotton became America’s most valuable crop developed for export to England.


In the 18th century a series of inventions including coke and puddling made it possible for the British to produce large amounts of cheap iron.


Increased production & lower cost led people to use iron for many things including bridge building and construction of the Crystal Palace.


Interchangeable parts – adopted in firearms, farm equipment & sewing machine industries in the 19th century.

American system of manufactures.


Between 1702-1713 Thomas Newcomen developed a crude steam engine used to pump water out of coal mines.

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1769 – James Watt improved Newcomen’s engine. Provided power allowing factories to be built where no other sources of power were located.


1780s – steam engine used to power riverboats in France & America.

1830s – more efficient engines used for oceangoing vessels


Trevithick/Stephenson build lighter, more powerful steam engines to power locomotives & replaced horses.


1825-1845 Britain & railway mania.

1840s & 1850s in the U.S.Railways connect country & mid-west to agricultural development & in Europe trigger industrialization.


1837 – Wheatstone & Cook’s five needle telegraph in England.

Also in 1837 – Morse Code; system of dashes and dots in the United States.


Rapid growth in cities & urban areas resulted in overcrowding, pollution, and disease for the poor.

Reforms did not occur until the mid-19th century.


Deforestation con’t.Industrialization provided substitutes for wood.

New transportation systems changed rural life.


Most jobs offered were for unskilled labor.

Increased rate of child labor; restricted by the British in mid-19th century.

New labor source: the Irish


Industrial Revolution increased demand for cotton, sugar & coffee, and prolonged slavery in the U.S. & Caribbean and extended slavery to Brazil.


Disparities in income .Worker’s standards of living did not improve until 1850s.

Beneficiaries: middle class


Adam Smith – laissez faire The Wealth of Nations 1776Gov’t. shouldn’t interfere in the business realm.

Bentham/List: gov’t needs to manage economy & social problems.


Malthus/Ricardo: poverty of working class was due to over-population & should be addressed through restraint, not the government.


Positivism: scientific method solves social problems.

Fourier – ideal society has no capitalists.

Robert Owen - prosperity for all. Served as an example for reforms.


Protests and reforms move from individual resistance to collective action, including unions. British legislation included Factory Act, Mines Act, & repeal of Corn Laws.


Russia: no middle class. They were afraid of using Western ideas. Imported industrial goods & exported grain & timber. Fell behind Europe.


Egypt undertook industrialization program funded by wheat & cotton exports & protected by high tariffs on imports. Became dependent on the British instead of the Ottomans.


Machines forced Indian spinners out of business

India became an importer of British goods & exporter of raw materials.

Britain did nothing to encourage Indian industry.

CONCLUSION

Between 1760 & 1851 new technologies greatly increased humans’ control over nature & transformed the environment.

CONCLUSION

Increased disparities between individuals & societies, brought changes in work & family life.

Society was slow to address abuses.

CONCLUSION

By the 1850s the Industrial Revolution had spread to Western Europe & the U.S. & was contributing to a shift in the historic balance of power between Europe & China.

world history industrial revolution. causes: causes: increasing population increasing population...

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new crops

new technologies

new farming methods

population children

total population

increasing population

s steam engine