Foundations of Civilization

World HistoryChapter 1

Study of people, their environments, and the resources available to them

Useful in showing how people lived in different times and places, geographers have added to our knowledge of human history

Geography

Location Where a place is on the surface of the earth; Latitude and longitude

Place Physical features and characteristics; Climate, landforms, bodies of water, plant/animal life, etc

Human Environment Interaction people have interacted with the environment and have shaped and been shaped by the places in which they live

Movement movement of people, goods, and ideas

Region Way to divide; politically, economically, and culturally

5 Themes of Geography

Prehistory

Prehistory refers to the long period of time before people invented writing

In order to study history, historians must make use of artifacts objects made by humans

Clothing, coins, artwork, tombstones, etc

Studying the Past

Examples of Artifacts

Field of study dedicated to the origins and development of people and their societies

Archaeology is a part of Anthropology

It focuses on past people and cultures through their material remains

Know any Archaeologists?

Anthropology

Indiana Jones

Archaeologists “dig”

How Archaeologists Work

They hope to uncover lost artifacts that can tell them more about the past

Digs

Mary and Louis Leakey

Discoveries

First found ancient tools chipped from stone in Tanzania

Proved that these ancient civilizations had produced Technology

The skills and tools people use to meet their basic needs and wants

Discoveries

In 1959, they found a skull embedded in ancient rock at Olduvai Gorge

Hominids

Discovered by Donald Johanson

Named after a Beatles’ song

Upright walker, 4 Ft tall

Lucy

Homo habilis “Handy men”; First to make stone tools

Homo erectus “Upright man”; Fully upright walkers

First to learn how to use fire

Homo sapiens Group to which modern humans belong

Types of Hominids

Chapter 1: Section 2

The Neolothic Revolution

2 Million B.C. to about 10,000 B.C.Also called the Paleolithic Period

Old Stone Age

Early modern humans lived at the end of this period

They were Nomads people who move from place to place searching for food

Hunters and gatherers

The men hunted and fished while the women and children gathered berries, fruits, nuts, and grains

Old Stone Age

Made tools and weapons of materials they could find, stone, bone, and wood

Used animal skins for clothing

Developed a spoken language

Strategies for Survival

Started burying their dead with great careProvided their dead with tools and weapons;

thought their “afterlife” would be similar Animism believed that the world was full of

spirits and forces that might reside in animals, objects, or dreams

Showed this through cave paintings

Religious Beliefs

New Stone Age

10,000 B.C. to the end of Prehistory

Neolithic Era

What marks the change from Paleolithic to Neolithic…The invention of farming

Important because they no longer had to be nomadic, could now stay in one place

Neolithic Revolution

Able to raise plants and animals in a controlled way that makes them best suited for human use

Discovered by accident, realizing that seeds scattered on the ground would produce new plants the next year

Decided to round up animals they usually hunted; could use for food, clothing, milk, and eggs

Domesticate

First Domesticated Animal?

Establishment of villages for the first time

Catalhuyuk (Turkey)

Jericho

Change

Catalhuyuk

Larger than Jericho

6500 people

Included hundreds of rectangular mud brick houses, all connected and about the same size

Catalhuyuk

Men dominated family, economic, and political life

Councils of Elders made decisions

Warfare increased when food was scarce

Work Divided by Gender

First calendars…why important?

Use animals such as oxen or water buffalo to plow fields

Used clay to create pottery for cooking and storage

New Technologies

In a minimum of 5-7 sentences, answer the following:

Which time period would you have preferred to have lived in and why? Or why not?

Quick-Write