World History Chapter 5Section 1: Philosophy and the

Age of Reason

Scientific Process Promoted

• Joseph Priestly & Antoine Lavoisier – modern chemistry

• Edward Jenner – vaccine against small pox

Trust in Human Reason

Natural Laws:– Laws which govern

human nature– Used to study human

behavior

Enlightenment – revolution in thinking; through use of reason, people & government could solve every problem• Social – between

people• Political – government• Economic – business

& industry

Social Contract

• Agreement where people give up their natural state for an organized society.

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

– Wrote Leviathan– Believed people were

cruel, greedy & selfish.

– Believed an absolute monarch kept people orderly

John Locke (1632-1704)

– Wrote Two Treatises of Government)

– Felt people had natural rights – life, liberty & property.

– Government should protect those rights but have limited power

– People have right to overthrow any government that doesn’t protect those rights - revolution

Baron de Montesquieu (1689 – 1755)

– Wrote The Spirit of the Laws• Felt separation of

powers was the best way to protect liberty

• Separated branches of government– Executive – carries

out laws

– Legislative – passes laws

– Judicial – interprets laws

Philosophes

• French enlightenment thinkers who used reason to bring about change/reform in government.

Voltaire (1694 – 1778)

• Defended freedom of speech & thought

• Spoke out against corrupt government officials & rich people who didn’t work for their money

• Wrote against inequality (slave trade), injustice, superstition and prejudices

• Was imprisoned & forced into exile

Denis Diderot (1713 – 1784)

– Wrote The Encyclopedia , 28 vol. 20,000 copies)• Explained new ideas on

government, philosophy & religion

• Spoke out against slavery

• Encouraged freedom of speech & education to everyone, not just the wealthy

• Goal was to change thinking

• Pope threatened to excommunicate (kick him out of the church)

Rousseau (1712 – 1778)

– Wrote The Social Contract• People were naturally

good, but corrupted because of unequal wealth

• Government control over people should be limited & government should be elected by people

• Community, as a whole, should be above individual / “general will”

• Most controversial

Women and the Enlightenment

• Enlightenment slogan: “free and equal” did not apply to women

• When women argued for rights, they were ridiculed

• Women’s rights were limited to the home & within the family

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759 – 1797)

Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women– Wanted equal

rights for boys and girls

– Believed once women are educated should be allowed to participate in government

Physiocrats

Thinkers who focused on economic reforms• Economy is made up of

– Manufacturing (stuff that is made in factory)

– Trade– Wages (Money paid to workers)– Profits (money earned)– Economic growth

Laissez Faire(Hands Off Government)

• Allows businesses to operate without government interference– Opposed mercantilism (government

regulation of economy for favorable balance of trade & acquiring wealth)

– Felt government should not be involved w/ economy & wealth comes from land being more productive

– Supported free trade, opposed to tariffs (taxes on trade)

Adam Smith (1723 – 1790)Wrote A Wealth of Nations

– British– Believed free market

regulates business activity

– Supply and demand, where there’s a demand for goods, suppliers will meet it because of economic rewards

– Felt government duties were » Protect society» Administer justice» Provide public

works

Section 1 Questions

1. What are Natural Laws?

Answer - Laws which govern human nature and used to study human behavior.

2. Which of Montesquieu ideas are in the U.S. Constitution?

Answer – Separate the branches of government, each branch has equal amount of power.

Section 1 Questions

3. Who were the Philosophes?

Answer - French thinkers who used reason to bring about change in government.

4. Summarize Thomas Hobbes believe about people and their government.

Answer – Hobbes believed that an absolute monarch (strong king/queens) kept people in check.

World History Chapter 5Section 2: Enlightenment Ideas

Spread

Old Way

• Before the Enlightenment, no one questioned:

– Divine right rule (god gave the right to rule)– Class systems (you could not move up in

class)– Belief in going to heaven because of

earthly suffering

Reaction - Censorship

• When the ideas moved from France, across Europe, the reaction was… Censorship, restricting people from hearing or reading about new ideas or new information.

Old Order

• Old order was supposedly set up by God – Roman Catholic church leaders & governments felt they had to protect people from new ideas

– Banned books– Put writers in prison

Salons

Salons - Social gatherings where artists & thinkers exchange ideas (began by women for poetry readings)

Arts & Literature

• Enlightenment affected arts & literature; artists had to please patrons, paid for works or gave them jobs

Baroque Style

• Baroque was a grand and complex artistic style during Louis 14th rule (early 1700’s)

– Huge colorful paintings

– Glorified battles & Roman Catholic saints

Baroque Music

• Johann Bach – Complex &

beautiful– Religious works

for organ & choir

• George Handel – most famous for the “Messiah”

Rococo Style

• Rococo (mid 1700’s)–More personal art–Elegant, charming & delicate

Middle Class Style

– Middle class audience (merchants & town officials)

• Wanted self-portraits without frills, family life in town or country setting– Rembrandt

» Dutch artist» Gave dignity

to middle-class subjects

Trends in Music

• Operas & ballets– Plays put to

music – Orderly &

structured– Opera houses

opened• Mozart

Literature

– Novel (long work of prose fiction)

• Daniel Defoe – Robinson Crusoe – adventures of shipwrecked sailor

• Samuel Richardson – Pamela – story about servant girl

• Both wrote about the common folk

Enlightened Despots

• Enlightened Despots - rulers who accepted Enlightened ideas & brought about reforms to their nations

– Frederick the Great (Prussia 1740-1786)– Catherine the Great (Russia) – Joseph II (Austria, late 1700’s)

Frederick the Great (King of Prussia, 1712-1786)

– Listened to & reads Voltaire who built Prussian Academy of Science.

– Had agricultural reforms:• Drained swamps• New crops like potatoes• Gave seed & tools to

peasants who suffered in Prussian wars

• Tolerated religious differences, said “everyone can go to heaven in his own fashion”

• Reorganized civil service, simplified laws

Catherine the Great (Queen of Russia 1729 – 1796/0– Wrote to Diderot &

Voltaire– Limited reform– Gave nobles a charter of

rights– Spoke out against

serfdom (farmers who worked for nobles & had no rights)

– Expanded Russian empire

Joseph II (King of Austria 1741 – 1790)

– Most radical– Traveled in disguise

among subjects to learn of their problems, called “Peasant Emperor”

– Gave religious toleration to Protestants & Jews in Catholic Austria

– Sold monasteries & convents, used proceeds to build hospitals

– Abolished serfdom– Ended censorship

Section 2 Questions

1. How did Government and church leaders censor Enlightenment Ideas?

Answer – Banned books and Put writers in prison.

2. What new art and music styles developed during the Enlightenment?

Answer – Baroque & Rococo

World History Chapter 5Section 3: Birth of the American

Republic

George III (King of England 1738 – 1820)

• George III wanted to reasserts power– What he wanted

• His own ministers (get his own people who he liked)

• Dissolve cabinet system

• Make Parliament do what HE wanted

Size of the British Empire

Chief Characteristics of the 13 English Colonies

• Commercial centers– Boston– New York– Philadelphia

• Navigation Acts (1600’s)– England controlled colonial trade & manufacturing,

not enforced– Smuggling was common

• Shared values (1700’s) of colonists– Respect for individual’s right to improve– Desire to separate from Great Britain

Stamp Act (1765)

• British Parliament imposed a tax on the American Colonist to pay the cost of the French and Indian War.

• Printed paper used in the colonies needed to have special stamp.

More Problems with England

• Boston Massacre (1770) – 5 colonists killed by British soldiers

• Boston Tea Party (1773) – Colonists dressed as Native Americans threw

tons of tea in Boston Harbor– Protesting tax on tea

First Continental Congress

• Met in Philadelphia to decide what action to take against British taxes

• Set up Continental Army under command of George Washington

• First battles of the Revolutionary War took place in Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts in April 1775.

Declaration of Independence (July 4 1776)

• Written by Thomas Jefferson (Ideas from John Locke)– Colonists right to revolt– Popular sovereignty

(government power comes from the people)

– Outlined colonists grievances against England & George III

British Advantage

• Were professional soldiers

• Strong naval fleet (powerful navy)

• Money

• 1/3 of colonists were Loyalists (supported Britain & refused to fight in New York & Philadelphia)

• Gave freedom to slaves who fought on British side

Colonists

Advantages• Fighting on own soil,

more at stake• Controlled

countryside

Disadvantages• Few military

resources• Little money to pay

soldiers

Battle of Saratoga

– Took place in New York state (September and October 1777)

– First major victory for the Colonial Army– As a Result of the victory, French decided to

help Colonists• Brought supplies, trained soldiers & warships

Valley Forge

• Winter of 1777 & 1778 rough times for Colonists with cold, hunger, and disease.

Ending the War

• French fleet blockaded Chesapeake Bay

• Washington forced British to surrender at Yorktown, Virginia

• British recognized American independence & America won all land east of Mississippi with the Treaty of Paris (1783).

•

1787 Constitution

• Constitution reflected Enlightenment ideas: – Elected

• Legislature– House of Representatives– Senate

• President – George Washington

Separation of Powers

Checks & Balances

Each branch has the ability to check the other branches• Legislative (Congress) – law-making • Executive (President) – carries out and enforces

the laws• Judicial (courts) – decides if laws are OK w/

Constitution

Bill of Rights

• 1st ten amendments (changes or additions to the Constitution)

• Basic rights– Freedom of Religion– Freedom of Speech– Freedom of Press– Unreasonable Search and Seizure– Trial by Jury

Right to Vote

• White males who owned property

• NO women, African-Americans or Native Americans

Section 3 Questions

1. Why did the Colonists feel they should not be taxed?Answer – The Colonists did not have representation in

Parliament. 2. What ideas of John Locke’s are in the Declaration of

Independence? Answer – Colonists have a right to revolt and Popular

sovereignty.3. What kind of government did the U.S. Constitution

create? Answer – Federal Republic, power divided between

national government & state governments.