World HistoryWorld History

Chapter 4Chapter 4

The Rise of Ancient The Rise of Ancient GreeceGreece

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Chapter 4, Section 1, Chapter 4, Section 1, BeginningsBeginnings

The Aegean AreaThe Aegean Area Aegean CivilizationsAegean Civilizations Poets and HeroesPoets and Heroes A Family of DeitiesA Family of Deities

Overview

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ObjectivesObjectives

Understand how being close Understand how being close to the sea made the Greeks to the sea made the Greeks seafarersseafarers

Know where and how the Know where and how the early civilizations of Greece early civilizations of Greece developeddeveloped

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Did You Know?Did You Know? One of the adventures in Homer’s One of the adventures in Homer’s

“Odyssey” involved a one-eyed “Odyssey” involved a one-eyed giant—called a Cyclops—who shut giant—called a Cyclops—who shut Odysseus in his cave and blocked Odysseus in his cave and blocked the entrance with a huge rock. the entrance with a huge rock. Odysseus made the Cyclops Odysseus made the Cyclops drunk, blinded him by driving a drunk, blinded him by driving a burning stake into his eye while burning stake into his eye while he slept, and escaped by clinging he slept, and escaped by clinging to the belly of a sheep let out to to the belly of a sheep let out to pasture. pasture.

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The Aegean AreaThe Aegean Area Greece is made up largely of low-lying Greece is made up largely of low-lying

rugged mountains and a long, indented rugged mountains and a long, indented coastline; the mountains both protected and coastline; the mountains both protected and isolated Ancient Greeks on the mainland, isolated Ancient Greeks on the mainland, who never united under one government.who never united under one government.

The Greeks did speak one language and had The Greeks did speak one language and had the same religionthe same religion

Many Greeks earned their livings on the sea; Many Greeks earned their livings on the sea; the mild climate allowed Greeks to spend the mild climate allowed Greeks to spend much of their time outdoorsmuch of their time outdoors

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The Aegean AreaThe Aegean Area Greeks turned to become fishers, Greeks turned to become fishers,

traders and pirates.traders and pirates. The climate allowed people to The climate allowed people to

spend time outdoors, assembling spend time outdoors, assembling for meetings and performing for meetings and performing plays.plays.

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Aegean Civilizations Aegean Civilizations The MinoansThe Minoans

Greek myth referred to the existence Greek myth referred to the existence of an early civilization on the island of of an early civilization on the island of Crete; archaeologists have since Crete; archaeologists have since unearthed remains of this unearthed remains of this Minoan Minoan civilization, which flourished from civilization, which flourished from about 2500 to 1450 B.C. The about 2500 to 1450 B.C. The Minoans Minoans were the first were the first in the Aegean Region.in the Aegean Region.

British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans who discovered Minoan remains about who discovered Minoan remains about 1900 A.D. 1900 A.D.

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The Minoans (cont)The Minoans (cont) The Minoan civilization, which earned its The Minoan civilization, which earned its

living from sea trade, reached its peak living from sea trade, reached its peak around 1600 B.C.; it collapsed about 250 around 1600 B.C.; it collapsed about 250 years later.years later. Both men and women curled their hair, Both men and women curled their hair,

bedecked themselves with gold jewelry, set bedecked themselves with gold jewelry, set off narrow waists with wide metal belts.off narrow waists with wide metal belts.

Minoan woman enjoyed a higher status than Minoan woman enjoyed a higher status than many other civilizations.many other civilizations.

Minoan ships help keep the seas free from Minoan ships help keep the seas free from piratespirates

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The Minoans (cont)The Minoans (cont)

Minoan ships dominated the Minoan ships dominated the Mediterranean Mediterranean

Ships protected coast—no need Ships protected coast—no need for wallsfor walls

The destruction or collapse of The destruction or collapse of the Minoan civilization believed the Minoan civilization believed by a tidal wave after an by a tidal wave after an earthquake or from attack from earthquake or from attack from MycenaeansMycenaeans

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Aegean Civilizations Aegean Civilizations The MycenaeansThe Mycenaeans

The Mycenaeans, from Indo-The Mycenaeans, from Indo-European peoples of central Asia, European peoples of central Asia, began moving from their homeland began moving from their homeland around 2000 B.C. around 2000 B.C.

When they entered the Balkan When they entered the Balkan Peninsula, the Mycenaeans Peninsula, the Mycenaeans intermarried with local people, intermarried with local people, known as the Hellenes, and set up a known as the Hellenes, and set up a group of kingdoms.group of kingdoms.04/21/23 10

The Mycenaeans (con’t)The Mycenaeans (con’t) The palaces in the center of The palaces in the center of

Mycenae served as government Mycenae served as government officesoffices

The Mycenaeans adopted many The Mycenaeans adopted many Minoan cultural elements: Minoan cultural elements: metalworking, shipbuilding, and metalworking, shipbuilding, and navagationnavagation

Each kingdom created centered Each kingdom created centered around a hilltop. Stone walls around a hilltop. Stone walls circled the fortress.circled the fortress.

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The Mycenaeans (cont)The Mycenaeans (cont)

Made swords of bronzeMade swords of bronze Kept good records and collected Kept good records and collected

taxes based on wealthtaxes based on wealth WheatWheat LivestockLivestock HoneyHoney

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The Mycenaeans and the The Mycenaeans and the DoriansDorians

By the mid-1400s B.C.,the By the mid-1400s B.C.,the Mycenaeans had conquered the Mycenaeans had conquered the Minoans and controlled the Minoans and controlled the Aegean area Aegean area

Soon after 1100 B.C., however, the Soon after 1100 B.C., however, the Greek-speaking Greek-speaking Dorians Dorians conquered Greece from the Northconquered Greece from the North Myceneaen walls weakened by civil Myceneaen walls weakened by civil

warwar Dorians had iron weapons Dorians had iron weapons

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The Mycenaeans, Dorians, The Mycenaeans, Dorians, and Ioniansand Ionians

Historians call the next 300 years of Greek Historians call the next 300 years of Greek history a “dark age” because overseas trade history a “dark age” because overseas trade stopped, people lost skills, and poverty stopped, people lost skills, and poverty increased.increased.

Large numbers of Greeks flee the Dorian Large numbers of Greeks flee the Dorian influence and go to Aegean islands and across influence and go to Aegean islands and across the Aegean Sea to Asian Minor and a place the Aegean Sea to Asian Minor and a place called called Ionia.Ionia.

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The Mycenaeans, The Mycenaeans, Dorians, and IoniansDorians, and Ionians

By 750 B.C. the Ionians reintroduced By 750 B.C. the Ionians reintroduced culture, crafts and skills to Greece…culture, crafts and skills to Greece…mostly Mycenaean. mostly Mycenaean.

New Greek culture called New Greek culture called HellenicHellenic flourished from 700s until 336 B.C. flourished from 700s until 336 B.C.

Ionians introduce Phoenician Ionians introduce Phoenician alphabet and other cultural elements alphabet and other cultural elements in Ionia and their former homeland. in Ionia and their former homeland.

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The Mycenaeans, The Mycenaeans, Dorians, and IoniansDorians, and Ionians

The Phoenician alphabet limits The Phoenician alphabet limits Greek reading and writing to just Greek reading and writing to just 24 letters and made learning 24 letters and made learning simpler. simpler.

The Dorian “Dark Ages” went The Dorian “Dark Ages” went away and a new Greek civilization away and a new Greek civilization formed from mostly Mycenaean formed from mostly Mycenaean elements. elements.

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Poets and HeroesPoets and Heroes

During “Dark Ages”, bards—singing During “Dark Ages”, bards—singing story tellers—kept Mycenaean story tellers—kept Mycenaean traditions alivetraditions alive

Now able to write, Greeks began to Now able to write, Greeks began to record bard storiesrecord bard stories

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The Iliad and the The Iliad and the OdysseyOdyssey

According to tradition, an eighth-According to tradition, an eighth-century B.C. blind poet named century B.C. blind poet named Homer composed the two most Homer composed the two most famous Greek epics famous Greek epics ““Iliad” and the “Odyssey” Iliad” and the “Odyssey” Set during and after the legendary Set during and after the legendary

Trojan War in the mid-1200s B.C.Trojan War in the mid-1200s B.C. Mycenaeans fought Trojans mid 1200s Mycenaeans fought Trojans mid 1200s

A.DA.D. .

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Chapter 4, Section 2, The PolisChapter 4, Section 2, The Polis

Greek Colonies Greek Colonies and Tradeand Trade

The Typical PolisThe Typical PolisPolitical and Political and Social ChangeSocial Change

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ObjectivesObjectives Know how economic Know how economic

prosperity brought prosperity brought significant political and significant political and social changes to the Greek social changes to the Greek city-statescity-states

Understand that the Greeks Understand that the Greeks founded colonies throughout founded colonies throughout the area of the the area of the Mediterranean and Black Mediterranean and Black SeasSeas

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Places to LocatePlaces to Locate

AthensAthens SpartaSparta

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The Typical PolisThe Typical Polis A typical polis included a city A typical polis included a city

and the surrounding villages, and the surrounding villages, fields, and orchards; on the fields, and orchards; on the top of the acropolis in the top of the acropolis in the center of the city stood the center of the city stood the temple of the local deity, and temple of the local deity, and at the foot of the acropolis at the foot of the acropolis citizens gathered to carry out citizens gathered to carry out public affairs—the agora. public affairs—the agora.

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ObjectivesObjectivesKnow the difference Know the difference between the values, between the values, cultures, and cultures, and achievements achievements represented by Sparta represented by Sparta and those represented and those represented by Athensby Athens

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People to KnowPeople to KnowDracoDracoSolonSolonPeisistratusPeisistratusCleisthenesCleisthenes

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Places to LocatePlaces to LocatePeloponnesusPeloponnesusAtticaAttica

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Role of WomenRole of Women Married at age 19, not 14 (Greece)Married at age 19, not 14 (Greece)

Increased likelihood of healthy babyIncreased likelihood of healthy baby More rights accorded Spartan womenMore rights accorded Spartan women

Could shop marketplaceCould shop marketplace Attend dinners with non-family members Attend dinners with non-family members Own property in their namesOwn property in their names Express opinions in publicExpress opinions in public

Could Could notnot participate in polis participate in polis government government

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Sparta’s Government Sparta’s Government

• There were two Spartan kings—an oligarchy

• Didn’t have much power• Primarily religious and military leadership

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Sparta’s GovernmentSparta’s Government The Assembly was made up of all males The Assembly was made up of all males

over 20 and passed laws and made over 20 and passed laws and made decisions on war and peace.decisions on war and peace.

Each year, the Assembly elected five Each year, the Assembly elected five ephors who could veto laws and ephors who could veto laws and performed certain administration performed certain administration functions.functions.

A Council of Elders, 28 men over 60, A Council of Elders, 28 men over 60, proposed laws to Assembly and served as proposed laws to Assembly and served as a supreme courta supreme court..

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Result of MilitarismResult of Militarism Succeeded in holding power over Succeeded in holding power over

helots for 250 yearshelots for 250 years Suspicious of new ideas and lagged Suspicious of new ideas and lagged

behind other cities in businessbehind other cities in business Much poorerMuch poorer Lagged in intellectual developmentLagged in intellectual development Exceptional athletes and best Exceptional athletes and best

protector of Greeceprotector of Greece

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AthensAthens On a peninsula of central On a peninsula of central

Greece named Attica, Greece named Attica, Mycenaean descendants Mycenaean descendants established the city-state established the city-state of Athens. The polis was of Athens. The polis was named after the goddess, named after the goddess, AthenaAthena

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Athens Athens Initially, non-landowning citizens could not Initially, non-landowning citizens could not

participate in Athens’s Assembly.participate in Athens’s Assembly. Unlike Sparta, Athens gradually expanded its Unlike Sparta, Athens gradually expanded its

definition of citizenship to include more people definition of citizenship to include more people Eventually, all free men could be members of the Eventually, all free men could be members of the

Assembly regardless of what class they belonged Assembly regardless of what class they belonged to, even the to, even the meticsmetics—foreign-born citizens—foreign-born citizens

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AthensAthens The political change that permitted more The political change that permitted more

people to participate in government people to participate in government reduced much of the friction between reduced much of the friction between social classes.social classes.

Four successive leaders brought changesFour successive leaders brought changes

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Draco’s Law CodeDraco’s Law Code Draco issued an improved code of written Draco issued an improved code of written

laws laws Aristocrats could no longer dictate what Aristocrats could no longer dictate what

was legal. was legal. Some of his laws were harsh: e.g.,death Some of his laws were harsh: e.g.,death

for stealing cabbage.for stealing cabbage. Over time, the term “draconian” has Over time, the term “draconian” has

come to mean something cruel and come to mean something cruel and severe. severe.

Positive side—the laws were written down Positive side—the laws were written down and aristocrats could no langer take and aristocrats could no langer take advantageadvantage

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Solon’s ReformsSolon’s Reforms Leader of Athens 594 B.C.Leader of Athens 594 B.C. Cancelled all debts and freed Cancelled all debts and freed

debtors from slaverydebtors from slavery Solon improved economic Solon improved economic

conditions, promoted trade, fostered conditions, promoted trade, fostered industry, and introduced political industry, and introduced political reforms that moved Athens toward reforms that moved Athens toward democracydemocracy Ordered fathers to teach sons a tradeOrdered fathers to teach sons a trade Established 2-house government for Established 2-house government for

political equalitypolitical equality

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Radical ReformersRadical Reformers

Peistratus (pih*SIHS*truh*tuhs) Peistratus (pih*SIHS*truh*tuhs) divided large estates among landless divided large estates among landless

farmers farmers extended citizenship to men who did extended citizenship to men who did

not own land not own land offered the poor loans and jobsoffered the poor loans and jobs. .

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Radical ReformersRadical Reformers

Cleisthenes came to power in 508 Cleisthenes came to power in 508 B.C.B.C. Introduced laws that established Introduced laws that established

democracydemocracy Sought to Sought to

End local rivalriesEnd local rivalries Break power of aristocracyBreak power of aristocracy Extend guarantees to more citizensExtend guarantees to more citizens Reorganize central governmentReorganize central government

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Athenian DemocracyAthenian Democracy Cleisthenes, the fourth leader to Cleisthenes, the fourth leader to

help reform Athens, established help reform Athens, established democracy for Athens; under democracy for Athens; under Cleisthenes’ constitution, the Cleisthenes’ constitution, the Assembly won increased powers Assembly won increased powers and fully emerged as the major and fully emerged as the major political body.political body.

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Athenian DemocracyAthenian Democracy All citizens could become a member of the All citizens could become a member of the

Assembly.Assembly. The Assembly served as a supreme court and The Assembly served as a supreme court and

appointed generals to run the military.appointed generals to run the military.

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Athenian Democracy Athenian Democracy Each year in a lottery, Athenian citizens Each year in a lottery, Athenian citizens

chose members of the Council of 500, who chose members of the Council of 500, who carried out daily government business.carried out daily government business. Citizens favored a lottery believing all Citizens favored a lottery believing all

citizens were capable of holding office.citizens were capable of holding office. Elections, in their view, would Elections, in their view, would

unfavorably favor the rich who had the unfavorably favor the rich who had the advantage fame and training in public advantage fame and training in public speaking.speaking.

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Athenian DemocracyAthenian Democracy AlthoughAlthough only 20 percent of only 20 percent of

Athenians were citizens, ancient Athenians were citizens, ancient Athens laid the foundation for the Athens laid the foundation for the Western concept of democratic Western concept of democratic government.government.

Because Athens expected every Because Athens expected every citizen to hold public office at some citizen to hold public office at some time in his life, it required Athenian time in his life, it required Athenian citizens to educate their sons; girls citizens to educate their sons; girls rarely received a formal education.rarely received a formal education.

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Athenian DemocracyAthenian Democracy Jury system decided court casesJury system decided court cases

From 201 to 1001 membersFrom 201 to 1001 members The more jurors, the less likelihood that The more jurors, the less likelihood that

they would be bribed, threatened, or they would be bribed, threatened, or show prejudiceshow prejudice

Cleisthenes reforms lasted 200 yearsCleisthenes reforms lasted 200 years Foundation for Western concept of Foundation for Western concept of

democracy democracy

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Athenian EducationAthenian Education

Athenian men educated because they Athenian men educated because they were expected to hold public officewere expected to hold public office

Women rarely educatedWomen rarely educated Household duties—baking, weaving, etc.Household duties—baking, weaving, etc.

Private tutors educated wealthy boysPrivate tutors educated wealthy boys Agora was location for much educationAgora was location for much education Boys entered school at 7, graduate at 18Boys entered school at 7, graduate at 18

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Athenian EducationAthenian Education

Main textbooks were Iliad and Main textbooks were Iliad and OdysseyOdyssey Knew them by heartKnew them by heart

Arithmetic, drawing, geometry, art, Arithmetic, drawing, geometry, art, music music

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Discussion: Sparta vs Discussion: Sparta vs AthensAthens

Sparta represented:Sparta represented: The militaryThe military MonarchyMonarchy Severe, simple style of livingSevere, simple style of living

Athens represented:Athens represented: The artsThe arts DemocracyDemocracy

Which values do you appreciate most? Given the times, which Which values do you appreciate most? Given the times, which values would provide for more security, foreign and domestic, for values would provide for more security, foreign and domestic, for the given city-states. the given city-states.

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Chapter 4, section 4Chapter 4, section 4War, Glory, and DeclineWar, Glory, and Decline

The Persian WarsThe Persian Wars The Golden Age of AthensThe Golden Age of Athens The Peloponnesian WarsThe Peloponnesian Wars

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People to MeetPeople to Meet

Darius IDarius I XerxesXerxes ThemistoclesThemistocles LeonidasLeonidas PericlesPericles AspasiaAspasia

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The Persian WarsThe Persian Wars In 546 B.C., Persia, led by Cyrus II, In 546 B.C., Persia, led by Cyrus II,

conquered the Greek city-states in Ioniaconquered the Greek city-states in Ionia Ionians disliked themIonians disliked them Considered them to be barbariansConsidered them to be barbarians

Ionians revolted against the PersiansIonians revolted against the Persians Athens and others helped, but Darius Athens and others helped, but Darius

and his Persians defeated themand his Persians defeated them Darius decided to punish the Greeks Darius decided to punish the Greeks

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MarathonMarathon Darius sent his fleet directly across the Darius sent his fleet directly across the

Aegean Sea north of Athens.Aegean Sea north of Athens. The Athenians were outnumbered 20,000 The Athenians were outnumbered 20,000

to 10,000.to 10,000. The Persians decided to pack up and attack The Persians decided to pack up and attack

Athens directly, but at the moment of Athens directly, but at the moment of loading their ships back up, the Athenians loading their ships back up, the Athenians attacked.attacked.

As the Persian army was standing in knee As the Persian army was standing in knee deep water waiting to board the ships, the deep water waiting to board the ships, the Athenians attacked downhill and it was a Athenians attacked downhill and it was a rout—Persians lost 6,400 men; Athenians rout—Persians lost 6,400 men; Athenians lost 192 men.lost 192 men.

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SalamisSalamis The Persians returned 10 years later The Persians returned 10 years later

and leading the army was Xerxes, son and leading the army was Xerxes, son of Darius with 200,000 soldiers. Off of Darius with 200,000 soldiers. Off shore supply ships accompanied them.shore supply ships accompanied them.

The Greeks faced the Persians again, The Greeks faced the Persians again, this time under Spartan leadershipthis time under Spartan leadership

The Oracle at Delphi, a few years The Oracle at Delphi, a few years earlier, had said Greece would be earlier, had said Greece would be shielded by a wooden wallshielded by a wooden wall

Athenian general Themistocles Athenian general Themistocles believed that meant ships believed that meant ships

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SalamisSalamis To challenge the Persians at sea, a delaying To challenge the Persians at sea, a delaying

action had to be establishedaction had to be established The Greek army set up a delaying action on The Greek army set up a delaying action on

land, led by King Leonidas of Sparta; knowing land, led by King Leonidas of Sparta; knowing that a traitor had showed the Persians a way that a traitor had showed the Persians a way to attack the Greeks and realizing that he to attack the Greeks and realizing that he would soon be surrounded, Leonidas would soon be surrounded, Leonidas neverthelsss stayed to face his death. neverthelsss stayed to face his death.

The Athenians, led by Leonidas, held off the The Athenians, led by Leonidas, held off the Persians for three days with his 7,000 Persians for three days with his 7,000 Athenian soldiers.Athenian soldiers.

Leonidas sent most of the soldiers to escape to Leonidas sent most of the soldiers to escape to fight another day but put in a delaying action fight another day but put in a delaying action using 300 Spartansusing 300 Spartans

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Thermopylae—The Thermopylae—The Mountain PassMountain Pass

The site where King Leonidas chose The site where King Leonidas chose to make his stand.to make his stand.

The pass was narrow allowing the The pass was narrow allowing the Greeks to have the advantage Greeks to have the advantage against the large force of the against the large force of the Persians.Persians.

King Leonidas chose to fight to the King Leonidas chose to fight to the death—as their polis law called fordeath—as their polis law called for

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Themistocles—The Battle Themistocles—The Battle Near the Island of SalamisNear the Island of Salamis

The delaying action by King Leonidas allowed The delaying action by King Leonidas allowed another spartan general, Themistocles, to another spartan general, Themistocles, to defeat the Persians in the Salamis Strait.defeat the Persians in the Salamis Strait.

He destroyed almost the entire Persian fleet He destroyed almost the entire Persian fleet near the island of Salamis.near the island of Salamis.

Themistocles judged his faster, smaller ships Themistocles judged his faster, smaller ships could defeat the Persians in the narrow Strait could defeat the Persians in the narrow Strait of Salamisof Salamis

After the battle of the Island of Salamis, the After the battle of the Island of Salamis, the Persians returned to Asia Minor for good, and Persians returned to Asia Minor for good, and Athens emerged a powerful and self-confident Athens emerged a powerful and self-confident city-state.city-state.

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The Golden Age of The Golden Age of AthensAthens

The period 461 B.C. to 429 B.C. was The period 461 B.C. to 429 B.C. was the period most of the Greek the period most of the Greek achievements in the arts and sciences achievements in the arts and sciences took place in Athens during this time.took place in Athens during this time.

The Athenian general Pericles rebuilt The Athenian general Pericles rebuilt Athens into the most beautiful city in Athens into the most beautiful city in Greece; its most famous structure, the Greece; its most famous structure, the Parthenon, still stands. Parthenon, still stands.

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Athenian Daily LifeAthenian Daily Life

Athenian men usually worked in the Athenian men usually worked in the morning as farmers, artisans, and morning as farmers, artisans, and merchants, before attending the merchants, before attending the Assembly or exercising in the Assembly or exercising in the gymnasium; slaves generally did the gymnasium; slaves generally did the heavy work in craft production and heavy work in craft production and mining, while women worked at home mining, while women worked at home or in the market.or in the market.

Athenians kept their homes simple but Athenians kept their homes simple but their public buildings were very lavish.their public buildings were very lavish.

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Athenian Daily LifeAthenian Daily Life

Athenian house contained two main Athenian house contained two main rooms with several smaller ones rooms with several smaller ones around a central courtyard.around a central courtyard.

The dining room for entertaining The dining room for entertaining and frequently had couches. and frequently had couches. Athenian wives would not join their Athenian wives would not join their husbands unless there were no husbands unless there were no guests. guests.

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Work for the Men and Work for the Men and WomenWomen

Usually worked in the morning then went Usually worked in the morning then went to the gymnasium in the afternoon.to the gymnasium in the afternoon.

Slaves did the heavy work—one third of Slaves did the heavy work—one third of the population.the population.

Women spent making time at home, Women spent making time at home, cooking and making wool cloth.cooking and making wool cloth.

Upper class Athenian men spent time in Upper class Athenian men spent time in the symposium—basically a drinking the symposium—basically a drinking session followed by a banquet. Women session followed by a banquet. Women were not allowed. The discussed were not allowed. The discussed literature, philosophy, and public issues. literature, philosophy, and public issues.

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AspasiaAspasia As some freedom became allowed for As some freedom became allowed for

some classes of women, she invited some classes of women, she invited women into her home and gave them women into her home and gave them advice on home, education, and how to advice on home, education, and how to gain more freedom.gain more freedom.

Her recommendations to women for Her recommendations to women for more responsibility in society led to more responsibility in society led to charges against hercharges against her

She was charged with “impiety” She was charged with “impiety” (disloyalty to the gods) but was (disloyalty to the gods) but was acquitted.acquitted.

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The Peloponnesian WarThe Peloponnesian War

With the ongoing threat of the With the ongoing threat of the Persians, Athens formed the Delian Persians, Athens formed the Delian league of city-states for protection…league of city-states for protection…Sparta would not participate.Sparta would not participate.

The treasury was kept on the sacred The treasury was kept on the sacred island of Delos.island of Delos.

The League freed the Ionians from The League freed the Ionians from Persian rule, cleared the seas of Persian rule, cleared the seas of pirates, and fostered (promoted and pirates, and fostered (promoted and helped) trade.helped) trade.

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The Athenian EmpireThe Athenian Empire

Athens transformed the Delian Athens transformed the Delian League into an Athenian empire.League into an Athenian empire.

Athens began to dominate other city-Athens began to dominate other city-statesstates

The empire required the use of the The empire required the use of the same coins and made other changes same coins and made other changes that were for all city-states to adopt that were for all city-states to adopt

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The ConflictThe Conflict

The Peloponnesian War lasted from 431 The Peloponnesian War lasted from 431 B.C. to 404 B.C.B.C. to 404 B.C.

Sparta formed an alliance against Athens.Sparta formed an alliance against Athens. They didn’t have a navy but used money the They didn’t have a navy but used money the

Persians gave them for giving Ionia back to Persians gave them for giving Ionia back to the Persians to buy ships and prep for war.the Persians to buy ships and prep for war.

The Spartan-led alliance eventually The Spartan-led alliance eventually destroyed the Athenian fleet and laid siege destroyed the Athenian fleet and laid siege to Athens itself. The Athenians surrendered to Athens itself. The Athenians surrendered in 404 B.C.in 404 B.C.

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The ConflictThe Conflict

Athens developed many problemsAthens developed many problems A disease—probably typhus--killed a A disease—probably typhus--killed a

third of its populationthird of its population Pericles died from the diseasePericles died from the disease Athens couldn’t come to a decision Athens couldn’t come to a decision

about making peace with Spartaabout making peace with Sparta Athenian allies switched sides and Athenian allies switched sides and

joined the Spartansjoined the Spartans

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Effects of the WarEffects of the War The Peloponnesian War brought The Peloponnesian War brought

disaster to the Greek city-states, both disaster to the Greek city-states, both victors and vanquishedvictors and vanquished

Populations declined, much land was Populations declined, much land was destroyed, and unemployment caused destroyed, and unemployment caused many men to become hired soldiers in many men to become hired soldiers in the Persian army the Persian army

The Greeks also lost faith in democracy.The Greeks also lost faith in democracy. The length of the war caused people to The length of the war caused people to

think only of making money.think only of making money.

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Effects of the WarEffects of the War

Feelings between aristocrats and Feelings between aristocrats and commoners became more strained. commoners became more strained. People began to look down on free People began to look down on free political discussion.political discussion.

Rulers came and went. City-states Rulers came and went. City-states were unable to join together for were unable to join together for ultimate power. Then came the ultimate power. Then came the Macedonians—and someone called Macedonians—and someone called Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great

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