![Page 1: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
World History Chapter 5Section 1: Philosophy and the
Age of Reason
![Page 2: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Scientific Process Promoted
• Joseph Priestly & Antoine Lavoisier – modern chemistry
• Edward Jenner – vaccine against small pox
![Page 3: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Trust in Human Reason
Natural Laws:– Laws which govern
human nature– Used to study human
behavior
Enlightenment – revolution in thinking; through use of reason, people & government could solve every problem• Social – between
people• Political – government• Economic – business
& industry
![Page 4: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Social Contract
• Agreement where people give up their natural state for an organized society.
![Page 5: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
– Wrote Leviathan– Believed people were
cruel, greedy & selfish.
– Believed an absolute monarch kept people orderly
![Page 6: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
John Locke (1632-1704)
– Wrote Two Treatises of Government)
– Felt people had natural rights – life, liberty & property.
– Government should protect those rights but have limited power
– People have right to overthrow any government that doesn’t protect those rights - revolution
![Page 7: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Baron de Montesquieu (1689 – 1755)
– Wrote The Spirit of the Laws• Felt separation of
powers was the best way to protect liberty
• Separated branches of government– Executive – carries
out laws
– Legislative – passes laws
– Judicial – interprets laws
![Page 8: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Philosophes
• French enlightenment thinkers who used reason to bring about change/reform in government.
![Page 9: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Voltaire (1694 – 1778)
• Defended freedom of speech & thought
• Spoke out against corrupt government officials & rich people who didn’t work for their money
• Wrote against inequality (slave trade), injustice, superstition and prejudices
• Was imprisoned & forced into exile
![Page 10: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Denis Diderot (1713 – 1784)
– Wrote The Encyclopedia , 28 vol. 20,000 copies)• Explained new ideas on
government, philosophy & religion
• Spoke out against slavery
• Encouraged freedom of speech & education to everyone, not just the wealthy
• Goal was to change thinking
• Pope threatened to excommunicate (kick him out of the church)
![Page 11: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Rousseau (1712 – 1778)
– Wrote The Social Contract• People were naturally
good, but corrupted because of unequal wealth
• Government control over people should be limited & government should be elected by people
• Community, as a whole, should be above individual / “general will”
• Most controversial
![Page 12: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Women and the Enlightenment
• Enlightenment slogan: “free and equal” did not apply to women
• When women argued for rights, they were ridiculed
• Women’s rights were limited to the home & within the family
![Page 13: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759 – 1797)
Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women– Wanted equal
rights for boys and girls
– Believed once women are educated should be allowed to participate in government
![Page 14: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Physiocrats
Thinkers who focused on economic reforms• Economy is made up of
– Manufacturing (stuff that is made in factory)
– Trade– Wages (Money paid to workers)– Profits (money earned)– Economic growth
![Page 15: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Laissez Faire(Hands Off Government)
• Allows businesses to operate without government interference– Opposed mercantilism (government
regulation of economy for favorable balance of trade & acquiring wealth)
– Felt government should not be involved w/ economy & wealth comes from land being more productive
– Supported free trade, opposed to tariffs (taxes on trade)
![Page 16: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Adam Smith (1723 – 1790)Wrote A Wealth of Nations
– British– Believed free market
regulates business activity
– Supply and demand, where there’s a demand for goods, suppliers will meet it because of economic rewards
– Felt government duties were » Protect society» Administer justice» Provide public
works
![Page 17: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Section 1 Questions
1. What are Natural Laws?
Answer - Laws which govern human nature and used to study human behavior.
2. Which of Montesquieu ideas are in the U.S. Constitution?
Answer – Separate the branches of government, each branch has equal amount of power.
![Page 18: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Section 1 Questions
3. Who were the Philosophes?
Answer - French thinkers who used reason to bring about change in government.
4. Summarize Thomas Hobbes believe about people and their government.
Answer – Hobbes believed that an absolute monarch (strong king/queens) kept people in check.
![Page 19: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
World History Chapter 5Section 2: Enlightenment Ideas
Spread
![Page 20: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Old Way
• Before the Enlightenment, no one questioned:
– Divine right rule (god gave the right to rule)– Class systems (you could not move up in
class)– Belief in going to heaven because of
earthly suffering
![Page 21: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Reaction - Censorship
• When the ideas moved from France, across Europe, the reaction was… Censorship, restricting people from hearing or reading about new ideas or new information.
![Page 22: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Old Order
• Old order was supposedly set up by God – Roman Catholic church leaders & governments felt they had to protect people from new ideas
– Banned books– Put writers in prison
![Page 23: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Salons
Salons - Social gatherings where artists & thinkers exchange ideas (began by women for poetry readings)
![Page 24: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Arts & Literature
• Enlightenment affected arts & literature; artists had to please patrons, paid for works or gave them jobs
![Page 25: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Baroque Style
• Baroque was a grand and complex artistic style during Louis 14th rule (early 1700’s)
– Huge colorful paintings
– Glorified battles & Roman Catholic saints
![Page 26: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Baroque Music
• Johann Bach – Complex &
beautiful– Religious works
for organ & choir
• George Handel – most famous for the “Messiah”
![Page 27: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Rococo Style
• Rococo (mid 1700’s)–More personal art–Elegant, charming & delicate
![Page 28: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Middle Class Style
– Middle class audience (merchants & town officials)
• Wanted self-portraits without frills, family life in town or country setting– Rembrandt
» Dutch artist» Gave dignity
to middle-class subjects
![Page 29: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Trends in Music
• Operas & ballets– Plays put to
music – Orderly &
structured– Opera houses
opened• Mozart
![Page 30: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Literature
– Novel (long work of prose fiction)
• Daniel Defoe – Robinson Crusoe – adventures of shipwrecked sailor
• Samuel Richardson – Pamela – story about servant girl
• Both wrote about the common folk
![Page 31: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Enlightened Despots
• Enlightened Despots - rulers who accepted Enlightened ideas & brought about reforms to their nations
– Frederick the Great (Prussia 1740-1786)– Catherine the Great (Russia) – Joseph II (Austria, late 1700’s)
![Page 32: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Frederick the Great (King of Prussia, 1712-1786)
– Listened to & reads Voltaire who built Prussian Academy of Science.
– Had agricultural reforms:• Drained swamps• New crops like potatoes• Gave seed & tools to
peasants who suffered in Prussian wars
• Tolerated religious differences, said “everyone can go to heaven in his own fashion”
• Reorganized civil service, simplified laws
![Page 33: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Catherine the Great (Queen of Russia 1729 – 1796/0– Wrote to Diderot &
Voltaire– Limited reform– Gave nobles a charter of
rights– Spoke out against
serfdom (farmers who worked for nobles & had no rights)
– Expanded Russian empire
![Page 34: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Joseph II (King of Austria 1741 – 1790)
– Most radical– Traveled in disguise
among subjects to learn of their problems, called “Peasant Emperor”
– Gave religious toleration to Protestants & Jews in Catholic Austria
– Sold monasteries & convents, used proceeds to build hospitals
– Abolished serfdom– Ended censorship
![Page 35: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Section 2 Questions
1. How did Government and church leaders censor Enlightenment Ideas?
Answer – Banned books and Put writers in prison.
2. What new art and music styles developed during the Enlightenment?
Answer – Baroque & Rococo
![Page 36: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
World History Chapter 5Section 3: Birth of the American
Republic
![Page 37: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
George III (King of England 1738 – 1820)
• George III wanted to reasserts power– What he wanted
• His own ministers (get his own people who he liked)
• Dissolve cabinet system
• Make Parliament do what HE wanted
![Page 38: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Size of the British Empire
![Page 39: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Chief Characteristics of the 13 English Colonies
• Commercial centers– Boston– New York– Philadelphia
• Navigation Acts (1600’s)– England controlled colonial trade & manufacturing,
not enforced– Smuggling was common
• Shared values (1700’s) of colonists– Respect for individual’s right to improve– Desire to separate from Great Britain
![Page 40: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Stamp Act (1765)
• British Parliament imposed a tax on the American Colonist to pay the cost of the French and Indian War.
• Printed paper used in the colonies needed to have special stamp.
![Page 41: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
More Problems with England
• Boston Massacre (1770) – 5 colonists killed by British soldiers
• Boston Tea Party (1773) – Colonists dressed as Native Americans threw
tons of tea in Boston Harbor– Protesting tax on tea
![Page 42: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
First Continental Congress
• Met in Philadelphia to decide what action to take against British taxes
• Set up Continental Army under command of George Washington
• First battles of the Revolutionary War took place in Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts in April 1775.
![Page 43: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Declaration of Independence (July 4 1776)
• Written by Thomas Jefferson (Ideas from John Locke)– Colonists right to revolt– Popular sovereignty
(government power comes from the people)
– Outlined colonists grievances against England & George III
![Page 44: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
British Advantage
• Were professional soldiers
• Strong naval fleet (powerful navy)
• Money
• 1/3 of colonists were Loyalists (supported Britain & refused to fight in New York & Philadelphia)
• Gave freedom to slaves who fought on British side
![Page 45: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Colonists
Advantages• Fighting on own soil,
more at stake• Controlled
countryside
Disadvantages• Few military
resources• Little money to pay
soldiers
![Page 46: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Battle of Saratoga
– Took place in New York state (September and October 1777)
– First major victory for the Colonial Army– As a Result of the victory, French decided to
help Colonists• Brought supplies, trained soldiers & warships
![Page 47: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Valley Forge
• Winter of 1777 & 1778 rough times for Colonists with cold, hunger, and disease.
![Page 48: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Ending the War
• French fleet blockaded Chesapeake Bay
• Washington forced British to surrender at Yorktown, Virginia
• British recognized American independence & America won all land east of Mississippi with the Treaty of Paris (1783).
•
![Page 49: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
1787 Constitution
• Constitution reflected Enlightenment ideas: – Elected
• Legislature– House of Representatives– Senate
• President – George Washington
![Page 50: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Separation of Powers
![Page 51: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Checks & Balances
Each branch has the ability to check the other branches• Legislative (Congress) – law-making • Executive (President) – carries out and enforces
the laws• Judicial (courts) – decides if laws are OK w/
Constitution
![Page 52: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Bill of Rights
• 1st ten amendments (changes or additions to the Constitution)
• Basic rights– Freedom of Religion– Freedom of Speech– Freedom of Press– Unreasonable Search and Seizure– Trial by Jury
![Page 53: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Right to Vote
• White males who owned property
• NO women, African-Americans or Native Americans
![Page 54: World History Chapter 5 Section 1: Philosophy and the Age of Reason](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e225503460f94b0eb88/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Section 3 Questions
1. Why did the Colonists feel they should not be taxed?Answer – The Colonists did not have representation in
Parliament. 2. What ideas of John Locke’s are in the Declaration of
Independence? Answer – Colonists have a right to revolt and Popular
sovereignty.3. What kind of government did the U.S. Constitution
create? Answer – Federal Republic, power divided between
national government & state governments.