Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

WORLD HISTORY

UNIT IV: CHAPTER 9

WORLD HISTORY

UNIT IV: CHAPTER 9

Beginnings of IndustrializationBeginnings of IndustrializationWhat is the Industrial Revolution?

Began in England in the mid-1700sMajor increase in machine-made goods

Led to creation of factoriesExpanded to Europe and America

What type of goods were made first?Textiles (cloth)

What is the Industrial Revolution?Began in England in the mid-1700sMajor increase in machine-made goods

Led to creation of factoriesExpanded to Europe and America

What type of goods were made first?Textiles (cloth)

Beginnings of IndustrializationBeginnings of IndustrializationStarted with Agricultural

RevolutionWealthy landowners buy up land, build fences around them (enclosures)

New farming methods createdJethro Tull – seed drill 1701Increased crop yieldsCrop Rotation – change crops each year to restore nutrients

Started with Agricultural Revolution

Wealthy landowners buy up land, build fences around them (enclosures)

New farming methods createdJethro Tull – seed drill 1701Increased crop yieldsCrop Rotation – change crops each year to restore nutrients

Beginnings of IndustrializationBeginnings of IndustrializationRobert Bakewell – selective

breeding, avg weight of sheep doubles in 86 years

Many farmers lose their jobs, forced to move into urban areas, work in factories

Industrialization begins – the process of developing machine production of goodsIt requires many natural resources

Robert Bakewell – selective breeding, avg weight of sheep doubles in 86 years

Many farmers lose their jobs, forced to move into urban areas, work in factories

Industrialization begins – the process of developing machine production of goodsIt requires many natural resources

Beginnings of IndustrializationBeginnings of IndustrializationWater and coal power the

machinesIron Ore used to construct machines, buildings

Rivers used for transportationHarbors used to ship goodsBritain had all of these resources, plus a strong national bank to give loans to start businesses. Growing trade =more demand

Water and coal power the machines

Iron Ore used to construct machines, buildings

Rivers used for transportationHarbors used to ship goodsBritain had all of these resources, plus a strong national bank to give loans to start businesses. Growing trade =more demand

Beginnings of IndustrializationBeginnings of IndustrializationBritain was first to industrialize due

to having ALL factors of productionLand, Labor, Capital

In other words, they had the natural resources, enough people to work, and enough wealth to continue producing

Textiles (cloth): wool, linen, cotton were being produced by new inventions

Britain was first to industrialize due to having ALL factors of productionLand, Labor, Capital

In other words, they had the natural resources, enough people to work, and enough wealth to continue producing

Textiles (cloth): wool, linen, cotton were being produced by new inventions

Inventor ChartInventor InventionEli Whitney Cotton Gin

Inventions Promote IndustryInventions Promote Industry1733: John Kay creates flying shuttle1764: James Hargreaves invents spinning wheel called “Spinning Jenny”

Both created huge boosts in production of cotton textiles

1769: Richard Arkwright invents water frame, uses water power from streams to drive spinning wheel

1733: John Kay creates flying shuttle1764: James Hargreaves invents spinning wheel called “Spinning Jenny”

Both created huge boosts in production of cotton textiles

1769: Richard Arkwright invents water frame, uses water power from streams to drive spinning wheel

Spinning Jenny

Inventions Promote IndustryInventions Promote IndustryEngland’s cotton came from

plantations in America (the south)Removing seeds from raw cotton was hard work

1793 American inventor Eli Whitney invents cotton gin to clean cotton

Cotton production skyrockets1790: 1.5m lbs 1810: 85m lbs

England’s cotton came from plantations in America (the south)

Removing seeds from raw cotton was hard work

1793 American inventor Eli Whitney invents cotton gin to clean cotton

Cotton production skyrockets1790: 1.5m lbs 1810: 85m lbs

Eli Whitney Cotton Gin

Improvement in TransportationImprovement in Transportation1765: James Watt invents faster

and more efficient steam engine that uses less fuel

He partners with an entrepreneur (person who takes on the risks of starting a new business) to sell more machines

Robert Fulton orders a steam engine and uses it on water in 1807

British roads also improve

1765: James Watt invents faster and more efficient steam engine that uses less fuel

He partners with an entrepreneur (person who takes on the risks of starting a new business) to sell more machines

Robert Fulton orders a steam engine and uses it on water in 1807

British roads also improve

Railways EmergeRailways Emerge1804: Richard Trevithick creates a locomotive with a steam engine

Others improve his design1821: George Stephenson creates first railway line from Yorkshire coal fields to port of Stockton (27 miles)

Entrepreneurs create more lines to connect cities – Fastest train designed by Stephenson “rocket” went 24mph

1804: Richard Trevithick creates a locomotive with a steam engine

Others improve his design1821: George Stephenson creates first railway line from Yorkshire coal fields to port of Stockton (27 miles)

Entrepreneurs create more lines to connect cities – Fastest train designed by Stephenson “rocket” went 24mph

George Stephenson design

George Stephenson design

Development of CitiesDevelopment of CitiesPeople earned more in factories

than on farmsAllowed them to heat their homes, eat better food, clothe themselves

Factories pulled more and more people from farmlands (rural areas) to cities (urban areas)

This process is called “urbanization”

People earned more in factories than on farms

Allowed them to heat their homes, eat better food, clothe themselves

Factories pulled more and more people from farmlands (rural areas) to cities (urban areas)

This process is called “urbanization”

England leads industrializationEngland leads industrializationLondon, capital of England, had the

most people, and most workers.It had twice as many people as Paris

Other cities in England also expandManchester, Birmingham, Sheffield

Cities expand too fast for their own good

No development plans, no sanitation codes, no building codes

London, capital of England, had the most people, and most workers.

It had twice as many people as Paris

Other cities in England also expandManchester, Birmingham, Sheffield

Cities expand too fast for their own good

No development plans, no sanitation codes, no building codes

Development of CitiesDevelopment of CitiesMost cities lacked adequate housing,

police, education, sewer, and road systems – Factories cause pollution

Many workers live in dark, dirty shelters

Whole families live in one bedroomGarbage piled on streets, sicknesses (such as cholera) spread rapidly

1842: avg working-class life-span 17 years

Most cities lacked adequate housing, police, education, sewer, and road systems – Factories cause pollution

Many workers live in dark, dirty shelters

Whole families live in one bedroomGarbage piled on streets, sicknesses (such as cholera) spread rapidly

1842: avg working-class life-span 17 years

Development of CitiesDevelopment of CitiesRich factory owners and merchants

lived outside of the inner city (suburbs)

Houses were larger, conditions betterWorking conditions for factory workers were awful

Owners wanted their machines running as long as possible each day

Avg worker: 14 hour days, 6 days/week

Rich factory owners and merchants lived outside of the inner city (suburbs)

Houses were larger, conditions betterWorking conditions for factory workers were awful

Owners wanted their machines running as long as possible each day

Avg worker: 14 hour days, 6 days/week

Life of a WorkerLife of a WorkerFactories often dirty, dark, dangerous

Many people injured on the job, did not have any rights to sue

No gov’t programs to offer aid to workers

Coal mines most dangerous job of allCheapest labor was women and children, often put to work in mines

Many in poverty – Few with wealth

Factories often dirty, dark, dangerous

Many people injured on the job, did not have any rights to sue

No gov’t programs to offer aid to workers

Coal mines most dangerous job of allCheapest labor was women and children, often put to work in mines

Many in poverty – Few with wealth

Tensions DevelopTensions DevelopMost new money belonged to middle-class(factory owners, shippers, merchants)

Landowners/Aristocrats no longer at the top of society, many middle class are wealthier

Middle class expands graduallyMany people still considered working-class, lived/worked in horrid conditions

Most new money belonged to middle-class(factory owners, shippers, merchants)

Landowners/Aristocrats no longer at the top of society, many middle class are wealthier

Middle class expands graduallyMany people still considered working-class, lived/worked in horrid conditions

Child LaborChild LaborChildren as young as 6 work from 6am to 8pm, 6 days a week

½ hour for lunch, 1 hr for dinnerSupervisors beat them to keep them awake

Kids were often injured on the jobDust, cotton particles, etc filled their lungs often caused them to cough

Children as young as 6 work from 6am to 8pm, 6 days a week

½ hour for lunch, 1 hr for dinnerSupervisors beat them to keep them awake

Kids were often injured on the jobDust, cotton particles, etc filled their lungs often caused them to cough

LudditesLudditesSome working-class people got angry at their conditions in Northern England

They call themselves the Luddites after a mythical person named Ned Ludd

They destroyed machines and whole factories in 1811

Some working-class people got angry at their conditions in Northern England

They call themselves the Luddites after a mythical person named Ned Ludd

They destroyed machines and whole factories in 1811

Long-Term EffectsLong-Term EffectsPpl in industrialized countries can

afford goods that would’ve been luxuries in the past

Extreme pollution that lasted for years

Working/living conditions eventually improved over the decades

Profits from factories produced tax money for the gov’t

Gov’t then invested in urban improvement

Ppl in industrialized countries can afford goods that would’ve been luxuries in the past

Extreme pollution that lasted for years

Working/living conditions eventually improved over the decades

Profits from factories produced tax money for the gov’t

Gov’t then invested in urban improvement

Sec3: Industrialization Spreads

Sec3: Industrialization Spreads

The US had many of the same resources as Britain

Early on, British blockade and trade policy forced US to develop separately and more slowly

Northern states experienced faster industrialization than southern ones

Southern states remained highly agricultural

The US had many of the same resources as Britain

Early on, British blockade and trade policy forced US to develop separately and more slowly

Northern states experienced faster industrialization than southern ones

Southern states remained highly agricultural

American IndustrializationAmerican IndustrializationCultural changes cause a conflict

in USSouth: Slavery North: AbolitionCountry expands territory quicklyAmerican Civil War breaks outEnds 1865, Lincoln assassinatedLast 1/3 of 19th century there is a huge boom in technology that expands industry

Cultural changes cause a conflict in US

South: Slavery North: AbolitionCountry expands territory quicklyAmerican Civil War breaks outEnds 1865, Lincoln assassinatedLast 1/3 of 19th century there is a huge boom in technology that expands industry

American IndustrializationAmerican Industrialization

European IndustrializationEuropean IndustrializationIndustrialization of Europe takes longer because of French Revolution, Napoleon, etc

Belgium: First continental country to industrialize, designs were brought by British engineers

Germany: Had been divided in 1800s, pockets of industry start to appearBy late 1800s industrial & military giant

Industrialization of Europe takes longer because of French Revolution, Napoleon, etc

Belgium: First continental country to industrialize, designs were brought by British engineers

Germany: Had been divided in 1800s, pockets of industry start to appearBy late 1800s industrial & military giant

European IndustrializationEuropean IndustrializationIndustrialization of Europe takes longer because of French Revolution, Napoleon, etc

Belgium: First continental country to industrialize, designs were brought by British engineers

Germany: Had been divided in 1800s, pockets of industry start to appearBy late 1800s industrial & military giant

Industrialization of Europe takes longer because of French Revolution, Napoleon, etc

Belgium: First continental country to industrialize, designs were brought by British engineers

Germany: Had been divided in 1800s, pockets of industry start to appearBy late 1800s industrial & military giant

European IndustrializationEuropean IndustrializationMany places in Europe do not industrialize

Geography (mountains, land formations) prevented countries from being able to

Social structure, monarchs, etc prevent industrial growth

Transportation (lack of railroads, waterways, roads etc) was limited

Many places in Europe do not industrialize

Geography (mountains, land formations) prevented countries from being able to

Social structure, monarchs, etc prevent industrial growth

Transportation (lack of railroads, waterways, roads etc) was limited

Global IndustrializationGlobal IndustrializationIndustrialization widened the gap btwn industrialized (rich) and non-industrialized (poor) nations

Less-industrialized countries keep providing food and raw supplies to industrialized ones

Industrialized countries sell back the products to poorer countries for profit

Britain starts to exploit poorer nations

Industrialization widened the gap btwn industrialized (rich) and non-industrialized (poor) nations

Less-industrialized countries keep providing food and raw supplies to industrialized ones

Industrialized countries sell back the products to poorer countries for profit

Britain starts to exploit poorer nations

ImperialismImperialismSoon after, US, Russia, Japan all begin to do the same as Britain

Imperialism emergesThis is when a country extends its rule over many other lands using wealth and a strong economy

Industrialization led directly to Imperialism

Soon after, US, Russia, Japan all begin to do the same as Britain

Imperialism emergesThis is when a country extends its rule over many other lands using wealth and a strong economy

Industrialization led directly to Imperialism

ImperialismImperialism

Western Dominated WorldWestern Dominated WorldBetween 1700-1900, huge changes in agriculture, industry, communication, and technology make Western Europe and the US far more advanced than anywhere else

Despite early hardships, the populations health and wealth both rose dramatically in all industrialized nations

Middle class emerged

Between 1700-1900, huge changes in agriculture, industry, communication, and technology make Western Europe and the US far more advanced than anywhere else

Despite early hardships, the populations health and wealth both rose dramatically in all industrialized nations

Middle class emerged

Sec4: Reforming the Industrial WorldSec4: Reforming the Industrial WorldThe emerging middle class meant

a wider gap between the rich and poor

Two opinions about gov’t developBusiness leaders opinion: gov’t should stay out of business and economics

Reformers opinion: gov’t needs to help improve the conditions for the poor, more rights for workers

The emerging middle class meant a wider gap between the rich and poor

Two opinions about gov’t developBusiness leaders opinion: gov’t should stay out of business and economics

Reformers opinion: gov’t needs to help improve the conditions for the poor, more rights for workers

What is “economics” anyway?What is “economics” anyway?Economics: helps us analyze how

goods are produced, distributed, & consumed.

Basic economic principles:Supply: How much of a good is available?

Demand: How much desire there is for the good?

Distribution: Where is the product made & and where is it going to go?

Price: What do I have to give up to get it?

Economics: helps us analyze how goods are produced, distributed, & consumed.

Basic economic principles:Supply: How much of a good is available?

Demand: How much desire there is for the good?

Distribution: Where is the product made & and where is it going to go?

Price: What do I have to give up to get it?

Different Economic ApproachesDifferent Economic ApproachesDepending on where you are, the

economy can be handled by governments in many different ways

Laissez-faire economics: This economic policy lets owners of industries set their own working conditions, run themselves, and do as they please

The term literally means “let do” and the gov’t keeps its hands off of the economy

Depending on where you are, the economy can be handled by governments in many different ways

Laissez-faire economics: This economic policy lets owners of industries set their own working conditions, run themselves, and do as they please

The term literally means “let do” and the gov’t keeps its hands off of the economy

Laissez-Faire and Free TradeLaissez-Faire and Free TradeIf a gov’t uses laissez-faire, they are supporting “free trade”

This means nations should trade freely, without any rules or regulations from gov’ts (no taxes, laws, or limitations)

Many believed this would allow economies to grow and be successful

Adam Smith wrote a book called “Wealth of Nations” and supported free trade

If a gov’t uses laissez-faire, they are supporting “free trade”

This means nations should trade freely, without any rules or regulations from gov’ts (no taxes, laws, or limitations)

Many believed this would allow economies to grow and be successful

Adam Smith wrote a book called “Wealth of Nations” and supported free trade

Adam SmithAdam Smith

Adam SmithAdam SmithAdam Smith (Wealth of Nations)

Supports economic liberty (freedom)

Created 3 economic laws1.) the law of self interest (people work for their own good

2.) the law of competition (competition forces people to make better products)

3.) the law of supply/demand (enough goods are produced at a low price to meet demand

Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations)Supports economic liberty (freedom)

Created 3 economic laws1.) the law of self interest (people work for their own good

2.) the law of competition (competition forces people to make better products)

3.) the law of supply/demand (enough goods are produced at a low price to meet demand

Laissez-Faire and CapitalismLaissez-Faire and CapitalismCapitalism is an economic system tooIt uses some laissez-faire principlesWhat is capitalism? Land, labor and capital (factors of production) are privately owned – NOT run by the gov’t

Money is invested in business ventures to make profits

Today, we are capitalist but have many regulations on economics as well

Capitalism is an economic system tooIt uses some laissez-faire principlesWhat is capitalism? Land, labor and capital (factors of production) are privately owned – NOT run by the gov’t

Money is invested in business ventures to make profits

Today, we are capitalist but have many regulations on economics as well

Laissez-Faire and CapitalismLaissez-Faire and Capitalism

Capitalists vs SocialistsCapitalists vs SocialistsCapitalists like Smith disagreed that the gov’t should help poor working class folk

He thought if gov’t made laws about minimum wages and working conditions that it would slowdown economic growth

Not everyone believed in laissez-faireOthers thought gov’t should intervene in private business to help the lower-class

Capitalists like Smith disagreed that the gov’t should help poor working class folk

He thought if gov’t made laws about minimum wages and working conditions that it would slowdown economic growth

Not everyone believed in laissez-faireOthers thought gov’t should intervene in private business to help the lower-class

UtilitarianismUtilitarianismJeremy Bantham creates this idea that states ppl should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of how useful they are

He said if we want to judge how useful gov’t is, it is only useful if it provides as much good as possible to as many ppl as possible

Jeremy Bantham creates this idea that states ppl should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of how useful they are

He said if we want to judge how useful gov’t is, it is only useful if it provides as much good as possible to as many ppl as possible

Jeremy BanthamJeremy Bantham

UtilitarianismUtilitarianismJohn Stuart Mill led the utilitarian movement in the 1800s

Mill questioned unregulated capitalism

He believed it was wrong that workers should lead deprived lives that bordered on starvation

He wanted to help ordinary workersHe wanted gov’t to make reforms to lower the gap between rich and poor

John Stuart Mill led the utilitarian movement in the 1800s

Mill questioned unregulated capitalism

He believed it was wrong that workers should lead deprived lives that bordered on starvation

He wanted to help ordinary workersHe wanted gov’t to make reforms to lower the gap between rich and poor

John Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill

SocialismSocialismSocialism is an economic system, but its very different from capitalism

In socialism, all factors of production are owned by the public (gov’t), and operate for the welfare of everyone equally

It is considered overly optimistic because it requires humans to be fair and equal

Socialists believe the economy should be controlled by the gov’t (opp. of free trade)

Socialism is an economic system, but its very different from capitalism

In socialism, all factors of production are owned by the public (gov’t), and operate for the welfare of everyone equally

It is considered overly optimistic because it requires humans to be fair and equal

Socialists believe the economy should be controlled by the gov’t (opp. of free trade)

SocialismSocialismSocialists believe that if the gov’t controls the economy and regulates businesses with laws, everyone will be equal

In America, we have some socialized systems – for instance, education

Many western countries have socialized healthcare systems, which means that hospitals are run by the government and people don’t need insurance for care

Socialists believe that if the gov’t controls the economy and regulates businesses with laws, everyone will be equal

In America, we have some socialized systems – for instance, education

Many western countries have socialized healthcare systems, which means that hospitals are run by the government and people don’t need insurance for care

Socialism and Karl MarxSocialism and Karl MarxA radical form of socialism was called Marxism – named after Karl Marx

Marx wrote a book called the “Communist Manifesto”

In it, he argued the “haves” which were the rich middle-class bourgeoisie would be attacked by the “have-nots” or “proletariat” because of the unfairness

He called this class warfare

A radical form of socialism was called Marxism – named after Karl Marx

Marx wrote a book called the “Communist Manifesto”

In it, he argued the “haves” which were the rich middle-class bourgeoisie would be attacked by the “have-nots” or “proletariat” because of the unfairness

He called this class warfare

Communism and Karl MarxCommunism and Karl Marx

CommunismCommunismCountries that practice extreme socialism have dictators and are called Communists

This term comes from the idea that everyone would live on a “commune,” where the land, resources, and production of goods would be given out equally to all – a“Utopian Society”

The problem is that everyone is equally poor and has no freedoms

Countries that practice extreme socialism have dictators and are called Communists

This term comes from the idea that everyone would live on a “commune,” where the land, resources, and production of goods would be given out equally to all – a“Utopian Society”

The problem is that everyone is equally poor and has no freedoms

Communism – Join the Party!Communism – Join the Party!

Communism failsCommunism failsOver time, the gap btwn rich and poor has not widened as Marx predicted

Religion, nationalism, desire for democracy all have influence on economy

Governments often pass reforms before turning to communism

Most communist leaders have twisted Marxist ideas: Stalin, Castro, Mao Zedong, etc.

Over time, the gap btwn rich and poor has not widened as Marx predicted

Religion, nationalism, desire for democracy all have influence on economy

Governments often pass reforms before turning to communism

Most communist leaders have twisted Marxist ideas: Stalin, Castro, Mao Zedong, etc.

Reforms in IndustrializationReforms in IndustrializationTo get reforms, factory workers form unions

A union is a group of workers that operate as a single whole

They bargain for better pay, shorter work days, and better conditions

If factory owners refuse, they can strike – or protest and refuse to work

Skilled workers have an edge in unions

To get reforms, factory workers form unions

A union is a group of workers that operate as a single whole

They bargain for better pay, shorter work days, and better conditions

If factory owners refuse, they can strike – or protest and refuse to work

Skilled workers have an edge in unions

Labor Reform LawsLabor Reform LawsOriginally, gov’ts try to outlaw strikes

Eventually, unions are allowed and make progress

1833: Child labor law makes it illegal to hire kids under age 9

1842: No kids work in mines 1847: Limited work day to 10hrs for women and children

1904: Child labor ends

Originally, gov’ts try to outlaw strikes

Eventually, unions are allowed and make progress

1833: Child labor law makes it illegal to hire kids under age 9

1842: No kids work in mines 1847: Limited work day to 10hrs for women and children

1904: Child labor ends

European Imperialism in Africa, 1870-1898

In this lesson, students will be able to define the following terms:

“Scramble for Africa”Berlin Conference of 1884-1885

Effects of European Imperialism on Africa

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European powers engaged in a “Scramblefor Africa” starting in the 1870s. By 1890,

most of Africa came under European control.

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By 1890, onlyEthiopia

andLiberia

remainedindependent.

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The major European powers to acquireAfrican territories were Great Britain,France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal,

and Italy.

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The Frenchacquired muchof northwestern

Africa abovethe

Sahara, aswell asCentralAfrica.

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King Leopold, the kingof Belgium, ruled

the Congo like his ownprivate estate. Natives

that did not supply enough rubber had

their hands cut off. Whilethe king profited, the people of the Belgian

Congo suffered greatly.

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The Britishestablished

coloniesin West Africaand along the

length ofmost of EastAfrica fromEgypt to

South Africa.

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Sometimes European imperialists cameinto conflict with one another. Disputes

among the imperial powers were workedout at the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885.

At the Berlin Conference, the remainderof Africa was divided up.

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European imperialismhad many effects

on Africa. Europeancolonization had bothpositive and negative

effects on Africa.

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A positive effect of European imperialismwas the introduction of modern

transportation and communication systems, such as telegraphs, railroads,

and telephones.

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The introduction ofEuropean medicine and improved nutrition

led to an expansion of population.

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However, there were many negativeeffects of European Imperialism

on Africa. African peoples were treatedas inferior to Europeans.

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Europeans divided Africa and ignoredthe tribal, ethnic, and cultural boundaries

of the African people. This has led totribal conflicts in many African nations

that continue to this day.

Questions for Reflection:

• What was the “Scramble for Africa”?• Why did the Berlin Conference occur?• What European nations gained control of Africa?• What were the positive effects of European imperialism on Africa?• What were the negative effects of European imperialism on Africa?

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How to prepare

•Re-Read Chapter 9 in textbook•Pay close attention to names not mentioned in lecture from text and charts / pictures etc…

•Know your lecture notes well•28 m/c questions, 8 matching

Test Review – 28 M/C, 8 matching •8 inventors – What they did•Adam Smith – Economic principles•Elizabeth Gaskell, Charles Dickens, Alex de Tocqueville, Karl Marx, Jane Addams, Jeremy Bentham.

•Vocabulary words from text•Notes – general questions

Essay Question•1 of these 3 will be your essay question•Scramble for Africa, Why England for the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, or Difference between Socialism and Laissez-faire Capitalism.

EssayExplain the “Scramble for Africa during the late 1800’s citing the positive and negative impact.

EssayContrast Laissez-Faire Capitalism with Socialism (examples to illustrate)

EssayWhy did the “Industrial Revolution” start in England during the mid-1700’s citing multiple reasons for this.